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This paper aimed to investigate the extraction process of total flavonoids and triterpenes in Inonotus obliquus by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction. The UV spectrophotometric method was used as the detection method, the extraction rate of total triterpenes and flavonoids was used as the evaluation index, the effects of enzyme addition, enzymatic digestion time, liquid to material ratio and ethanol concentration on the extraction rate were investigated, and the best extraction process was obtained by NSGA-II genetic algorithm combined with response surface analysis. Finally, the main chemical components in Inonotus obliquus were analyzed and identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimal extraction process for simultaneous extraction of total triterpenes and flavonoids from Inonotus obliquus was obtained by the Pareto front surface B region scheme, and the optimal extraction conditions were determined as enzyme addition of 1.9%, enzymatic digestion time of 45 min, liquid to material ratio of 20 mL/g, and ethanol concentration of 64%. The average extraction rates of total triterpenes and flavonoids were 2.670%±0.05% and 5.356%±0.09%, and the relative errors were 0.75% and 0.70% with the predicted average extraction rates. It was identified that Inonotus obliquus contained four active ingredients: Betulin, lanosterol, osmundacetone and quercetin. The above proved that the test indexes of NSGA-II genetic algorithm combined with response surface optimization of Inonotus obliquus fungus extraction process fitted well with the predicted results.

The laser quenching treatment of 42CrMo steel surface was carried out with a RFL - C3300 fiber laser, and the relations between the microstructure, hardness, depth, wear resistance of the hardened layer and the laser process parameters were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, stereomicroscope, vickers hardness tester and vertical universal friction and wear tester. Results showed that after laser quenching, the surface microstructure of the sample was refined, and the surface hardness and wear resistance were improved. When the laser power was 2 200 W, the scanning speed was 20 mm/s and the spot size was 12 mm × 2 mm, the surface microstructure of the sample was composed of fine martensites, a small amount of retained austenites and dispersed fine carbides. The average surface hardness reached 660 HV2 N, which was about 2.6 times that of the matrix. The friction coefficient stabilized at 0.4～0.6, which was about 25% lower than that of the matrix. The wear amount was 0.5 mg, which was 23.8% of that of the matrix.

The ZY1-02D satellite is the first hyperspectral operational satellite in China. To test the application ability of ZY1-02D hyperspectral loading data in geological and mineral survey' the authors identified lithologic and mineral information on the basis of data pre-processing' and the results were compared with GF-5 data. The application ability of the data was analyzed effectively in combination with the results of field survey. The results are as follows; the coincidence degree of ZY1-02D hyperspectral data reflectivity spectrum curve and geological body spectrum curve is high in shape, which can meet the requirements of rock and mineral information identification; through the identification of rock and mineral information in combination with the geological and mineral data of the study area, it is shown that the lithological information of marble, monzogranite, calcite and dolomite and alteration mineral information of chlorite and limonite are consistent with the measured results. The results show that the data has good recognition effect on the information of rocks and minerals' and can provide data guarantee for the application of hyperspectral technology in the field of geology and mineral exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the main environmental stresses for sugarcane. In order to understand the stomatal response of drought stress in different sugarcane cultivars, the present research was conducted using differently drought-resistant sugarcane cultivars F172, GT21, YT93 / 159 and YL6 as plant materials, which were grown in pots in the greenhouse at Guangxi University in 2012. At elongation stage, the plants were treated with varied degrees of drought stress: 1 mild drought, 65%-70% of the soil water capacity; 2 moderate drought, 45%-50% of the soil water content; 3 severe drought with 25%-30% of soil water capacity and; 4 control with 75% of soil water capacity The relative water content in plant leaf was detected, and the. stomatal characteristics in lower epidermis of the plant leaf were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the stomatal conductance under water stress declined sharply in 4cultivars. The stomatal conductance in the drought-tolerant F172 and GT21 was lower than that in the drought- susceptible YT93 / 159 and YL6 under severe drought stress. After re-watering in 3 days, the stomatal conductance in F172 and GT21 were increased to 82. 07 and 88. 85 mmol . m-2 . s-1, while that in YT93 / 159 and YL6 was only 18.88 and 33.08mmol . m-2 . s-1, respectively. The water stress resulted in sunken and closed stomata, and reduction in stomata length and width, which showed significant differences in different cultivars. The density of stomata was increased significantly in most drought-tolerant F172 under severe drought stress. The ratio of stomata closure was nearly 3-4 times in F172 and GT21 as much as that in YT93 / 159 and YL6. Under drought stress, the leaf relative water content was reduced. However, the drought-tolerant cultivars F172 and GT21 maintained higher leaf relative water content under severe drought stress than the other two, and YT93 / 159 showed the lowest, and the water content could be restored after re-watering. The results indicated that the drought-resistance of sugarcane cultivars was closely related to the stomatal characteristics and water content in leaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rule, the establishment of the integral system of modern schools follows two routes; the top-down and the bottom-up ones. The top-down pattern means that the higher education system is established prior to that of secondary schools, which in return, is set up before the primary school system, as is exemplified by the practice of European countries. Meanwhile, the bottom-up pattern is in a reverse order of the top-down one, which is illustrated by the pattern of the United States. However, the establishment of Chinese modern school system follows neither the top-down pattern nor the bottomup one, but belongs to an atypical top-down one, which means that the school system of higher education is established in advance of the primary one and the latter in priority to that of the secondary school. The process of establishing Chinese modern integral school system in this way lasted for about one hundred and forty years, that is, from the foundation of the Imperial Tung Wen College to the end of the twentieth century, during which the atypical top-down pattern recurred three times: the first was between the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican Period, the second in the 1950s and 60s and the last one in the 1980s and 90s, and the integral system of Chinese modern school was not completely established until the last recurrence in the late 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the relationship between the promoter methylation status of Tripartite-motif protein 58 (TRIM58) and its mRNA expression level in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to explore the expression and regulation of TRIM58 in AML., Methods: The bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) technologies were used to detect the promoter methylation status and expression levels of TRIM58 mRNA in primary CD34 + and CD34 - AML cells and the AML cell lines KG1a and K562 were determined., Results: The expression of TRIM58 mRNA in CD34 + cells was down-regulated in 10 AML patients, while that in CD34 - cells was down-regulated in 12 cases. Differences in the promoter methylation level of TRIM58 were statistically significant between AML group and normal control group (P<0.05). Additionally, the expression of TRIM58 mRNA was down-regulated in cell lines KG1a and K562, and up-regulated after decitabine treatment., Conclusion: The down-regulation of mRNA expression of TRIM58 in AML cells may be related to its promoter methylation status.

