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ObjectiveIn response to the problems of high weight and relatively low protective efficiency associated with traditional multicamerate structures (i.e., void compartment-liquid tank-void compartment), this study explores the protective performance of underwater cylindrical protective structures. Methods A numerical model based on an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) algorithm is established and verified through a contact explosion case involving a typical structure. On this basis, models of the traditional multicamerate protective structure and cylindrical protective structure are then established. Through numerical simulation, parameters such as maximal stress, strain and energy absorption after underwater contact explosion with the same explosive charge are analyzed, and their respective protective performances obtained.ResultsThe displacement of the defended longitudinal wall of the cylindrical protective structure is smaller than that of the watertight longitudinal wall, which is contrary to the behavior of traditional multicamerate protective structures. Additionally, the energy absorbed by the deck and double bottom is 9.92% less than that of the traditional protective structure, demonstrating a significant advantage in resisting deformation in the vertical direction.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the cylindrical protective structure exhibits a lower level of damage under the same charge, providing new insights for the innovative design of underwater protection structures.