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在全球化影響下，各國為保競爭力，除重視高等教育人才培養，亦致力於爭搶他國人才，其中以博士人才為甚。在這場人才爭奪戰中，臺灣雖致力於培養博士人才，但也同時面臨「人才流失」的挑戰。據此，本研究主要目的在於先從「推拉理論」觀點，探究臺灣留學博士人才流失之推力、拉力與夾雜於其內之「個人因子」，再從中尋找突破契機。為達研究目的，本研究實際訪談14位留美任職博士。根據研究發現，臺灣端的「推力」因子，包括對臺灣高等教育環境劣勢條件的覺察（例如應聘過程繁文縟節、過度強調人脈、教授角色定位不明等）；美國端的「拉力」因子，則是美國高等教育環境的相對優勢條件（例如應聘過程簡單快速、免除人情羈絆、教授角色定位明確等）；另一組具影響力的「個人因子」，在於主觀認為臺灣各項攬才政策極具不穩定與欠缺完整規劃。最後，植基於研究結果，提出相關政策建議，包括設置「旋轉盤機制」、建立「聲聲喚人情鍊」以及「簡化應聘申請程序」，俾供相關政府單位參酌。 In response to the effects of globalization, to keep ahead of the competition countries worldwide strive to cultivate more talented people through higher education systems as well as by recruiting talent from other countries, particularly Ph.D. holders. The Taiwan government, which is no exception in this fight for talent, faces the challenge of “brain drain.” This study, rooted in “Push-Pull Theory,” first examined the possible “push,” “pull,” and personal factors that exacerbate the brain drain phenomenon in Taiwan (i.e., emigration of Ph.D. holders from Taiwan to other countries) and then provided some possible solutions. To this end, the study interviewed 14 Ph.D. holders who chose to stay in the United States after graduating. According to the current results, the “push” is related to the weakness of Taiwanese higher education (i.e., red tape during the recruitment process, the prevalence of nepotism, and the unclear roles of professors). By contrast, the “pull” of the United States are related to the strength of its higher education (i.e., the simplicity of the recruit mentprocess, the lack of nepotism, and the roles of professors being clearly defined). Furthermore, personal factors, particularly those involving policies that draw talented people overseas, include instability and lack of long-term plans. Based on the results, the end of the study offers some policy suggestions, including creating an “In-and-Out System,” building a “Bonding System,” and simplifying the application process.

在全球青年高失業率趨勢下，高等教育可以是翻轉「失落世代」成為「機會世 代」的最後一哩路。本研究透過介紹高等教育階段之全球移動課程理念與實際發 展、了解其他國家高等教育機構推動全球移動課程的經驗、臺灣高等教育推動國際 化的現況，再探討高等教育階段規劃全球移動課程的效益，以及全球移動課程的類 型與正義議題。為深入探討大學全球移動課程的現狀，本研究以淡江大學俄國語文 學系為個案，介紹其實際規劃全球移動課程─「大三出國留學」的理念、實際及 參與學生的真實體驗。最後，本研究立基國內、外高等教育全球移動課程規劃之理 念與實際，提供未來臺灣高等教育規劃此制度之參考建議。 In the global trend of youth unemployment, higher education could be the last mile to transform “the lost generation” into “the generation of opportunities.” This article aims to introduce the idea and real development of global mobility curriculum at higher education level on the one hand, and to further examine if the new approach of curriculum design is appropriate to cultivate talents in the new generation on the other. In addition, the article inquires the outcome of planning global mobility curriculum at higher education level, the types of the mobility models of this new curriculum, and certain justice issues in the process of global mobility. Moreover, the article takes Department of Russian, Tamkang University as a case to understand its ideas and practice of “junior abroad,” and participating students’ real experiences to unveil the reality of global mobility curriculum in local and foreign contexts. In the end, the article provides suggestions for planning and promoting global mobility curriculum at higher education level in the future.

Objective: To explore the probable role of Th1 and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)., Methods: The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from peripheral blood specimens were collected in the study, including 40 healthy controls, 42 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 39 Crohn's disease (CD). The proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in the PBMCs was detected with flow cytometry after stimulated by PMA and ionomycin. The result and the clinical data were analyzed., Result: The Th1 cell expression was increased in CD (38.32 ± 16.18)% and UC group (34.23 ± 11.60)%, compared with the controls (24.58 ± 10.02)% (P < 0.01). During the convalescence, the Th1 expression in the CD and UC groups in vivo was significantly reduced without difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) . In the IBD group , significant difference in the frequency of Th17 cells could be found between the CD group (2.51 ± 1.59)% and the UC group (4.15 ± 2.75)%, while the Th17 cells were increased in both groups, compared with the controls (1.44 ± 0.73)% (P < 0.05) . Obvious difference in the frequency of Th17 cells could be found between patients at different activity stages and remission stages. The proportion of Th17 cells were higher in the UC patients than that in the CD patients (P < 0.01) . The Th17/Th1 ratio of CD patients, UC patients were 0.08 ± 0.06, 0.14 ± 0.11, which were both higher that in the controls (0.07 ± 0.06). Significant difference could be found between the UC group and the CD group (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The higher proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells are detected in the peripheral blood of IBD patients, which is correlated closely to the activity of the disease. Th1 and Th17 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.

