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新住民議題是近些年來臺灣社會的顯學，早期研究以新住民中的跨國婚姻類型為最，近期研究正逐漸轉向兒童及其多元類別。本研究目的在於探討國民教育場域裡的新住民語言教育發展及其現況。透過文獻探析，首先，發現新住民語言教育研究的重心已從新住民成人轉往新住民學童。次而，本研究將焦點轉向新住民學童語言教育，採宏觀及微觀之二元視角分析108課綱新住民語言教育政策及規劃，從中得出當前政策在語言意識、語言態度及語言認同層面之意涵，以及後續師資培育層面上的挑戰。最後，於文末歸結國民教育場域新住民語言教育之三類主要對象：長於臺灣的新住民二代、一般學童、跨國銜轉學生，同時提出未來在語言學及教育學跨領域研究、語言教育政策長期研究及語言習得規劃研究等三面向的可能走向。 Issues related to new residents have become increasingly important in Taiwanese society. The majority of early research has focused on immigration due to international marriage, whereas current research focuses on language education for pupils as well as their diversity. This paper discusses developments in new-resident language education in the context of compulsory education in Taiwan. According to a literature review, studies on new-resident language education have shifted their focus from adults to pupils. In this study, a micro-macro methodological dichotomy was used to analyze new-resident language education policy and planning in Taiwan’s 108 Curriculum. The policy’s implications for language ideology, language attitude, and language identity were elucidated. Among the various challenges for policy implementation, teacher training is the most critical aspect. Three major groups of people were identified in present-day new-resident language education in the compulsory education context: regular pupils, transnational students, and second-generation new residents who grew up in Taiwan. In terms of future studies, longitudinal research on language education policy, language acquisition planning research, and interdisciplinary research involving the fields of education and linguistics should be conducted.

Determination and analysis of ore samples focuses more on metal ions rather than anions at present. However, the study of anions and their formation in ore samples is of great significance for understanding the composition, genesis and occurrence states of metal ions. Anions in non-ferrous ore materials from Oytagh Town, Akto County, Xinjiang have been studied by means of Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis to investigate metallogenic conditions and regularity as well as further exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources in Xinjiang. The results show that the non-metallic elements of H, C, O and Si in ores occur in forms of anions like -C-O, C═O, Si-O-C and Si-O, and form γ-Al2O3, CaO·SiO2, MgCO3 and CaCO3 compounds with major metallic elements of Mg, Al and Ca. After being calcined to 900℃, water was removed and MgCO3 was decomposed in the ores, but not CaCO3. The decomposition product MgO reacted with Si-O to form MgO·SiO2, which indicates that the ores dominantly consist of carbonates and silicates (mixed ores with dolomite characteristics). This study provides a theoretical basis for mineral processing, mine assessment, plant designation and designation of new processes and equipment.

