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Mentha canadensis, as a plant with medicinal and culinary uses, holds significant economic value. Jasmonic acid signaling repressor JAZ protein has a crucial role in regulating plant response to adversity stresses. The M. canadensis McJAZ8 gene is cloned and analyzed for protein characterization, protein interactions, and expression patterns, so as to provide genetic resources for molecular breeding of M. canadensis for stress tolerance. This experiment will analyze the protein structural characteristics, subcellular localization, protein interactions, and gene expression of McJAZ8 using bioinformatics, yeast two-hybrid(Y2H), transient expression in tobacco leaves, qRT-PCR, and other technologies. The results show that:(1)The full length of the McJAZ8 gene is 543 bp, encoding 180 amino acids. The McJAZ8 protein contains conserved TIFY and Jas domains and exhibits high homology with Arabidopsis thaliana AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ2.(2)The McJAZ8 protein is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm.(3)The Y2H results show that McJAZ8 interacts with itself or McJAZ1/3/4/5 proteins to form homologous or heterologous dimers.(4)McJAZ8 is expressed in different tissue, with the highest expression level in young leaves. In terms of leaf sequence, McJAZ8 shows the highest expression level in the fourth leaf and the lowest expression level in the second leaf.(5) In leaves and roots, the expression of McJAZ8 is upregulated to varying degrees under methyl jasmonate(MeJA), drought, and NaCl treatments. The expression of McJAZ8 shows an initial upregulation followed by a downregulation pattern under CdCl_2 treatment. In leaves, the expression of McJAZ8 tends to gradually decrease under CuCl_2 treatment, while in roots, it initially decreases and then increases before decreasing again. In both leaves and roots, the expression of McJAZ8 is downregulated to varying degrees under AlCl_(3 )treatment. This study has enriched the research on jasmonic acid signaling repressor JAZ genes in M. canadensis and provided genetic resources for the molecular breeding of M. canadensis.

Jasmonic acid (JA), a plant endogenously synthesized lipid hormone, plays an important role in response to stress. This manuscript summarized the biosynthesis and metabolism of JA and its related regulatory mechanisms, as well as the signal transduction of JA. The mechanism and regulatory network of JA in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses were systematically reviewed, with the latest advances highlighted. In addition, this review summarized the signal crosstalk between JA and other hormones in regulating plant resistance to various stresses. Finally, the problems to be solved in the study of plant stress resistance mediated by JA were discussed, and the application of new molecular biological technologies in regulating JA signaling to enhance crop resistance was prospected, with the aim to facilitate future research and application of plant stress resistance.

Arsenic (As) pollution has a toxic effect on crop growth, leading to reduced crop quality and yield. Therefore, it is urgent to explore safe and effective strategies to reduce its toxicity. In this experiment, hydroponics, fluorescent probe locating technology, differential centrifugation, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were used to research the effect of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on the accumulation and stress resistance of rice seedlings. The results showed that JA application reduced the As content in the roots and shoots of rice by 31.4% and 51.4%, respectively, and significantly reduced As content in the cell wall and soluble fractions of rice roots. JA changed the distribution ratio of As in the subcellular components. The distribution ratio of As in the cell wall increased by 16.4%, and the distribution ratio of soluble fractions decreased by 17.3%. JA enhanced the fixation of As by the cell wall and reduced the As content in the soluble fraction. Furthermore, JA increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, and PEPC in root cells and reduced the contents of H 2 O 2 and MDA, indicating that JA reduced lipid peroxidation damage, regulated carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and alleviated As toxicity. This research provides a new approach for the prevention and control of rice As pollution.

To investigate the hormone responses of Lycium barbarum to Aceria pallida infestation and the effects of exogenous salicylic acid on the infestation and development of gall mite, four phytohormones (salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), Auxin, and abscisic acid (ABA)) of L. barbarum leaves infested with A. pallida were determined by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, the effects of exogenous SA on the growth of gall and mite population were investigated. The results showed that contents of SA and JA in leaves infested with A. pallida were significantly higher (4.0 and 13.0 folds, respectively) than that in control, but that of Auxin and ABA did not change. The growth of gall was inhibited significantly by exogenous SA, with the inhibition increasing with the prolongation of treatment time. Meanwhile, mite population in galls treated with SA was significantly lower than that in control. Our results suggested that A. pallida could induce SA and JA resistance of L. barbarum , and that the exogenous SA could inhibit the growth of gall and mite population. Exogenous SA could be potentially used in A. pallida prevention.

The effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the resistance levels to quinclorac and endogenous hormone levels were examined using the resistant and sensitive biotypes of barnyardgrass with the same genetic background. The results showed that exogenous MeJA could significantly increase the resistance of resistant plants to quinclorac, but did not affect the resistance of sensitive plants. There were significant differences in the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) among the tested materials. Quinclorac treatment could significantly increase the contents of ABA, SA, and JA in barnyardgrass, with stronger increase of ABA and JA contents in the sensitive plants. Exogenous MeJA could significantly enhance the induction of ABA and JA contents by quinclorac, especially in the sensitive biotypes. These results showed that rapid hormone variations in sensitive plants inhibited their response to herbicide, while gentle hormone variations endowed resistant plants with a strong adapta-bility to herbicide, which closely related to the enhanced resistance by MeJA. ABA and JA hormone signals might play an important role in the resistance of barnyardgrass to quinclorac stress.

DcCDPK8 involved in abiotic stress such as low temperature and signal transduction of hormones ABA and MeJA,but the transcriptional regulation is still unclear. In order to study the core promoter region of DcCDPK8 gene in Dendrobium catenatum and explore its transcriptional regulation mechanism,the DcCDPK8 gene promoter sequence was cloned by PCR from D. catenatum. Promoter sequence function was studied by fusion of 5 'terminal deletion and GUS gene. The results showed that the promoter sequence of DcCDPK8 gene has a low-temperature responsive element( LTR) between~(-1) 749 bp and-614 bp,two MeJA responsive elements between~(-1) 749 bp and-230 bp,and one ABA responsive elements between-614 bp and-230 bp. Three 5'-end different deletion fragments were constructed to fuse the eukaryotic expression vectors p BI121 with GUS,which were transformed into tobacco leaves. The GUS activity under cold stress treatment was DcCDPK8-p1>DcCDPK8-p2>DcCDPK8-p3. GUS activity under exogenous ABA induction was DcCDPK8-p1>DcCDPK8-p2>DcCDPK8-p3,and GUS activity under exogenous MeJA induction was DcCDPK8-p1>DcCDPK8-p2>DcCDPK8-p3. It is speculated that the ABA response element( ARE) in the promoter sequences of DcCDPK8 is positive regulatory role in response to exogenous ABA,the MeJA cis-acting element plays a negative role in response to exogenous MeJA.

Jasmonates (JAs), which can exogenously induce anti-herbivore defensive reaction in plants, are important in the field of plant physiology and plant protection. We summarized the ecological effects of exogenous JAs applied on 40 species of plants on various herbivores (such as Lepidoptera and Hemipteran) and their natural enemies in the past 20 years. We systematically genera-lized the research status about the direct and indirect antiherbivore defense induced by JAs, induced systemic defense, induction methods, induced performance in field, and the application status of JAs. Moreover, combining with the latest literatures, we reviewed the effects of JAs on plant growth-defense trade-offs from the cross-talk between phytohormone signaling pathways, and the regulation of nodes in the JA signaling pathway. Finally, we proposed the future directions and key aspects of the research on the plant anti-herbivore defense induced by exogenous JAs, which would promote the development of the related research and the application of JAs in field.