Unlabelled: OBJECTIVE; To investigate the expression of CD40 in gastric cancer and explore the correlation of CD40 with the outcome of patients., Methods: The expression of CD40 was examined by immunohistochemistry in human gastric cancer tissues (73 cases) and adjacent normal gastric tissues (51 cases). CD40 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 11 gastric cancer and 11 adjacent normal gastric tissues. The patients were followed up for 60 months. The correlation of CD40 expression and the overall survival time were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier chart and Log-Rank test. Cox model was used for multivariate analysis., Results: The immunoreactivity of CD40 increased in 35/73 gastric cancer tissues (47.9%) as compared to the tumor-free tissues (P = 0.0063). CD40 mRNA were detected in 72.7% (8/11) gastric cancer tissues, while not in all tumor-free tissues. After a 5-year follow-up, the survival rate was 57.9% (22/38) in CD40-negative patients, and 5.7% (2/35) in CD40-positive patients (P = 0.0022). The median survival time of patients with negative, positive, and strong CD40 expression was 56, 29 and 11 months respectively (P = 0.0085). Cox regression analysis suggested that CD40, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage were independent factors affecting the prognosis of gastric cancer patients., Conclusion: Normal and malignant gastric tissues are found to have its own unique CD40 expression patterns. CD40 may play a role in metastatic spread of gastric cancer and its expression may be used as an important survival predictor in human gastric cancer.

Background and Objective: Oversexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is correlated to poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. This study was to construct replication deficient adenovirus carrying anti-VEGF hairpin ribozyme and investigate its inhibitory effects on VEGF expression and growth of colorectal cancer HT-29 cells., Methods: Anti-VEGF hairpin ribozyme was cloned into the transfer vector pAdTrack-CMV, and recombined with adenoviral backbone vector pAdEasy-1 in BJ5183 bacteria. The recombinant plasmids were packaged and amplified in 293 cells (named Ad-Rz). The expression of anti-VEGF ribozyme in HT-29 cells was examined by RT-PCR. Inhibition of Ad-RZ on VEGF mRNA and protein expressions were detected by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Inhibition of cell growth was measured by MTT assay. HT-29 cell xenografts were established in nude mice and the microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD34 staining., Results: The anti-VEGF ribozyme was successfully inserted into the adenoviral vector. Anti-VEGF ribozyme was effectively expressed in HT-29 cells. After infection by Ad-RZ, the relative expression of VEGF mRNA was decreased to about(45+/-0.01)% of that of PBS control group in HT-29 cells (P<0.05); the amount of VEGF protein in the supernatant of Ad-Rz treated cells [(OD=(0.46+/-0.35)/million cells] was lower than that of PBS treated cells [(OD=(0.80+/-0.35)/million cells] (P<0.05). Although Ad-Rz did not significantly inhibit cell growth of HT-29 cells (P>0.05), it significantly inhibited tumor angiogenesis of HT-29 cell xenografts in nude mice, compared with PBS group (P<0.05). The proliferation rate of xenografts treated by Ad-Rz was lower than that treated by PBS, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05)., Conclusion: Anti-VEGF hairpin ribozyme mediated by adenovirus could inhibit the expression of VEGF and the tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer HT-29 cells.

Aim: To investigate the change of immunoactivity and surface marker of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from bone marrow and induced by rat 4-1BBL., Methods: Plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-4-1BBL was constructed and tansfected into HepG2 cells by lipofectin-mediated method, and positive cells were screened by G418. The expression of 4-1BBL in cells were detected by RT-PCR, and the expression of EGFP was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Various HepG2 cells were co-cultured with DC for 2 days, and then the expression of MHC-II and CD80 on DC were detected by FCM, and IL-6 and IL-12 levels secreted by DCs were tested by ELISA., Results: The recombinant pIRES2-EGFP-4-1BBL vector was successfully constructed and was steadily expressed in HepG2 cells transfected by pIRES2-EGFP-4-1BBL. Compared with HepG2 cells transfected by pIRES2-EGFP plasmid , recombinant HepG2 cells induced high expression of MHC-II and CD80 and secreted more IL-6 and IL-12 on DCs(P<0.05)., Conclusion: The recombinant rat 4-1BBL could promote the maturity of DCs derived from bone marrow.