The finite-time synchronization control problem of a class of fractional order chaos system was studied based on Lyapunov stability theory and fractional order system theory. Two sufficient conditions for fast synchronization of master-slave systems were gotten. Numerical simulation result verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugating the EDC activated fluorescent microspheres with antibody to prepare the fluorescence chromatographic strip for simultaneous detection of tPSA and fPSA. The performance analysis and methodological comparison for the test strip were further performed. The results showed that the sensitivity for PSA and fPSA detection by the test strip were 0.08 ng/mL and 0.06 ng/mL, respectively. The coefficient of variation within and between groups was less than 10% and 15%, respectively. The recovery rates ranged from 95% to 105%. The specificity of the test strip was well. The results revealed a good correlation between self-prepared test strip and electrochemiluminescence detection, which could satisfy the needs of aided diagnosis of small- scale hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of comprehensive reforms and renovations were conducted in the construction of clinical practice teaching system, team huilding, management mode operating mechanism and people-oriented facilities hy taking the construction of the state clinical skiils experimental teaching demonstration center as an opportunity. The experimental teaching philosophy of "one center, two environments three platforms and four requirements" were proposed. The advanced experimental teaching platform for training hasic clinical skiils and thinking were reconstructed. The clinical experiment courses were adjusted and updated according to Clinical Practitioners Practical Skiils Examination Syllahus and Clinical Skiils of Chinese Medical Students Operation Guide. We focused on comhining with simulative and real clinical environment, integrating the clinical skiil training content and exploring a set of clinical skiils training modes that possessed advanced teaching ideas, reasonahle curriculum structure, lifelike simulative environment, and teaching effects feedhack. Many outstanding achievements were made. It is useful as reference to promote development of clinical skiils training center of local comprehensive university. This paper introduced the characteristics of teaching reforms and management mode of clinical skiils training center of Nantong University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel control scheme combining the nonlinear track differentiator and extended state observer (ESO) was presented for a class of chaotic systems with non-affine inputs. All uncertainties and external disturbances were modeled in backstepping. The nonlinear track differentiator was employed to approximate the derivative of the virtual control or the reference signals. The ESO was employed to estimate the uncertainties and disturbance in the system, furthermore, the convergence of ESO was proved. The main characteristics of the scheme are that the computation time is much less than other approaches presented in references and the tracking errors are guaranteed to be uniformly asymptotically stable. Foremost, the output of chaotic system can track arbitrary differentiable reference signal. Simulation results of chaotic systems with non-affine inputs, modeled uncertainties and external disturbances illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 13 cucumber materials were used to study the relationships of cucumber's chilling tolerance with the 12 growth indices at germination and seedling stages. There existed significant differences in the relative germination rate, germination index, hypocotyl length, and vigor index at 17 °C among the 13 materials (P<0. 05), which also significantly correlated to the chilling tolerance. At seedling stage, the physiology among the materials after treated at 4 °C for 2 days had obvious difference. Chilling injury index had significant correlation with the survival rate after recovery, but less correlation with the soluble protein (SP) content, electric conductivity (EC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The chilling tolerance of the materials was classified into three levels by clustering analysis, and the cucumber's chilling tolerance equations at the two stages were established through stepwise regression analysis. Based on confidence interval value, the chilling tolerance of cucumber could be well assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to protect the privacy of the task in the cloud & client computing environment and prevent the malicious nodes or the competitors from prying into the internal logic and objectives of the task, a mobile Agent-based secure task partitioning and allocation algorithm for cloud &. client computing is proposed. The new algorithm takes into account the cloud computing cluster server nodes and user terminals nodes together, divides task into a number of appropriate sub-tasks, and utilizes mobile Agent to carry the code and data of sub-tasks to the suitable nodes in accordance with the corresponding task allocation for implementation. The result of developed prototype system shows that, under the protection of the algorithm, the malicious terminal node looking into the code and data of the sub-task assigned to it or even co-attacking the system still can not understand the overall workflow and final objective of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support vector machine (SVM) is a novel type of learning machine, which has been successfully applied to short-term electricity load forecasting. However, its application indicates that how to confirm the parameters of SVM algorithm directly affects forecasting precision. On the basis of analyzing the parameter performance of SVM for regression estimation, a short-term electricity load forecasting model SCE-UA (shuffled complex evolution-University of Arizona) based on SVM is presented. In the process of establishing the model, the radial basis kernel function is introduced, which simplifies the course of solving non-linear problems, and the SCE-UA algorithm is applied to identifying the parameters of SVM. The model is applied to short-term electricity load forecasting using the actual 96 points daily data from Guizhou power grid. The results show that the proposed model not only overcomes the blindness of identifying SVM parameters, but also increases forecasting precision. It is a feasible and effective short-term electricity load forecasting model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the efficiency of basic artificial immune algorithm ( AIA), this paper presents an improved artificial immune algorithm (IAIA) for multimodal function optimization. Appropriate cluster analysis was conducted on real values of individuals with Euclidean distance measure, then all individuals within a cluster were considered as a group with the same concentration value. The average entropy on the whole group Was calculated with binary encoding of individuals, which replaced the conventionally calculation of entropy between two individuals in AIA. To maintain high diversity, the fitness of each individual and concentration were taken into account in determining reproduction probability. Two benchmark functions were used to demonstrate the validity of IAIA and the role of each design of IAIA. Numerical experiments show that IAIA can reduce the complexity of computation, and then increases the efficiency of AIA with the maintenance of diversity and convergence in optimizing multimodal functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taiwan Hakka dialect has a kinship term for daughter-in-law, which is pronounced "sim1-khiu1". In written form, it has many variations, including ..., ..., ..., and .... These variations show the difference of opinion that exists among scholars regarding the origin of the term. Through investigating evidence abstracted from many related dialects, this paper tries to put forth the claim that conditional phonological variations are found in these "scattered exceptions." The premise that makes this explanation of phonological variation possible is the relationship between the glides [-u-] and [-i-]. Although this explanation is an apparent exception, through further investigation, apparent exceptions in regularity seem to still be rule-governed. Hence, we find a reasonable explanation in phonology for the Hakka term sim1-khiu1, and will discuss the issue in five sections: 1. Introduction; 2. The history and geography of sim1-khiu1; 3. sim1-khiu1 in the Hakka and Gan dialects; 4. The phonological mechanism of sim1-khiu1; and 5. Conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is the lifeline of medical education reform in the new era. Based on the strategic goals of the Healthy China Initiative, we presented in this paper the practical experience of the Department of General Practice, West China Hospital, Sichuan University. We proposed the construction of an integrated model of general practitioner (GP) core competency training program consisting of 4 components, medical service, management, education, and academic ability. The integration of "generalist-specialist" and "hospital-community health service center" forms the basis of the coordinated training rotation plans. This model of training promotes collaboration among the GPs. Furthermore, GP with special interests (GPwSI) training is organically incorporated into the content of the program. In addition, we discussed the diversified approaches to evaluation incorporating formative and summative evaluation measures adopted for the training program. We summarized the innovative implementation plan of GPwSI, which is an efficient, replicable, and generalizable standardized specialty training program compatible with the Healthy China Initiative, intending to contribute constructive information and references to the education reform of the GP standardized training under the new circumstances., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

The present study explored the main active ingredients and the underlying mechanism of Spatholobi Caulisin the treatment of ovarian cancer(OC) by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro cell experiments. The active ingredients and their predicted targets(AITs) were first acquired online with the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP). Theoretical disease targets(DTs) were obtained through professional databases including GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, TTD, and DrugBank. The common targets in the intersection of AITs and DTs were used for the construction of a &quot;drug-ingredient-disease-target&quot; network by Cytoscape 3.7.1. STRING database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction(PPI) network. R 4.0.5 was used for GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses. Schr9 dinger Maestro was used to perform and optimize the molecular docking and virtual screening.Twenty-three active ingredients of Spatholobi Caulis were screened out, involving 75 OC targets and 178 signaling pathways.Network analysis revealed that Spatholobi Caulis presumedly exerted an anti-OC effect by acting on key protein targets such as GSK-3β, Bcl-2, and Bax. Molecular docking showed that GSK-3β possessed goodbinding activity to prunetin. In vitro cell experiments preliminarily verified the core targets and pathways of prunetin, the active ingredient of Spatholobi Caulis against human OC SKOV3 cells.CCK-8 assay was used to detect the cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of prunetin on apoptosis of human OC SKOV3 cells.The expression of prunetin targets and related regulatory proteins was detected by Western blot.In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that prunetindisplayed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of OC cells and could induce apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. Western blot showed that prunetin could induce SKOV3 cell apoptosis by inhibiting GSK-3β phosphorylation and regulating the expression of downstream Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. This study reveals the scientific nature of network pharmacology in the prediction and guidance of experimental design, confirming that prunetin can treat OC by blocking the GSK-3β/Bcl-2/Bax cell signal transduction pathway. The findings are expected to provide a basis for the investigation of the mechanism of Spatholobi Caulis in the treatment of OC.