The clinical therapeutic regimen for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not significantly different between adults and children, which is mostly based on IA (idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside) induction chemotherapy. With the rapid development of sequencing technique, people's understandings towards the molecular and biological abnormalities of AML are increasing, diverse AML gene mutation-based targeted drugs have been rapidly developed and applied. In this review, several commonly gene mutations in AML (such as FLT3, NPM1 and C/EBPA) was described, and the therapeutic effects and differences of targeted drugs that used in clinical treatment or had been reported (like tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IDH1 mutation inhibitor and epigenetic modification inhibitor) in child and adult AML patients were summrized.

Water cycle in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is an important research topic in hydrology and ecology. The differences in the composition of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in different water bodies can indicate water cycle process. Based on the measurements of isotopic compositions in precipitation, soil water, and plant water, we analyzed water isotope evolution in a SPAC system located in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Chengdu Plain. The different interface processes of regional water cycle was revealed. The results showed that the local meteoric water line (LMWL) equation was δD =7.13 δ 18 O +2.35 ( R 2 =0.99), and the soil evaporation line (SEL) equation was δD =6.98 δ 18 O -0.32 ( R 2 =0.92). In the water transportation process of precipitation-soil water-plant water, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were gradually enriched. The δ 18 O in water of the surface soil layer (0-35 cm) was sensitive to precipitation input, as it was directly affected by precipitation. In contrast, the δ 18 O in water of the middle and deep layers (35-100 cm) was relatively stable. The isotopes of plant xylem water were slightly more enriched than those of soil water, indicating the possibility of slight evaporation or transpiration through phloem or bark in plant water transportation. The estimation of plant water intake from different soil layers was performed by direct correlation method. Cinnamomum camphora mainly used water from the middle layer, Broussonetia papyrifera mainly used that from the surface layer, and Parathelypteris glanduligera tended to use surface soil water and precipitation intercepted by plants because of the shallow root system. Compared with P. glanduligera , C. camphora and B. papyrifera experienced stronger water evaporation and the isotopes were influenced by more intense dynamic fractionation.