Objective: This study was designed to clarify the significance of DNA methylation in the expression of runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) gene., Methods: Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to measure the expression level of Runx3 mRNA in paired samples of primary gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous gastric mucosa, taken from surgical specimens of 70 gastric cancer patients. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level of Runx3 gene. The promoter methylation status of Runx3 gene was detected by methylation specific PCR (MSP). Furthermore, RT-PCR was used to mesure the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmtl) mRNA . The correlation of Runx3 expression and methylation with Dnmt1 mRNA expression was analyzed., Results: The mRNA expression level of Runx3 gene was significantly lower in gastric cancer than that in the matched normal gastric mucosa (0.5740 +/- 0.3580 vs. 1.7250 +/- 0.4080, P < 0.05), and the Runx3 protein expression level in gastric cancer was also significantly lower than that in the matched normal gastric mucosa (P < 0.05). Promoter hypermethylation of Runx3 gene was detected in 50.0% (28/56) of the gastric cancer samples, which resulted in a reduced expression of Runx3 mRNA. It was found that the mRNA expression level of Dnmt1 gene was significantly higher in the gastric cancer tissues with methylated Runx3 gene than that in the ones without. There was a significant correlation of Runx3 gene methylation with increased expression of Dnmtl mRNA (r = 0.64, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The promoter hypermethylation may be one of the predominant inactivation mechanisms of the runt-related transcription factor 3 gene, and may be associated with carcinogenesis of human gastric cancer. Reduced Runx3 expression in gastric cancer may be partially correlated with a high level of DNA methyltransferase 1.

Objective: To study the relationship between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene (MCP-1) -2518A/G polymorphism and acute pancreatitis (AP) in the Han population of Suzhou, China., Methods: The polymorphisms were detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The genotypes and allele frequencies of MCP-1 -2518A/G were calculated and analyzed in 101 AP patients including 78 mild AP (MAP) patients and 23 severe AP (SAP) patients, and 120 healthy individuals as control group., Results: The frequency of MCP-1 -2518 AA genotype in control group was significantly higher than that in SAP and MAP groups (P < 0.01). People with AG and GG genotypes had 5.896 times risk of developing MAP (P < 0.01, OR=5.896) compared with people with AA genotype. Subjects carrying G allele were at a 7-fold elevated risk for SAP (P < 0.05, OR=7.011) contrasted with subjects carrying AA genotype. However, no difference in AA genotypic distribution was noted between MAP and SAP groups (chi square=0.006, P=0.997). The frequency of G allele in healthy controls was obviously lower than that in MAP (P < 0.01, OR=0.318) and SAP groups (P < 0.01, OR=0.309). No difference of G allele frequency was found between SAP group and MAP group (P=0.623, OR=1.211)., Conclusion: The MCP-1 -2518 AA genotype of the population in Suzhou may be a protective genotype of AP. People with higher frequency of G allele is more likely to suffer from AP. Nonetheless, the genotype of AA and the frequency of G allele couldn't predict the risk of SAP.

Objective: The combined inhibition effects of endostatin gene transfer and ionizing radiation on lung adenocarcinoma model of A549-cell were investigated., Methods: Human endostatin gene was transferred into lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell by retrovirus-mediation to obtain an A549/Endo cell. A549 and A549/Endo cells were xenoimplanted in nude mice respectively (each group included 10 mice). Then, the changes of the tumor size of each group (n = 5) and its growth inhibition rate were estimated. The implanted tumors of each group (n = 5) were exposed to radiation with 20 Gy at 28 day after implantation. They were irradiated again with 20 Gy 3 day later. The ionizing radiation was strictly confined to the tumor by shielding the rest of the body with lead. The size of tumor was measured periodically. The microvessel density (MVD) of 4 groups of implanted tumors (A549, A549/Endo, A549 + IR and A549/Endo + IR) were compared on day 42 postgrafting by the immunohistochemical method., Results: PCR confirmed that endostatin gene was inserted into the genomic DNA of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell. The tumor formation time showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between group A549 (7.8 +/- 1.6) d and group A549/Endo (12.2 +/- 1.7) d. At the time of day 42 postgrafting, the tumor sizes of group A549 and group A549/Endo were (927.8 +/- 269.2) mm3 and (217.5 +/- 81.5) mm3 respectively (P < 0.01), and the tumor growth inhibition rate was 76. 5%. At the time of day 14 after irradiation, the tumor sizes of group A549 and group A549/Endo were (157.7 +/- 49.0) mm3 and (4.6 +/- 2.9) mm3 respectively (P < 0.01). The results of immunohistochemical detection showed that the MVD of-A549/Endo implanted tumor was significantly decreased [21.62 +/- 3.55 compared with A549 implanted tumor 35.78 +/- 5.67 (P < 0.01)]. Moreover , it also showed that ionizing radiation could further reduce the MVD of A549/Endo implanted tumor from 21.62 +/- 3.55 to 11.32 +/- 2.78 (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Retroviruses can highly mediate the transfer of endostatin gene into the adenocarcinoma cells. Endostatin gene transfer can inhibit the xenoimplanted tumor growth by its direct inhibition on neovascularization. The combination of endostatin gene transfer with ionizing radiation treatment can synergistically inhibit the neovascularization and the growth of lung adenocarcinoma.