In order to study the effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) disinfection on the super antibiotic resistance genes (SARGs), the final effluents before and after chlorine dioxide were sampled throughout one year in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The bacteria and extracellular nucleic acid were collected using microporous membrane filtration and nucleic acid adsorption particles, respectively. A total of 9 SARGs was detected through a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results revealed that both intracellular and extracellular NDM-1 , MCR-1 , and MEC-A could be positively detected in the samples. Overall, ClO 2 disinfection enhanced the relative abundance of the iSARGs ( P <0.05), exhibiting a seasonal pattern, and increasing in the spring, summer, and autumn. In spring, it improved the most, up to twice the abundance. No SARGs were detected positive in the winter, either intracellularly or extracellularly. There was no significant variation in the concentrations of eSARGs before and after ClO 2 disinfection. Therefore, ClO 2 disinfection cannot effectively remove iSARGs and eSARGs in the final effluent from the WWTP.

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC / MS) method for the simultaneous determination of three antidepressant drugs in feces. Methods: Samples were pretreated with n-hexane isopropanol (95:5, v/v). Gradient elution was carried out with mixed liquid of ultrapure water and acetonitrile as mobile phase and separated by Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 liquid chromatography column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 3.5 m). The samples were detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by internal standard method. Results: The recoveries of duloxetine, fluoxetine and escitalopram in fecal samples were 61.6% - 116.5%, with precision of 2.80% - 12.9% ( n =5). The correlation coefficients (r) of linear equations were all greater than 0.995. The detection limits were 0.1, 1, and 0.001 μg/g, and the limits of quantification were 0.5, 2 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively. Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate to detect the contents of three antidepressants in feces, such as duloxetine, fluoxetine and escitalopram.

To investigate the effect of high concentration of ozone (O 3 ) on the aerosol formation and aging process, this study made observations using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at Heshan Atmospheric Environment Supervision Station in Guangdong Province in October 2018. During the observation period, a high ozone concentration period ( P H ) and a low ozone concentration period ( P L ) were defined according to the level of O 3 concentration. The average O 3 concentration during P H was 117 μg·m -3 , and that of P L was 25 μg·m -3 . According to the difference in chemical composition, single particles mainly included aging element carbon particles (EC-aged), secondary particles (Sec), and aging organic carbon particles (OC-aged) during the observation period. The total number of single particles in P H (348085) was higher than in P L (224797), and the proportion of Sec particles (37.1%) in P H was significantly higher than in P L (27.8%), whereas the proportion of EC-aged particles in P H (32.1%) was lower than in P L (44.1%). The proportion of OC-aged particles in P H (13.5%) was slightly higher than in P L (10.4%). The concentration of particles containing nitrate and sulfate showed significant diurnal changes during P H , but no diurnal changes during P L . The peak area of nitrate and sulfate in the Sec particles and EC-aged particles in P H was higher than in P L , which indicates that the amount of nitrate and sulfate produced by the secondary reaction process in P H was more than in P L . In addition, the peak areas of nitrate and sulfate in the Sec particles were significantly higher than those in the EC-aged particles, indicating that the age of the Sec particles was greater. In this study, acetate ( 59 CH 3 CO 2 - ) and glyoxal ( 73 C 2 HO 3 - ) were selected to represent the changing characteristics of aldehyde and ketone compounds in single-particle aerosols. The number concentration and peak area of 59 CH 3 CO 2 - and 73 C 2 HO 3 - in Sec and OC-aged particles in P H were significantly higher than those in P L , and showed significant diurnal variation characteristic during P H . The peak appeared 2 h after the peak of O 3 concentration. In P L , the peak value was significantly reduced, and the change trend was the same as that of the number concentration of Sec and OC-aged particles, indicating that high concentration of O 3 is beneficial to the oxidation of VOCs to 59 CH 3 CO 2 - and 73 C 2 HO 3 - . In summary, high concentration of O 3 and enhancement of secondary species in single particles were due to the strong photochemical reactions during P H .

The aim of this paper was to investigate the hemostatic effect and mechanism of carbonized Scutellariae Radix on uterine bleeding in the rats caused by early pregnancy termination. Eight unpregnant female rats were selected as normal group. Forty female rats conceived on the same day received mifepristone(11. 4 mg·kg-1) and misoprostol(125 μg·kg-1) to induce model of incomplete abortion in early pregnancy. Abortion models were randomly divided into model group,carbonized Scutellariae Radix water extract low dose group(0. 55 g·kg-1),medium group(1. 10 g·kg-1),high dose group(2. 20 g·kg-1) and positive control group(0. 45 g·kg-1).The uterine bleeding volume was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The pathological changes of endometrium were detected by HE(hematixylin-eosin) staining. The levels of interleukin(IL-1β),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) in the plasma of rats were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in the uterus of rats were determined by RT-PCR.The protein expression levels of VEGF,MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by Western blot. As compared with the normal group,the uterine bleeding volume and histopathological score were increased significantly; microvessel density of endometrial tissues was decreased significantly; the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and the levels of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in the plasma were increased,while the content of IL-6 and level of IL-6 mRNA were decreased significantly. The protein expression levels of VEGF,MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the uterine tissues were also decreased. As compared with the model group,the uterine bleeding volume was decreased significantly in the carbonized Scutellariae Radix medium dose and high dose groups; endometrial repair was promoted,and the microvessel density of endometrial tissues was increased significantly; the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in the plasma of rats were decreased significantly,while the content of IL-6 in the plasma of rats was increased significantly; the expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA in the uterus of rats were decreased and the expression level of IL-6 mRNA showed an increase; the protein expressions of VEGF,MMP-2 and MMP-9 were decreased significantly in carbonized Scutellariae Radix medium and high dose groups. In conclusion,carbonized Scutellariae Radix showed good hemostatic effect,and its mechanism may be related to the repair of endometrium and inhibition of inflammatory reaction.