In the previous research, our laboratory established a mouse model combining disease with syndrome of human coronavi-rus pneumonia with pestilence attacking the lung syndrome, based on the national traditional Chinese medicine clinical classification of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan. In this study, a mouse model combining disease with syndrome of human coronavirus pneumonia with pestilence attacking the lung syndrome was used to evaluate the effectiveness of Reyanning Mixture to provide animal experimental support for clinical application. Mice were divided into normal group, 229 E infection group, cold-dampness group, cold-dampness+229 E infection group(the model group), Reyanning high and low dose groups. The cold-dampness group, cold-dampness+229 E infection group, two Reyanning groups were given cold and damp stimulation for 7 days. On the 5 th day, the 229 E infection group, cold-dampness+229 E infection group, and two Reyanning groups were infected with HCoV-229 E virus. Reyanning was administered for 3 days, starting from the day of infection. Blood was collected on the 4 th day and the lung tissue was dissected to calculate the lung index and inhibition rate; flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood; RT-PCR was used to detect the nucleic acid virus load in lung tissue; ELISA was used to detect motilin and gastrin in serum, and inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 in lung tissue proteins. Reyanning Mixture could reduce the lung index(P<0.01) of coronavirus pneumonia mice with pestilence attacking the lung; it could significantly increase the percentage of CD8~+ T lymphocytes and CD4~+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of model mice(P<0.05, P<0.01). The low dose of Reyanning could effectively increase the percentage of total B lymphocytes(P<0.05), reduce virus load in lung tissue of model mice(P<0.01), reduce the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 in the lung tissue of model mice(P<0.01), reduce the content of motilin in the serum of model mice(P<0.01). Reyanning Mixture convey a better effect in treating coronavirus pneumonia mice with pestilence attacking the lung. It manifested obvious effects in improving lung lesions, enhancing the gastrointestinal function of mice, improving the autoimmune function of mice, and reducing the expression of inflammatory factors in vivo, which could provide evidences for clinical research.

Mercury is harmful to the environment, which has gradually become one of the research hotspots. Sediments, as a main repository of pollutants, have an important impact on water quality and the internal organisms, which deserves our research. In this paper, we focused on Hefei landscape water sediment and tried to investigate the status of inorganic mercury and methylmercury pollutions in the sediment. To study the conversion process from inorganic mercury to methylmercury and their enrichment levels and mechanism, we established the ecological chain of "sediment-water-grass-fish" through analog microcosm examination. The results were as follows: from ten water and sediment samples in Hefei landscape water sediment, we found that the contents of inorganic mercury and methylmercury ranged 11.74-13.12 µg · kg⁻¹ and 0.37-2.23 µg · kg⁻¹, respectively. The microcosm examination showed that: with increasing culture time, inorganic mercury in sediments gradually decreased. There was a phenomenon that the content of methylmercury increased at first and then decreased to reach the balance later. Both the inorganic mercury and methylmercury in water change showed an increasing trend. The enrichment contents of inorganic mercury in Egeria densa Planch, and golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner) were low while their enrichment of methylmercury could he great. In addition, we found that both the bioaccumulation ability and the enrichment coefficient of methylmercury in the body of golden mandarin fish were the maximum during the same period.

The TP concentration is an important index of water quality and an important influencing factor of eutrophication and algae blooms. Remote sensing technology has advantages of wide scope and high time limited efficacy. Monitoring the concentration of TP by satellite remote sensing is important for the study of water quality and eutrophication. In situ datasets collected during the three times of experiments in Taihu Lake between 2013 and 2014 were used to develop the TP inversion model based on GOCI data. The GOCI data in spring, summer, autumn and winter in 2014 were selected to analyze the time and space changes of TP concentration in Taihu Lake. The results showed that the TP algorithm was built up based on the variables, which was to use the eight band combination of GOCI data as variable, and build model using Multi factor linear regression method. The algorithm achieved more accurate TP estimation with R² = 0.898, MAPE = 14.296%, RMSE = 0.026 mg · L⁻¹. Meantime, a analysis on the precision of the model by using the measured sample points and the synchronous satellite images with MAPE = 33.642%, 22.551%, RMSE = 0.076 mg · L⁻¹, 0.028 mg · L⁻¹ on August 5, 2014 and October 24, 2014. Through the analysis of the 30 images on the four days of the four seasons, it showed that the absolute concentration of total phosphorus was different in different seasons. But temporal and spatial distribution of total phosphorus concentration was similar in the morning and afternoon. In spatial distribution, the TP concentration in Meiliang Bay, Zhushan Bay, Gonghu Bay, Xiaomei Port and Changdou Port in the southwest coast was at a continuously high position. The TP concentration change in different regions was influenced by wind direction, wind speed and other factors. The TP concentration highest in the morning, and then gradually decreased, this phenomenon reflected that the TP concentration was affected by temperature and light.

