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Objective: To explore the correlation between coma recovery scale (CRS-R) and event-related potential MMN and P300 in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness, thereby establishing the clinical value of CRSR scale combined with event-related potential in assessing the level of consciousness in these patients. Method: Sixty-one patients with disturbance of consciousness were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria, and all patients completed the CRS- R assessment and event- related potential (MMN and P300) within the same time period (72 hours). The data collected were first subjected to a normality test, and the data with normal distribution were examined by pearson correlation analysis, while the data that did not fit a normal distribution were analyzed using spearman correlation. Then, the two sets of data that showed correlation were further analyzed using multivariate linear regression, considering multiple factors such as age, gender, duration, etiology, BMI, level of consciousness. Result: Considering confounding factors (age, gender, duration of illness, etiology, BMI, and level of consciousness), there were correlations between CRS-R (hearing) and MMN (F4 latency); CRS-R (vision) and MMN (CZ amplitude); MMN (FZ amplitude), MMN (F3 amplitude), CRS-R (movement) and MMN (CZ amplitude) and MMN (F4 amplitude); CRS-R(arousal) and MMN (F4 latency); CRS-R (total score) and MMN (CZ amplitude). The correlation coefficients was significant: CZ(amplitude)with CRS-R(motion)at 0.759, F4(amplitude) with CRS-R (motion) at 0.689, FZ (amplitude) with CRS-R (vision) at 0.685. There were also correlations between CRS-R (auditory) and P300 (F3 amplitude), CRS-R (visual) and P300 (CZ amplitude), CRS-R (mouth movement)and P300(F4 latency, FZ latency). Conclusion: There are significant correlations between the various scoring items of CRS-R scale and the amplitude and latency of MMN and P300 electrode points. These findings provide objective and direct electrophysiological evidence to support the clinical behavioral evaluation of chronic consciousness disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a clinical high-risk period (CHR) before the onset of schizophrenia. Early detection and early treatment are crucial for the prognosis of the disease. Event-related potential (ERP) is a special brain evoked potential. Different ERP components can reflect the neuroelectrophysiological changes of the brain in different cog- nitive processes. Exploring the ERP components of CHR abnormalities may have an important role in the early rec- ognition of diseases and transformation risk. This review found that P300 and MMN have predictive effects on the risk of mental illness conversion, while other ERP components such as P50, P1. and N400 require more research to verify their reliability as risk markers for mental illness conversion in high-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the characteristics of task-state electroencephalogram (EEG) in individuals with different risky decision-making abilities in order to better understand the neural activity process and provide neurophysiological assessment metrics for the guidance of ability training. Methods Twenty male cadets from a military university were recruited to assess their risky decision-making ability and measure their event-related potential (ERP) as a neurophysiological indicator using the Iowa gambling task (IGT) with a 32-channel EEG system. The subjects were divided into high- and low-decision-making ability groups by behavioral indicators (net scores), and then their differences in ERP components were analyzed between the 2 groups. Results The behavioral performance of the IGT was increased as the number of choices increased. On the Oz channel, the participants in the high-decision-ability group produced higher amplitudes of early negative wave (ENW), P200, and feedback related negativity (FRN) in both "lose" and "win" situations than those in the low-decision-ability group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The brain's early processing of feedback on outcomes is an important factor in distinguishing high and low decision-making abilities, and can be used to assess the effectiveness of decision-making ability training.