The effects of soil moisture variation on the litter decomposition of main tree species Betula platyphylla, Abies nephrolepis and Pinus koraiensis were evaluated in a primary forest of Korean pine (P. koraiensis) in Fenglin National Nature Reserve of the Northeast China, based on the measurements of surface (0-10 cm) soil moisture from 1998 to 2017. The results showed that litter decomposition rates increased with the increase of litter quality. The order of litter decomposition rate was B. platyphylla > A. nephrolepis > P. koraiensis at the same soil moisture. The litter decomposition rates decreased with the decrease of soil moisture. The sensitivity index of litter decomposition rates on soil moisture (M 10 ) were 0.782, 0.789 and 0.827, respectively, for B. platyphylla, A. nephrolepis and P. koraiensis. The initial litter decomposition rate decreased by 21.8%, 21.1% and 17.3% for B. platyphylla, A. nephrolepis and P. koraiensis, respectively, when soil moisture decreased by 10%. The decomposition rates of high-quality litter (high nitrogen content, low carbon to nitrogen ratio, and low lignin content) were more sensitive to the variation of soil moisture. The difference in decomposition rate among different litter types was reduced with the decrease of soil moisture. In the recent 20 years, the average soil moisture presented a significantly decreasing trend, which would inhibit litter decomposition in the primary Korean pine forest. Under the scena-rios of global change, soil moisture would further decrease with the increase of air temperature. It would definitely intensify the inhibitory effect on litter decomposition, and partly offset the enhanced effects of increased air temperature.

Obtaining informed consent and ensuring patient autonomy are critical to implementing a patient-centered model of healthcare. Informed consent is a complex process of communication that includes three elements: disclosure, competence in making decisions, and voluntariness. However, individual patient factors, doctor-patient interaction, and cultural issues are known to influence the process of obtaining informed consent. Individual patient factors include the ability of patients to understand and determine their intent; doctor-patient interaction includes communication skills; and cultural issues include the expectations of patients with regard to family involvement in medical decision-making and in decision-making motives. After assessing the relevant influencing factors, healthcare providers typically provide patients with comprehensive information on the benefits and risks of treatment as well as related alternatives. Moreover, healthcare providers typically provide patients with audio/video, Internet, and written information with illustrations based on individual patient needs. In addition to the above, we suggest that healthcare providers proactively adopt the perspective of patients in order to better encourage patients to address questions, to engage with patients in more productive discussions, and to take the initiative to explain and clarify patients' questions in order to minimize anxiety. This approach will help ensure that patients are adequately informed and free from coercion so that they make appropriate healthcare-related decisions. However, even under this optimal situation, healthcare providers must emphasize the needs of their patients and respect their decisions.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of hemin, an inducer of heme oxygenase, in a rat model of gestational hypertension and explore the possible mechanism., Methods: Eighteen pregnant SD rats at day 12 of gestation were randomized equally into gestational hypertension model group, hemin treatment group, and normal pregnancy (control) group. In the former two groups, the rats were subjected to daily nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 80 mg/kg) gavage since gestational day 14 for 7 consecutive days to induce gestational hypertension; saline was administered in the same manner in the control rats. The rats in hemin group received daily intraperitoneal injection of hemin (30 mg/kg) starting from gestational day 16. HO activity and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level in rat placental tissue were detected with spectrophotometric method, and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in the placental tissue homogenate supernatant were detected using ELSIA., Results: At gestational day 20, the blood pressure and 24-h urinary protein were significantly higher in the model group than in the other two groups (P<0.05), and were higher in hemin group than in the control group (P<0.05); HO activity and COHb content in the placenta tissue were the lowest in the model group (P<0.05), and was lower in hemin group than in the control group (P<0.05). The level of sFlt-1 was significantly higher and VEGF level significantly lower in the model group than in the other two groups (P<0.05); sFlt-1 level remained higher and VEGF lower in hemin group than in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Hemin can reduce blood pressure and urinary protein in rats with gestational hypertension possibly by up-regulating HO activity, enhancing carbon monoxide production, reducing sFlt-1 and increasing VEGF in the placental tissue.

High-volume PM2.5 samples were collected hourly from 4 December to 13 December 2012 at an urban site in Xi'an and analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and inorganic ions to investigate the sources and formation mechanism of WSON. The results showed that during the sampling period the averaged hourly concentration of WSON was (12 +/- 9.4) microg x m(-3) and maximized at 31 microg x m(-3), accounting for 47% +/- 9.8% of WSTN with NH4(+) -N and NO3(-) -N being 29% +/- 8.5% and 23% +/- 8.1%, respectively. WSON: WSOC (N: C) mass ratios ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 with an average of 0.31 +/- 0.13 during the observation period. WSON was (1.6 +/- 0.9) microg x m(-3), (6.5 +/- 3.9) microg x m(-3) and (23 +/- 4.7) microg x m(-3) in non-haze days (visibility > 10 km), light haze days (5 km < visibility < 10 km) and heavy haze days (visibility < 5 km), respectively. WSOC/OC mass ratio throughout the observation period showed no significant change, but WSON/WSOC(N: C) mass ratio increased significantly from a lower value of 0.2 +/- 0.1 in non-haze days to 0.3 +/- 0.1 on light haze days and 0.4 +/- 0.1 on heavy haze days, in consistence with the enhanced acidity of the fine particles. In addition, during the whole sampling period, WSON was strongly correlated with NH4(+), SO4(2-) and NO3(-) (R2 > 0.80), and negatively correlated with cation-anion equivalent ratio (R2 = 0.53). These phenomena can be mainly ascribed to a gas-particle conversion of gaseous water-soluble nitrogen-containing organic compounds like amines via acid-base reactions, which was sharply increased under the favorable meteorological conditions (e.g., low temperature and high humidity) during the heavy haze days.

The present paper analyzed the UV-Vis spectrum characteristics of phycocyanin extracted from 75 water samples around Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake, China in spring, summer and autumn, 2011, taking standard sample of phycocyanin, Micro-cystic aeruginosa and Anabaena cultured indoor as the reference, and discussed the difference and relation of spectrum among water samples, standard sample and single algae samples. According to the number of absorption peak in the wavelength range from 500 to 700 nm, phycocyanin spectrum of water sampling in Taihu Lake can be divided into three patterns: no peak, single peak and two peaks. In the first pattern, the absorbance changed smoothly and no absorption peak was observed around 620 nm. Depending on the absorption difference in the wavelength range from 300 to 450 nm, this pattern can be divided into type I and type II. Type I only had a absorption peak near 260 nm, with the similar spectrum of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the wavelength range from 250 to 800 nm. Type II had absorption peak respectively near 260 and 330 nm. In single peak pattern and two peaks pattern, significant absorption peak of phycocyanin appeared around 620 nm. Compared to the other patterns, single peak pattern was more similar to that of standard sample and single algae samples, but different in their maximum absorption peaks position and relative absorption intensity in the wavelength range of 250 approximately 300, 300 approximately 450 and 500 approximately 700 nm, because of different algae species and purity after extraction. In the two peaks pattern, another absorption peak appeared at 670nm, with the absorption shoulder from 350 to 450 nm, and shared the absorption characteristics of phycocyanin and chlorophyll complex protein. The research can provide a basic support for the phycocyanin quantitation and blooms monitoring in Taihu Lake.