The Harpin protein Hpa1 can induce defense responses in plant. This study aimed at investigating the role of jasmonate (JA) signal pathway in the process of biosynthesis of secondary metabolite in Sorbus aucuparia cell eliciting by Hpa1 crude extract (Hpa1 CE). The results showed that Hpa1 crude extract (Hpa1 CE) could induce phytoalexin synthesis in S. aucuparia cell， most of which was noraucuparin and its glycosides. Meanwhile Hpa1 CE treatment resulted in methyl jasmonate (MeJA) production increased and noraucuparin was de novo synthesized in large quantities. Combination of Hpa1 CE and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, JA signaling inhibitor) caused the decreased MeJA and noraucuparin in the S. aucuparia cell compared with that in Hpa1 CE group. Real-time PCR results indicated that Hpa1 CE treatment caused down-regulation of JAZ and up-regulation of mcy2 in transcription level. Therefore Hpa1 CE elicited defense mechanism and JA signaling pathway involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis in S. aucuparia cell. It presented information to elucidate the role of JA signal pathway in stress response in the perspective of secondary metabolism of plant., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Andrographolide is a main active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine Andrographis paniculata，with a variety of pharmacological activity，widely used in clinical practice. However its biosynthetic pathway has not been resolved. Cytochrome P450 reductase provides electrons for CYP450 and plays an important role in the CYP450 catalytic process. In this study，the coding sequence of A. paniculata CPR was screened and cloned by homologous alignment，named ApCPR4. The ApCPR4 protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression. After isolation and purification，the enzyme activity was identified in vitro . The results showed that ApCPR4 could reduce the cytochrome c and ferricyanide in NADPH-dependent manner. In order to verify its in vivo function，ApCPR4 and CYP76AH1 were co-transformed into yeast engineering bacteria. The results showed that ApCPR4 could help CYP76AH1 catalyze the formation of rustols in yeast. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of ApCPR4 increased gradually in leaves treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The expression pattern was consistent with the trend of induction and accumulation of andrographolide by MeJA，suggesting that ApCPR4 was associated with biosynthesis of andrographolide., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The plastidial methylerythritol phosphate(MEP) pathway provides 5-carbon precursors to the biosynthesis of isoprenoid (including artemisinin). 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MCT) is the third enzyme of the MEP pathway, which catalyzes 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate to form 4-(cytidine 5’-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol. The full-length MCT cDNA sequence (AaMCT) was cloned and characterized for the first time from Artemisia annua L. Analysis of tissue expression pattern revealed that AaMCT was highly expressed in glandular secretory trichome and poorly expressed in leaf, flower, root and stem. AaMCT was found to be a methyl jasmonate (Me JA)-induced genes, the expression of AaMCT was significantly increased after MeJA treatment. Subcellular localization indicated that the GFP protein fused with AaMCT was targeted specifically in chloroplasts. The transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with AaMCT overexpression exhibited a significantly increase in the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, demonstrating that AaMCT kinase plays an influential role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.

Temperature and photoperiod are proximate environmental factors that have an important influence on the morphological, physiological and behavioral adjustments animals performance du-ring seasonal acclimatization. In this study, the effects of temperature and photoperiod on phenotypic flexibility in body mass, energy budget and digestive tract morphology in the Chinese bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) were examined, and the relationship between energy budget and digestive tract morphology was analyzed. Twelve male and sixteen female Chinese bulbuls were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups so that each group was comprised of three males and four females. The groups were: 1) a warm and long photoperiod (30 ℃, 16 light: 8 dark) group, 2) a warm and short photoperiod (30 ℃, 8 light: 16 dark) group, 3) a cold and long photoperiod (10 ℃, 16 light:8 dark) group, and 4) a cold and short photoperiod (10 ℃, 8 light: 16 dark) group. Each group was acclimated to its respective temperature and photoperiod for 4 weeks. Birds in the cold temperature and short photoperiod group underwent a significant increase in body mass, gross energy intake (GEI) and digestible energy intake (DEI) compared to the other three groups, and there was a significant interaction between temperature and photoperiod on gross energy intake and diges-tible energy intake. The mass of the stomach, small intestine, rectum, and total digestive tract, all increased significantly in cold temperature treatment groups compared to those acclimated to a relatively warm temperature. There was a significant, positive correlation between GEI and DEI resi-duals and those of the length and dry mass of the small intestine and total digestive tract. These results suggested that the Chinese bulbul met the increased energy demands of winter (colder tempe-ratures and reduced foraging time due to shorter day-length) by increasing its body mass, digestible energy intake and digestive tract size.

