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Objective To comparatively analyze the effect of Rectus muscle union ( RMU) and orbital periosteum fixation (OPF) on paralytic esotropia and esotropia fixus. Methods 50 cases of paralytic esotropia and 22 cases of esotropia fixus were analyzed retrospectively in the department of ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from February 2002 to April 2013 . According to the different surgical methods, two kinds of esotropia were divided into group A (RMU) and group B (OPF) . After analyzed procedure and characteristics of two kinds of surgery, the changes of diplopia and eyeball movement were compared qualitatively, as well as the degree of strabismus angle done quantitatively in two groups respectively before and after the treatment. Finally, the correlation of each esotropia was compared between two groups. Results ( 1) The symptom of diplopia was disappeared in both groups of PE and EF after 1 week later of surgery, and then diplopia appeared ahead again in group A while group B did not change after 2months later; 2. The lateral rectus muscle can abduct about 8 ° to the temporal side in Group A of PE, and the other directions was seldom restricted; While eyeball in Group B can turn upward and downward slightly , but the other direction movement was limited 1 weeks and 2 months after surgery. A few cases of eyeball can turn to nasal side or up and downwords slightly in group A of EF. However, all directions was limited in group B; 3, The mean strabismus angle of both groups was within ± 5 ° (0 ± 10) in Each esotropia after 1 weeks of surgery (P < 0.05) ;The strabismus angle in group A regressed after 2 months of surgery compared with that of 1 week late (P < 0.05) , while group B did not change (P > 0.05) ; 4. Strabismus angle of each esotropia was no statistical difference in both groups before and after 1 weeks of surgery (P > 0.05) ; However, the strabismus angle was more different in both groups after 2 months later (P < 0.05) . Conclusion (1) The results of two surgeries for PE and EF correcting strabismus are satisfactory. However, esotropia treated by RMU is more recurrent than OPF in the long term. (2) The RMU does not only affect the eye movement, but can recover part of rotation. And the OPF limites the eye movement. (3) The severe cases of PE and the recurrence after the RMU are the indications of OPF, while mild EF can be treated with OPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To probe the clinical characteristics of multiple primary carcinomas in thyroid and genital systems. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in patients with thyroid and genital system cancers from 2009 to 2012. Results There were 38 cases suffered with genital system cancers and thyroid carcinomas from 2009 to 2012, including 19 breast cancers, 11 cervical cancers, 6 ovarian cancers and 2 endometrial carcinomas. There were 12 duct cancers and 7 lobular carcinomas in 19 breast cancers, including 17 ER positive cases. There were 10 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 adenocarcinoma in 11 cervical cancers with HPV positive, including 8 ER positive cases. 6 ovarian cancers and 2 endometrial carcinomas were all adenocarcinomas, and ER positive cases were 4 and 2 respectively. There were 33 papillary carcinomas and 5 follicular carcinomas in 38 thyroid cancers, including 21 ER positive cases. Conclusion Breast cancers and thyroid carcinomas are the most common multiple primary carcinomas in genital system, following with cervical and thyroid cancers. Their pathogenesis may be concerned with estrogen receptor. Taking ultrasonic inspection in the patients with genital system neoplasms may profit the early diagnosis and therapy of thyroid carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide anatomic data for clinical use of reversed submental island flap in reconstruction of buccal and facial defects., Methods: Twenty cadavers with 40 sides of head and neck which were fixed by formalin and perfused by red emulsion, 6 fresh cadavers which were perfused by coloring agent were dissected, observed and measured., Results: The diameter of the submental artery, the superior lip artery and the inferior lip artery at their origins were respectively (1.42 +/- 0.30) mm (x +/- s, same at below), (1.34 +/- 0.35) mm and (1.34 +/- 0.27) mm respectively. The realistic distance from the origin of inferior and superior lip arteries to the origin of submental artery were (50.13 +/- 13.79) mm and (92.09 8.73) mm, respectively. However, the straight distances from the origin of inferior and superior lip arteries to the origin of submental artery were (35.19 +/- 9.18) mm, (64.99 +/- 5.24) mm, respectively. There were rich anastomoses between both facial arteries, and the facial arteries also anastomosed richly with the ophthalmic artery and the superficial temporal artery. On the marginal mandibular plane, the facial vein ran closely with the artery, the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve crossed superficially to the facial blood vessels; superior to this plane, the vein ran 1 cm behind the artery. The buccal branches of the facial nerve crossed superficially to the facial vein and ran into the muscles behind or across the facial artery. The facial vein anastomosed richly with the ophthalmic vein and the maxillary vein., Conclusion: There is anatomic feasibility for the reconstruction of buccal and facial defects by using pedicled submental reversed island flap. The reversing point of the flap ought to be at the cheilion plane or inferiorly. Anatomy, regional