Objective: To explore the effect and the mechanism of Danhong Injection (DI), Ligustrazine Injection (LI), and adsorbable biomembranes in preventing the adhesion of tendons and tissues., Methods: Totally 120 patients all suffering from simple flexor digitorum tendon rupture on the hand zone two damaged by sharp weapons were randomly assigned to Group A (Dikang adsorbable biomembrane), Group B (Tianxinfu adsorbable biomembrane), Group C (Tianxinfu adsorbable biomembrane + Ligustrazine group), and Group D (Tianxinfu adsorbable biomembrane + DI group) in accordance with random digit table, 30 cases in each group. Indicators such as total active movement (TAM) of the hand tendon, Minnesota manual dexterity test (MMDT), and finger flex strength test (FFST) were observed., Results: The TAM and the favorable rate were higher in Group C and D than in Group A and B at post-operative 4 and 8 week (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference between Group C and D (P > 0.05). Each index of MMDT was lower in Group C and D than in Group A and B (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in FFST among all the 4 groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Combined application of LI or DI with Tianxinfu adsorbable biomembranes could effectively prevent the adhesion of tendons. DI showed equivalent effect as LI did. Besides, the combined application was superior in preventing adhesion to using Xintianfu adsorbable biomembrane or Dikan adsorbable biomembrane alone.

A total of 13 cucumber materials were used to study the relationships of cucumber's chilling tolerance with the 12 growth indices at germination and seedling stages. There existed significant differences in the relative germination rate, germination index, hypocotyl length, and vigor index at 17 degrees C among the 13 materials (P < 0.05), which also significantly correlated to the chilling tolerance. At seedling stage, the physiology among the materials after treated at 4 degrees C for 2 days had obvious difference. Chilling injury index had significant correlation with the survival rate after recovery, but less correlation with the soluble protein (SP) content, electric conductivity (EC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The chilling tolerance of the materials was classified into three levels by clustering analysis, and the cucumber' s chilling tolerance equations at the two stages were established through stepwise regression analysis. Based on confidence interval value, the chilling tolerance of cucumber could be well assessed.

To explore the genetic characteristics of viral quasispecies in HIV-1 CRF07&#95;BC infections among intravenous drug users (IDU), the gp120 fragments of HIV-1 env gene were amplified from plasma samples collected from 6 CRF07&#95;BC infected persons using single genome amplification and sequencing (SGA/ SGS) method, and 11 to 28 sequences were obtained from these samples, respectively, A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was reconstructed to describe the genetic characteristics of viral quasispecies. The Simplot, segments' phylogenetic trees and diversity plots based on average pairwise distance (APD) were used to identify the recombination events between quasispecies. The SGA sequences derived from single specimen formed a large monophyletic cluster in the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and showed the complex topologic structures of viral quasispecies. Of the 6 CRF07&#95;BC infected patients, only one possessed the high genetic homogeneity, whereas the other five individuals showed high heterogeneity, with two to four subclusters inside the monophyletic cluster for each specimen. In addition, the recombinant events were identified among viral quasispecies from 3 cases. The results show SGA technique and phylogenetic analyses are useful tool to investigate the intrahost CRF07&#95;BC gp120 complex quasispecies variation and high genetic diversity.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, in 2011., Methods: 300 HIV-1 positive plasma samples were collected from Jan. 2011 to May 2011 in Dehong prefecture. HIV-1 gag genes and env genes were amplified by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from viral RNA. After sequencing, the HIV-1 subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis., Results: Based on the phylogenetic trees of gag gene and env gene fragments, a total of 222 samples were genotyped. Subtype C was the predominant strain in Dehong (43.2%, 96/222), followed by unique recombinant forms (URFs, 27.0%, 60/222), CRF01&#95;AE (21.2%, 47/222), CRF08&#95;BC (5.0%, 11/222), B' (2.3%, 5/222) and CRF07&#95;BC (1.4%, 3/222). Subtype C strains were predominant in both heterosexually transmitted population and intravenous drug users (IDUs), but different subtype distribution patterns were found in these two populations. All 6 genotypes including subtype C (40.7%, 70/172), CRF01&#95;AE (25.0%, 43/172), and URFs (25.0%, 43/172) found in this area among heterosexually transmitted population, which showed the diversity of genotypes in this population. Except subtype B' and CRF07&#95;BC, the other 3 subtypes and URFs were detected among IDUs, mainly including subtype C (54.8%, 23/42) and URFs (38.1%, 16/42), which showed the concentration trend of genotypes distribution among IDUs. The proportion of URFs increased significantly in this area, including the new BC recombinants (41.7%, 25/60) and CRF01&#95;AE relative URFs (58.3%, 35/60). However, the distributions of these two URFs among heterosexually transmitted population and IDUs showed no statistical significance., Conclusion: The distribution of HIV-1 strains prevailing in Dehong prefecture was diversity, including 5 subtypes and a variety of URFs, of which subtype C was the predominant strain. The distribution patterns of subtype were different among different populations.