Under the efforts of many scholars, large amount of remote retrieval models of water quality parameters have been developed. However, each model could only reflect the "true value" from one level because of the natural limitation of remote sensing. To get the relatively true value by combining various retrieval models, in this work, we developed a multi-model collaborative retrieval algorithm for retrieving the concentration of Chlorophyll a based on data assimilation. We measured water quality parameters and water reflectance spectra in Taihu Lake during 2006 to 2009. There were seven retrieve models established and six models were selected to participate in the multi-model collaborative retrieval algorithm. Then these selected models were combined to establish a multi-model for retrieving the concentration of Chlorophyll a. The results indicated: (1) the accuracy of multi-model retrieval algorithm was better than that of single-model retrieval method, with an optimal MAPE of only 22. 4% ; (2) with more models participating in the multi-model collaborative retrieval algorithm, the accuracy became better, the average MAPE was decreased from 25. 6% to 23. 4% , the average RMSE was decreased from 15. 082 μg.L-1 to 14. 575 μg.L-1, and the average correlation coefficient was improved from 0.91 to 0. 92; (3) the accuracy and errors of retrieval products could be effective evaluated through calculating the confidence interval, which makes possible the acquirement of spatial and temporal error distribution of Chlorophyll a concentration retrieval in Taihu Lake.

Our previous studies found that the Chinese attenuated EIAV vaccine was composed of a pool of quasispecies, which showed a complicated diversity called "multi-species". Further determining the viral composition of these species in the vaccine should improve the identification of predominant viruses in the vaccine and facilitate the analysis of in vivo evolution of EIAV and the vaccine. In this study, the comparison of fidelities in amplifying and sequencing the V3 to V5 fragment of EIAV envelope gp90 gene by either a single-genome amplification (SGA) approach or the traditional RT-PCR (bulk PCR) was performed. Results revealed that the diversities were 1.84% and 1.88% for SGA- and bulk PCR-derived sequences, respectively. Futher analysis revealed that beside the sequences highly homologous to those derived by the bulk PCR, nine of 73 sequences derived by SGA contained a deduced amino acid domain that was identical to the corresponding domain in the virulent strain LN40. In addition, sequences with deletion of one predicted amino acid residual was detected by using SGA The presence of these less populated sequences provided additional evidence for the "multi-species" hypothesis for the action mechanism of the EIAV vaccine. Furthermore, based on the analysis of sampling bias, Our results that the difference in copy number of each viral specie in the pool of quasispecies resulted in the inefficiency to amplify viral sequences that were in low population by bulk PCR. Therefore, the sequences amplified by bulk PCR could not correctly represent the composition of quasispecies. As an approach based on the amplification and sequencing single isolated genome, SGA significantly improved the weakness of bulk PCR and appeared its advantage in analysis of EIAV genome composition with high variety.

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of resection of the pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon in radical gastrectomy., Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2008, a total of 213 gastric cancer patients enrolled in the study. These patients were randomly assigned into two groups: 105 in group R and 108 in group N. Only in group R were the pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon resected during radical gastrectomy. The pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were histologically analyzed for metastasis. The data including blood loss during operations, number of dissected lymph nodes and postoperative complications were analyzed in both groups., Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in blood loss during operation and postoperative complications, but the differences in operation time and number of dissected lymph nodes between the two groups were significant. Metastases to the pancreatic capsule and/or anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were diagnosed in nine (8.6%) patients of group R. The metastases to the pancreatic capsule and/or anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were found to be associated with tumor invasion depth, anterior or posterior gastric wall, clinical staging and perigastric lymph node metastasis extent (P<0.05), but not with age, gender, tumor location, size, Borrmann type and pathological classification (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Resection of pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon in group R does not increase postoperative complications in comparison with group N. The resection is beneficial to the patients with advanced gastric cancer staging relatively late because of potential metastasis to pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon.

Objective: To investigate whether there is a association between estrogen receptor beta (ERb) gene polymorphism and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Methods: 100 primary HCC patients and 100 controls from southwestern China were recruited in this study. The polymorphism of RsaI and AluI in ERb gene was analyzed by PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)., Results: R allelic frequency was 35.0% and 51.0% in HCC patients and in control group, respectively, odds ratio (OR) was 0.517 [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.346-0.773], P less than 0.01. A allelic frequency was 20.5% and 11.0% in HCC patients and in control group, respectively, OR was 2.086 (95% CI = 1.191-3.654), P less than 0.01. Gene frequency of RsaI and AluI in the two groups was distributed with polymorphism., Conclusion: ERb gene polymorphism is associated with primary liver cancer. R allele may be the guard factor, and A allele may be its risk factor.

