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Background Functional constipation (FC) is a common health problem in children and a high frequency of consultations among parents of children in outpatient clinics of primary medical and health institutions. Although constipation is not an emergency, it may cause serious complications if not managed properly, which then can affect the quality of life of children and their families. Objective To understand the capacity of primary-level doctors' diagnosis and treatment in children's FC, and provide a basis for improving primary-level doctors' capacity of diagnosis and management of children's FC. Methods In July 2020, 130 doctors who had access with children's patients in their daily diagnosis and treatment were selected from primary-level medical and health institutions in Xicheng District, Beijing. A self-designed questionnaire from our research group was administered to the included physicians. The content included awareness of the common symptoms of FC diagnosis for children ≥6 months of age, and the recommended treatment methods, recommended treatment drugs, medication timing and treatment duration for children with FC. Results Questionnaires from 108 (83.1%) basic medical doctors were validly returned, including 34 (31.5%) from general practitioners, 30 (27.8%) from pediatricians, 30 (27.8%) from traditional Chinese medicine doctors, and the average monthly outpatient volume with pediatric patients (10.1±4.4) cases was obtained. For the diagnosis of FC in children: when children aged ≥6 months presented with less frequent bowel movements, hard stools, bleeding during defecation, fecal incontinence, difficulty in defecating, and crying symptoms before passing thick stools, 40.7% (44/108) , 39.8% (43/108) , 23.1% (25/108) , 9.3% (14/108) , 39.8% (43/108) , 23.1% (25/108) of the basic medical doctors would consider the diagnosis of FC; 51.9% (56/108) of the physicians considered FC to be diagnosed when two symptoms, including low frequency of defecation and difficulty in defecating, existed simultaneously; according to 25.0% (27/108) of the physicians, FC can be diagnosed when four symptoms including less frequent defecation, hard stools, bleeding during defecation, and difficulty in defecating were present at the same time. For the treatment of FC in children: pharmacotherapy was recommended as the main treatment of choice for FC in children by primary physicians in 37.0% (40/108) ; nonpharmacologic therapy was recommended as the preferred treatment by 63.0% (68/108) of the primary physicians, with 88.2% (60/68) recommending abdominal massage, 85.3% (58/68) recommending a high fiber diet, 82.4% (56/68) recommending toilet training, and 72.1% (49/68) recommending increased fluid intake. Lactulose therapy was recommended by 75.9% (82/108) of the primary physicians; 27.8% (30/108) of the primary physicians recommended combination therapy with microenemas of sodium citrate, sodium dodecylsulfonylacetate, and sorbitol as the rectal treatment, and 64.8% (70/108) of the primary physicians recommended rectal administration when children had particularly difficult bowel movements. According to the basic medical practitioners, the mean time from initiation of treatment to having a positive response was (4.1±2.6) days in children; the mean treatment duration of FC in children by primary physicians was (21.2±4.3) days; 88.9% of doctors believed that the average termination time of constipation treatment was (46.0±9.3) days. When the frequency and/or consistency of bowel movements returned to normal or the patient no longer had discomfort, 88.9% of physicians responded that they would consider discontinuing the treatment. Conclusion Although general primary doctors know some methods of diagnosis and treatment of children's constipation, their overall level of awareness still needs to be improved. It is recommended to further enhance the existing primary physicians' awareness and comprehensive management of FC in children, and to develop a comprehensive management model of FC in children in primary health facilities to improve the management level of children's functional constipation, thereby reducing the prevalence and increasing the cure rate.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to mix rice and proso millets and obtain high nutritional value, fantastic taste and flavor mixed rice. Methods: By adding different proportions of proso millets to rice, the nutritional value and fantastic taste of mixed rice were evaluated via the amino acid score (AAS), texture profile properties, sensory evaluations and flavor properties. Results: There were significant differences in the texture profile properties, sensory evaluations and flavor properties among cooked proso millets additions. The proportion of the cooked rice addition was significantly positively correlated to the gumminess and chewiness of rice, while it was significant negatively related to the sensory evaluations. Furthermore, the addition of the proso millets increased the variety, content of flavor compounds in mixed rice and obviously improved the scores of the sensory evaluations. Conclusion: The integral quality and nutritional value of the mixed rice were the most excellent when the addition of the Yushu 1 proso millet was 10%~20%.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of different non-waxy proso millet varieties. Methods: 21 non-waxy proso millet varieties were selected as experimental materials, and their nutritional composition, pasting characteristics, cooking characteristics and texture characteristics were measured. The quality difference and index correlations between different non-waxy proso millet varieties were analyzed and compared. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate their quality. Results: The texture characteristics, crude fat content, setback, breakdown and final viscosity had great differences among the tested varieties, and the variation coefficient of pasting temperature and starch content was small, which were relatively stable indexes. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first three principal components reflected 72.04% of the information of the original variable. The final viscosity, setback, hardness and gumminess were selected as the key indexes. The comprehensive quality of non-waxy proso millet varieties was evaluated according to the comprehensive score. Conclusion: Longmi 10, Neimi 9, Longmi 8, Yumi 3 and Ningmi 13 had the best comprehensive quality. The final viscosity, setback, hardness and gumminess could be used as representative indexes of quality of non-waxy proso millet to guide the selection of proso millet varieties.

Spectrum intercomparison search means calculating the similarity of question spectrum and standard spectrum in the database to find the same or similar spectrum as the question spectrum. To weaken the impact of irrelevant information on spectrum intercomparison search results and improve the search accuracy, the question spectrum noise is taken for example and the impact of spectrum noise on the calculated similarity results is analyzed; for the characteristics that when infrared spectrum is multi-scale decomposed, the useful information is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency part and the high-frequency part is mainly noise, the infrared spectrum intercomparison search method based on wavelet multi-scale decomposition is proposed; the impact of spectrum decomposition level on the calculated similarity results is analyzed; the entire waveform search method is used as reference method and the search program of both methods is designed with MATLAB 7.0 and the feasibility of infrared spectrum intercomparison search method based on wavelet multi-scale decomposition is confirmed by the experimental results.

Pressured SF6 gas is widely used in GIS for electrical insulation as well as for are extinction. And a chemical way for detecting the SF6 and its byproducts is a powerful diagnosis method for GIS. The present paper analyzes the decomposition of insulated gas of GIS (mostly SF6) in three cases with infrared spectrometer. As a result, it was found that the content of S2F10 can be used to decide whether spark or arc discharge leads to the fall down of GIS; CF4 can be used for judging the insulation grade of GIS. Besides, the gas leakage of the GIS should be concerned in the long lifetime of GIS. Finally, it is supposed that a data base containing the history of results from the gas diagnostics for each piece of equipment should be created for future maintenance activities.