Suspended particle material is the main factor affecting remote sensing inversion of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) in turbidity water. According to the optical property of suspended material in water, the present paper proposed a linear baseline correction method to weaken the suspended particle contribution in the spectrum above turbidity water surface. The linear baseline was defined as the connecting line of reflectance from 450 to 750 nm, and baseline correction is that spectrum reflectance subtracts the baseline. Analysis result of field data in situ of Meiliangwan, Taihu Lake in April, 2011 and March, 2010 shows that spectrum linear baseline correction can improve the inversion precision of Chl a and produce the better model diagnoses. As the data in March, 2010, RMSE of band ratio model built by original spectrum is 4.11 mg x m(-3), and that built by spectrum baseline correction is 3.58 mg x m(-3). Meanwhile, residual distribution and homoscedasticity in the model built by baseline correction spectrum is improved obviously. The model RMSE of April, 2011 shows the similar result. The authors suggest that using linear baseline correction as the spectrum processing method to improve Chla inversion accuracy in turbidity water without algae bloom.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of Safflower Injection (Al) in treating and preventing the vascular crisis after free flap transplantation., Methods: Sixty patients undergoing free flap transplantation were randomly assigned to the treatment group and control group according to the visiting sequence, thirty in each. Free flap transplantation was performed on all patients, and medication was given 0. 5 h before flap vascular anastomosis, 1-7 days after surgery. Twenty mL Al was intravenously dripped to patients in the treatment group after adding in 250 mL 5% glucose injection, while Dextran-40 was intravenously dripped to patients in the control group. The medication was conducted once per day. The hemorheology and four indices of blood coagulation [prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB)] were compared between the two groups before operation (TO), during operation (T1), 24 h after operation (T2), three days after operation (T3), and seven days after operation (T4). Meanwhile, flaps were observed and adverse reaction recorded. The clinical efficacy and safety were compared., Results: Better result was obtained in the treatment group when compared their clinical efficacy (86. 67% vs 60. 00%, P<0.05). The whole blood high and low viscosity, plasma viscosity, red blood cell (RBC) volume, RBC aggregation index all decreased, and RBC deformed index increased in the two groups at T4, showing statistical difference when compared with those at T3 (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in the four indices of blood coagulation when compared with any time point in the same group (P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in hemorheology and the four indices of blood coagulation between the two groups at the same time point (P>0.05). The adverse reaction rate in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group, showing statistical difference (13.33% vs 30.00%, P<0.05)., Conclusions: AI could effectively prevent and treat the vascular crisis after free flap transplantation. It had less adverse reaction and good safety. It was better than Dextran-40. It was a safe and effective drug to prevent the vascular crisis.

Objective: To study the HIV-1 diversity and how did it promote the rapid spread of AIDS, in Guizhou province., Methods: A total of 190 HIV-1 positive subjects were collected in different years and regions from Guizhou province. The env and gag genes were amplified with nested PCR and their sequences were determined. The subtypes were identified by the MEGA 4.0 software and the relationships between subtypes and AIDS epidemic were analyzed., Results: The number of HIV/AIDS reported cases was increased from 66 in 1998 up to 8435 in 2009, a 16.38 time increase in 7 years. Subtypes B (9), B' (4), C (2), CRF07&#95;BC (75), CRF08&#95;BC (17), CRF01&#95;AE (64) were identified in Guizhou province among the samples collected in various periods of time. The genetic diversities in env gene of CRF07&#95;BC and CRF08&#95;BC increased along with the spreading of HIV (from 0.035 ± 0.006 to 0.092 ± 0.011). Subtype B' (4/11) appeared the main subtype prevailed in Guizhou in 1998 as well as CRF07&#95;BC (26/41) in 2002 and CRF01&#95;AE (62/119) in 2007. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guizhou province showed an rapidly upward trend, with the main risk factors of HIV transmission as 2610 cases through injecting drug users (IDUs). and 176 cases due to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), from year 2001 to 2006. However, STIs began to increase rapidly, after 2006, with 1713 cases of IDUs and 1833 cases of STIs. Data indicated that the change of composition of different HIV-1 subtypes was correlated with the mode of transmission in Guizhou province (χ(2) = 41.253, P = 0.000)., Conclusion: The types of HIV strains changed over time as well the turnover of the main risk factors. Sexual transmission, including both hetero- and homo-sexual became the main risk factors, suggesting the development of related prevention and control programs, on HIV/AIDS should be considered accordingly in the future.

A total of 118 patients with schistosomal hepatocirrhosis were divided into an experiment group (62 cases) and a control group (56 cases), and the former received capsule Xinganbao and the latter received conventional medicine for 6 months. The reductions of serum HA, LN and PCIII were more notable in the experiment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The clinical symptoms, physical signs, and liver function improved in both groups, and there were no significant differences between two groups. In conclusions, capsule Xinganbao has a good effect on hepatic fibrosis.

This study is to investigate the protective effects of the SB203580 against radiation induced mortality and intestinal injury of mice. A total of 67 male C57BL/6 mice (20.0-22.0 g) were matched according to body weight and randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, total body irradiation exposure (IR, 7.2 Gy) only, and IR (7.2 Gy) + SB203580 (15 mg x kg(-1)). 30 days survival rate was observed in the experiment. In intestinal injury experiment, the expression levels of caspase-3, Ki67, p53 and p-p38 were assayed in the mice intestine crypts. The results showed that the 30 days survival rate was 100% (control), 0 (IR) and 40% (IR+ SB203580), separately. Compared to the IR groups, the positive cells of caspase-3, p53 and p-p38 in crypt cells decreased 33.00%, 21.78% and 34.63%, respectively. The rate of positive cells of Ki67 increased 37.96%. Significant difference was found between all of them (P < 0.01). SB203580 potently protected against radiation-induced lethal and intestinal injury in mice, and it may be a potential radio protector.