In this paper, we cloned the full-length cDNA of TwSQS from Tripterygium wilfordii suspension cells(Gen Bank: KR401220) and performed the bioinformation and m RNA expression analysis. The expression after methyl jasmonate(MJ) treatment of the gene was detected by RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA of TwSQS was 1 800 bp containing a 1 242 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 413 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point(p I) was 7.94 and the calculate molecular weight was about 47.20 k D. The relative expression level of TwSQS was deduced by MJ and reached the highest at 4 h after the treatment. The gene information we got in this study enriched the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenoids in Tripterygium wilfordii and laid foundation for further studies.

A method for the simultaneous determination of indole-3-acetic acid, N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenosine, N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine, trans-zeatin riboside, zeatin, strigolactone, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, gibberellin A3 and jasmonic acid in five different parts of main branch, lateral branch, primary leaf, secondary leaf and stem of Sargasum fusiforme (Hary.) Seichell was established by high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-TQMS). The samples were extracted with methanol/water/formic acid (15 : 4 :1, v/v/v) (containing 0.5% 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, BHT) after vacuum freeze-drying. The separation was performed on a Hypersil Gold C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution. The analytes were detected by tandem mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used for the quantitative analysis in the positive mode or negative mode. Under the optimized conditions, the correlation coefficients (r) of the ten phytohormones were from 0. 9989 to 1. 0000 in the linear ranges. The detection limits of the ten phytohormones were 0. 001 2-4. 651 2 μ/L. The average recoveries were 72. 24% -91. 31% with the relative standard deviations not more than 6. 59%. In the five parts of fresh Sargasum fusiforme (Hary.) Seichell samples, the contents of the ten phytohormones were from not detected to 4 041. 431 ng/g. This method has good sensitivity, precision, recovery, and can be used to simultaneously determine the phytohormones.

Objective: To optimize the culture medium of transgenic Polygonium multiflorum hairy root and the effect of different elicitors on its growth., Methods: Measured the growth curve of hairy root in four media, including MS, 1/2 MS, B5 and White and estimated the effects of elicitors on the hairy root biomass., Results: MS medium was the most suitable of the four media for hairy root growth. The different concentrations of elicitors, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, inhibited the biomass accumulation of hairy root., Conclusion: MS is the optimum medium for transgenic Polygonium multiflorum hairy root. Two usual plant elicitors, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, can inhibit the growth of transgenic hairy root.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Eucommiol on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and the feasibility of applying in mandibular defects repair using ADSCs combined with the extract of Eucommiol scaffold material., Methods: Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups and bilateral mandibular defect was prepared. Group A: Implanted the ADSCs combined with the extract of Eucommiol scaffold, group B: Implanted the ADSCs combined with hydroxyapatite materials, group C: Implanted hydroxyapatite materials, group D: The control group. All the experimental animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks. Tissue samples were observed by gross observation, radiographic analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM). The value of imaging analysis and osteogenesis were evaluated. The results were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 statistical software., Results: In vivo imaging and histological staining showed that the healing of bone defect and bone quality in group A was significantly better than those in the other groups. SEM showed well biocompatibility between composite material and tissue without inflammation reaction. By measuring and analyzing the dental CT data and new bone area, the bone in group A was obviously better than those in other groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The extract of Eucommiol can promote ADSCs into bone cells. The role of ADSCs combined with extract of Eucommiol scaffold materials has significant bone induction. It is expected that this material could become a new composite material and be used to fix the jaw bone defects.

The aim of this study was to increase the stability of WB852 in aqueous solution by inclusion complex formation with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). The stability of WB852-beta-CD in aqueous solution was determined. The hydrolysis rate of WB852 from the inclusion compound was lower than that of WB852 alone. The solid inclusion compound of WB852 with beta-CD in 1:3 molar ratio was prepared by the freeze-drying method. The formation of an inclusion compound with beta-CD in solid state was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis (DTA).