Objective: To develop a three-dimensional finite element model of normal total adult human pelvis and to establish a platform for biomechanical research of human pelvis., Methods: 186 series of traverse CT images of the pelvis, from the third lumbar vertebra (L3) to the upper third of femur, obtained with spiral CT scanning on a healthy man, aged 42, without diseases of lumbar vertebrae and pelvis, were processed. A three-dimensional finite element model of pelvis was constructed directly by producing the units and nodes with the pixels of the original CT films, using ANSYS finite analytical system., Result: A three-dimensional finite element model of normal human pelvis was constructed including lumbar and proximal femur, which could be divided into 207,248 nodes and 721,820 units., Conclusion: The established three-dimensional finite element model of normal adult is valid and reasonable, and can be used for biomechanical analysis.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus., Method: Isolation and purification were carried out on silica gel column chromatography, prepared thin layer chromatography and sephadex LH - 20, et al. The structures were identified by spectral analysis., Result: Twelve compounds were obtained from bark of D. dasycarpus and the structures were determined as dictamnine (I), fraxinellone (II), skimmianine (III), gamma-fagarine (IV ), beta-sitosterol (V), obacunone (VI), limonin disophenol (VII), fraxinellonone (VIII), wogonin (IX), rutevin (X), kihadinin B (XI), dasycarine (XII)., Conclusion: Compounds IX and XI were isolated from genus Dictamnus for the first time, and compound VIII was isolated from the species for the first time.

Objective: To study the clinical and pathological features of congenital bronchial cysts., Methods: The clinical, X-ray, CT and histopathologic manifestations were retrospectively reviewed in 30 patients with congenital bronchial cysts., Results: There were 23 patients with intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts, 5 patients with mediastinal bronchogenic cysts, and 2 patients with ectopic bronchogenic cysts. Of the 30 patients, 18 were liquid cysts, 7 air cysts, and 5 multiple pulmonary cysts. Intrapulmonary congenital bronchial cysts were diagnosed always due to infection. Nineteen of 23 patients (83%) presented with cough, sputum production, 2 accompanied by fever, 11 with hemoptysis or blood-stained sputum, 11 with chest pain. The imaging features were "bag included mass", which was characterized by a big bag surrounded by a little soft-tissue, or thin walled cavity, or multiple honeycomb or cystoid circular translucency. Two of 4 patients with mediastinal bronchogenic cysts incidentally discovered on a radiograph obtained for other reasons were almost asymptomatic, 2 presented with dyspnea due to compression of trachea, 1 with dysphagia due to compression of oesophagus. The imaging features included isolated well-defined round shape or ovoid soft-tissue mass with isodensity, and mutual compression between the surrounding organs. Two patients with ectopic bronchogenic cysts were diagnosed due to cystic mass on chest wall. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, gland, cartilage, elastic fiber and smooth muscle were all confirmed by light microscopy., Conclusions: The main type of congenital bronchial cysts is intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts. The clinical manifestations are cough, sputum production and hemoptysis, and the imaging feature is "bag included mass" on CT scan. A lining of respiratory epithelium associated with a wall containing glands, cartilage and smooth-muscle is the histopathologic feature for diagnosing congenital bronchial cysts. The optimal treatment is surgical resection.

Our experience with the surgical treatment of constrictive pericarditis in 72 cases is reported. The patients receiving surgical treatment had their cardiac function improved to NYHA class I in 59 cases and class II in 11 cases, and death occurred during the operation in 1 case and after the operation in another case due to myocardial expansion and low cardiac output syndrome, respectively. The key elements to ensure success of the surgeries lie in the extent of pericardiectomy and the time and approaches chosen for the operation.

Objective: To control the quality of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis the contents of lignans in these plants from different provinces were detected., Method: HPLC was adopted using Hypersil-18 column (0.4 cm x 25 cm), methanol: acetonitrile: water (30:5:65) as mobile phase., Result: The calibration curves of D1(gaultherinA), D2[(-)-5'-methoxyisolariciresinol-2 alpha-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside)], D4[(+)-lyoniresinol-2 alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside)] were linear in the range of 0.10-0.40 microgram, 0.03-0.13 microgram, 0.02-0.09 microgram, respectively. The average recovery of D1 was 98.9% and RSD was 2.6%., Conclusion: Comparing the samples from Jinxiou(158.2 mg.100 g)-1 and Kumming(154.8 mg.100 g)-1, that of Guiyang showed the highest content of LD(208.8 mg.100 g)-1. The content of LD in the tender above-ground part was 1.3 times higher than that in the wilt.