Objective: To investigate the regulatory effect of hydroxyethyl starch on colloidal osmotic pressure (COP), and its effect on intracranial pressure (ICP) in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury., Methods: Twenty four male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group and the hydroxyethyl starch group, each n =8. Cerebral I/R model was reproduced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by reperfusion after ischemia for 2 hours. Rats in hydroxyethyl starch group received hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4206 ml × kg(-1)× d(-1) ia tail vein at the beginning of reperfusion. ICP and COP were evaluated at 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours after the surgery. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation. The water content of the right hemisphere was measured at 24 hours after the surgery, and the ratio of apoptosis of neurons was observed by immunohistochemical method., Results: Two hours after surgery the ICP (mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) of model group and hydroxyethyl starch group was significantly increased compared with sham operation group (11.50 ± 1.43, 12.48 ± 0.75 vs. 7.95 ± 0.92, both P <0.05). With prolongation of time, the ICP gradually increased and reached the peak at 24 hours (22.76 ± 0.72, 23.32 ± 0.98 vs. 8.15 ± 1.09, both P <0.05). But there was no significant difference in ICP in the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of the model group at all time points. The COP (mm Hg) of hydroxyethyl starch group was significantly higher than the model group and sham operation group at each time point, and peaked at 6 hours after surgery (13.49 ± 0.50 vs. 12.04 ± 0.47, 12.00 ± 0.39, both P <0.01). There was no significant difference in COP between the model group and the sham operation group at all time points. The brain water content, neuronal apoptosis of hydroxyethyl starch group and model group was significantly higher than sham operation group [brain water content: (80.16 ± 0.44)%, (80.59 ± 0.67)% vs. (78.72 ± 0.52)%; neuronal apoptosis:(44.27 ± 7.86)%,(42.82 ± 7.82)%vs. (3.26 ± 0.00)%, P <0.05 or P <0.01], but there was no significant difference between the hydroxyethyl starch group and model group (both P >0.05)., Conclusion: Intravenous injection of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 can increase the plasma COP, but it can not significantly reduce ICP and brain water content, and it also can not improve the neuronal apoptosis.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Tinospora sagittata var. yunnanensis., Methods: Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify the constituents. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis., Results: Seven compounds were isolated from the plant and their structures were identified as tinophylloloside (1), epitinophylloloside (2), 2-deoxycrustecdysone (3), polypodine B (4) , (+)-5'-methoxyisolariciresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), geniposide (6), adenine (7)., Conclusion: All compounds are isolated from the plant for the first time,and compounds 4, 5, 6 and 7 are isolated firstly from the genus.

Objective: To study the impacts of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) intervention on hemorheology and blood coagulation before and after free skin flap transplantation, in order to provide new clues of applying Chinese drugs for activating blood circulation and removing stasis in microsurgery., Methods: Sixty patients undergoing free skin flap transplantation were randomly and equally assigned to two groups, the treatment group administered with tetramethylpyrazine, the control group with low molecular dextran, both were treated for 7 days. The survival rate of transplanted flap, hemorrheologic parameters and four blood coagulation associated indices (prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated prothrombin time and fibrinogen) were detected before and after treatment., Results: Comparisons of clinical efficacy and hemorrheologic indices showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05), but TMP showed less impacts on the four blood coagulation associated indices at the 24, 48 and 72 h after operation (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: TMP could prevent blood vessel crisis after free skin flap transplantation, so it is valuable in microsurgical clinical application.

Objective: To observe the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on tissue factor (TF) expression induced by thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelium derived cell line ECV304., Methods: The changes in the total cellular procoagulant activity (PCA) of ECV304 cells exposed to thrombin were observed with one-stage clotting assay. TF mRNA expression in the exposed cells was examined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)., Results: ECV304 cells stimulated with increasing concentrations of thrombin (1.25-20 U/ml) showed a gradual increase of PCA (r=0.9602, P<0.01). The application of FVII-deficient plasma and the monoclonal antibody of TF confirmed that the PCA of the cells mediated by TF activity. TMP at 125-1000 microg/ml alone did not affect TF expression in ECV304 cells (P>0.20), TMP administered 30 min prior to thrombin exposure showed a significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the increments of PCA (r=-0.9644, P<0.01) and TF mRNA expression (r=-0.9576, P<0.05) in ECV304 cells, and 1000 microg/ml TMP produced the strongest effect. In ECV304 cells stimulated with thrombin for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h, TMP administration significantly inhibited the thrombin-induced PCA, and the effect was especially obvious at 8 h following thrombin exposure (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Thrombin induces TF expression in vascular endothelial cells, and this effect can be inhibited by TMP at the mRNA level.

Objective: To analyze the genetic characteristics of HIV-1 CRF01&#95;AE strains prevailing in the four provinces of southern China., Methods: Plasma samples were collected from the newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals reported in 2006 in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Hunan province. The gag and env gene fragments were amplified from RNA template extracted from plasma using RT and nested PCR methods. CRF01&#95;AE sequences were analyzed by phylogenetic methods and characterized by calculating the genetic distance and Entropy analysis., Results: Two main epidemic clusters were found to exist in the CRF01&#95;AE strains from 210 HIV-1 CRF01&#95; AE infected individuals collected in the 4 provinces, southern China. It was found that no international reference strain was closely correlated with cluster I, which including 123 samples. The strains in cluster II, consisting 57 cases of samples, were closely related with the strains identified in Vietnam. Genetic distance analysis of gag and env genes showed that the diversity of cluster I was obviously less than that of cluster II. Data on nucleotide polymorphism showed that nucleotides compositions of 42 sites in gag and 40 sites in env were significantly different between the two clusters. When compared with cluster II, the polymorphism decreased at 61 nucleotide sites but increased at 21 sites in cluster I., Conclusion: This was the first report describing that two main epidemic clusters were existed in CRF01&#95;AE strains prevailing in the 4 provinces, Southern China. The virus in cluster I was the dominant strain in this region, with shorter period of circulation and higher proportion seen in the HIV-infected population, which might belong to CRF01&#95;AE strain with certain features facilitating the spread of the virus. The virus in cluster II was highly homology with the CRF01&#95;AE strains from Vietnam, and seemed to have had several events of epidemics in populations in border regions of China and Vietnam.

