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In this study, we discuss the impact of different types of agricultural waste energy utilization methods on rural energy sustainability. According to the crop yield and number of livestock and poultry in 60 prefecture-level administrative regions (cities, prefectures, and leagues) in nine provinces in the Yellow River basin from 1990 to 2019, the amount of agricultural waste resources was calculated by using the ratio of grass to grain and excretion coefficient. Additionally, a rural energy sustainability index system was constructed from three aspects：energy consumption, energy structure, and environmental emissions. The results show that from 1990 to 2019, the annual production of agricultural waste in the Yellow River basin showed a“double peak”trend of increasing first and then decreasing, with peaks of 681 million t and 706 million t in 1996 and 2006, respectively. In 2019, the average score of rural energy sustainability in the Yellow River basin was 0.323 7, and the provincial differences were significant, showing high upstream and downstream and low midstream spatial distribution characteristics. According to the impact of different types of agricultural waste energy utilization methods on rural energy sustainability, the ratio of straw to livestock and poultry manure, and the density of straw resources, the energy utilization methods of local administrative regions are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]