Objective: To design the appropriate primers of gag gene for HIV-1 subtyping in molecular epidemiology survey based on the genetic characteristics derived from the main HIV-1 strains prevailing in China., Methods: The gag genes of HIV-1 CRF07&#95;BC, CRF08&#95;BC, and subtype C, together with subtyping reference sequences, were obtained from HIV sequence database. Referring to the alignments and genetic characteristics of HIV-1 full gag sequences, new primers of gag gene for amplification and subtyping were designed. The target fragment was used to construct neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and evaluate its reliability. The newly designed primers (GUX/GDX) were used to amplify the plasma samples to evaluate their efficiency., Results: The phylogenetic tree of 306/c-gag fragments (positions 836-1507 of HIV-1 strain HXB2) showed that CRF07&#95;BC and subtype C strains formed clusters with low bootstrap values (59% for CRF07&#95;BC and 70% for subtype C), and the phylogenetic tree could not distinguish the sequences of CRF07&#95;BC, CRF08&#95;BC, and subtype C very well. Whereas the sequences of CRF07&#95;BC, CRF08&#95;BC, and subtype C from GUX/GDX (positions 781-1861) were clustered separately with higher bootstrap values (99%, 99%, and 77% respectively). In practice, a very good amplification and sequencing efficiency with over 90% positive results on average were obtained with GUX/GDX. Five clusters of subtype B, C, CRF01&#95;AE, CRF07&#95;BC, and CRF08&#95;BC were formed with higher confidence (Bootstrap values all above 80%). The reliable phylogenetic tree could be constructed based on the fragments sequenced only with antisense primer (GDX)., Conclusion: Fragments obtained with GUX/GDX primers of gag gene can be used to reconstruct phylogenetic tree with high reliability to distinguish the HIV-1 strains circulating in China, especially for the major BC recombinant and subtype C strains, which provides a useful tool in HIV molecular epidemiologic research.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare thoracic vertebrae morphology between patients with idiopathic and normal adolescents through MRI., Methods: Two-dimensional sagittal MRI of the spine was performed in 10 normal adolescent, 10 patients with mild idiopathic thoracic scoliosis (Cobb angle 15 degrees - 39 degrees ) and 10 patients with moderate thoracic scoliosis (Cobb angle 40 degrees - 75 degrees ), all of them were female and between 13 - 14 years old. Sagittal imaging was reconstructed on image working station (Easy Vision, Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands). Anterior height, posterior height and width of vertebral body as well as length between spinous process were measured on each thoracic spine., Results: Anterior height, posterior height and width of vertebral body increased from T(1) to T(12) with the values from scoliotic groups larger than normal group. The anterior height/width ratio and anterior/posterior column ratio were also larger in scoliotic group especially at apical area., Conclusion: The thoracic vertebrae are higher and slimmer in scoliotic patient than in normal age-matched girls which implied that there is abnormal endochondral ossification on spine during adolescent growth spurt.

Objective: To extract and analysis the active components of Se-protein polysaccharide from Se-rich Cordyceps militaris, and to discuss the anti-tumor effect of Se-protein polysaccharide., Method: Protein, polysaccharides and selenium content were determined by the methods of Folin-phenol reagent (lowry), phenol-sulfate and DAN fluorescence, respectively. Tumor-bearing mouse model was established and divided into the model group, cyclophosphamide group, cordyceps high and low dosage group (200, 100 mg x kg(-1)). Then the Se-protein polysaccharide's anti-tumor activity and immune function in vivo were observed by compare with model group in the weight of mice, inhibitory rate, conversion rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes, dissection index K, swallowed factor alpha, liver and spleen factor coefficient, GSH-Px and SOD activity and the content of MDA., Result: Se-protein polysaccharides from Se-rich Cordyceps militaris had a significant anti-tumor action with the inhibitory rate 46.92% and could avoid toxic effect of chemotherapy drug like cyclophosphamide. It also could enhance immune function and body antioxidant capacity by inhibiting the decline of tumor-bearing mouse liver coefficient and spleen coefficient in tumor-bearing mice caused by cyclophosphamide., Conclusion: Se-protein polysaccharide, the extraction of Se-rich Cordyceps militaris's can inhibit tumor grouth of tumor-bearing mouse.

Objective: To study the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on U937 cell growth and its mechanism., Methods: Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry (FCM), expressions of cell cycle associated protein and the p27 related protein were detected by Western blot. The binding of P27 and Skp2 was detected by immunoprecipitation., Results: FCM displayed that ATRA could inhibit the proliferation of U937 cells. At 72 h on 1 micromol/L ATRA treatment, 72% of the cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase. Western blot displayed that ATRA could decrease the expression of cyclin A, up-regulate the expression of p21 and p27, and down-regulate the expression of p27 related proteins Skp2. p27 could bind with Skp2 in U937 cells as detected by immunoprecipitation., Conclusion: ATRA may arrest the proliferation of U937 cells through the reduction of Skp2 expression, and finally the induction of the accumulation of p27.

Ulmus elongata, an endemic species in China, is one of the grade II national key conservation rare and endangered plants. The spectra of root, stem, skin and leaf of Ulmus elongata sampled from eight different sites were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry with OMNI-sampler directly, fast and accurately. A positioning technology of OMNIC E.S.P. 5.1 intelligent software and ATR correction was used. The background was scanned before the determination of every example. The peak value and absorbance were ascertained using a method of baseline correction in infrared spectra, and then the relativity between absorption peaks of the spectra and the soil nitrogen was analyzed. Results from the comparison of the spectra showed some differences in their FTIR spectra among root, stem, skin and leaf of Ulmus elongata from the same plant. The coefficients of correlation between chemical composition of this four different organs of Ulmus elongata and soil nitrogen were positive in different degrees. There was the significantly positive correlation between chemical composition of stem and total nitrogen (p < 0.05). When the wave-number was 3 365 cm(-1), there was a significantly positive correlation between chemical composition of skin and total nitrogen, and a low correlation between root and leave chemical composition and total nitrogen. There was also a certain extent correlation between chemical composition of this four different organs of Ulmus elongata and soil available nitrogen, but the coefficients of correlation was smaller, and the level of the statistic significance was not significant (p > 0.05). It was showed that the change in soil total nitrogen has some influence on chemical composition of different organs of Ulmus elongata, but the degree of available nitrogen was very smaller. The linear correlation between soil total nitrogen and organs chemical composition of Ulmus elongate, not only provided the theoretic basis for plant nutriology and nutrient ecology of Ulmus elongate, but also proved that the plants and soil were inseparable. The results also showed that FTIR can be used widely for analysis of the correlation between chemical composition of endangered plants and soil physical and chemical properties in the future, and indicated that the new method has practicability and reliability to a certain degree.