Objective: To explore endogenous markers of early cognitive changes in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and their association with specific dimensions of cognitive impairment. Methods: Twenty-two patients who met the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition（DSM-5）,24 asymptomatic first-degree relatives of the patients, and 27 normal controls were selected The Auditory Oddball paradigm was used to test event-related potential N200 and P300,and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery（MCCB） was used to evaluate neurocognitive functioa Results: The latency of N200 and P300 was longer in the schizophrenia group than in the first-degree relative group and normal control group, and the amplitude of P300 decreased in the schizophrenia group.P300 latency was longer in the first-degree relatives than in the normal controls（Ps <0.05）.The scores of 6 neurocognitive function tests were lower in the schizophrenia group than in the first-degree relatives group and normal control group（Ps <0.05）.There were no significant differences in cognitive function scores between the first-degree relative group and normal control group（P>0.05）.N200 latency was negatively correlated with symbol coding score in the schizophrenia group and first-degree relative group（r=-0.15,-0.49,Ps <0.05）.P300 latency was negatively correlated with word learning（r=-0.12,-0.49,Ps <0.05）.Conclusion:ERPs could provide objective evidence for the identification of early cognitive changes in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the impulse control and event-related potential （ERP） characteristics of patients with mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury （TBI） in forensic psychiatry identification and to provide objective auxiliary indicators for forensic psychiatry identification. Methods Thirty patients （TBI group） with mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury, who were identified as mild psychiatric impairment by judicial psychiatry, including 24 males and 6 females, as well as the thirty people in the control group participated in the study. All the participants completed Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 （BIS-11） and ERP induced by Go/NoGo tasks. BIS-11 and ERP data were collected and analyzed. Results The results of the BIS-11 showed that the total score and subscale scores of the TBI group were higher compared to the control group （P

Previous studies have demonstrated superior cognitive function and information processing efficiency in elite athletes. However, most researchers drew such conclusions only by means of evaluating mean reaction times (RTs), which cannot be used to directly infer information processing efficiency in athletes. This impedes research development and practical cognitive science applications in the field of sports science. Here, we investigated differences in information processing capacity between elite soccer players and non-athletes by comparing mean reaction time and workload capacity evaluated using Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) (Townsend & Nozawa, 1995). A total of 27 first division soccer players and 26 controls from the general student population took part in the experiment. All participants were matched for weight, height, and age. A double-dot redundant-target task was adopted to examine the effect of visuo-spatial attention between the two groups. Further, event-related potential (ERP) was employed to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the responses. The behavioral findings demonstrated that soccer players exhibited faster reaction time than the controls, while no significant between-groups differences in workload capacity were found. In terms of ERPs, the results revealed a significantly shorter N1 latency for the soccer players compared to the controls, while such an effect was not observed for N1 amplitude. According to these findings, athletes practicing strategic sports may have superior processing speed while performing a visuo-spatial detection task. However, such cognitive superiority might not be associated with information processing capacity in this case. On the other hand, greater processing speed for soccer players may be inferred from the ERP results, which may explain why they had faster visuo-motor responses when performing the double-dot detection task. To summarize, this is study re-examined the cognitive superiority of athletes using a novel approach (i.e., SFT) along with ERP, and it is expected that this work may inspire researchers to further understand the role of cognition in sports from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the application of event-related potentials （ERP） by positive, negative, and neutral face expression images in the evaluation of mood disorders in brain traumatic patients. Methods ERP was tested by face expression images in 24 patients mainly with anxiety and depression symptoms （depression group） and 19 patients mainly with hostile and suspicion symptoms （hostile group）, respectively. The findings were compared with those of the control group. Results There were no significant differences, between the depression group and the hostile group, on latencies and amplitudes of late positive potential （LPP） induced by the three types of face expression images, except the amplitude induced by negative face expression image. Compared with the control group, the latencies were extended and the amplitudes were lower in both depression and hostile groups. Within each group, the difference of latencies induced by the three images was not significant. The amplitudes induced by negative face expression image was higher than those induced by positive and neutral face expression images, with significant differences in the hostile group and the control group （P

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When stereoscopic videos are transmitted on the no-quality-assurance internet, frame delay occurs in the left and right views, which affect the stereoscopic sensation as well as the viewing quality. In this paper, the stimulus of motion-in-depth and motionin-lateral asynchronous stereoscopic videos were analyzed and they were compared via qualitative and quantitative assessments. In this quantitative experiments, the well-known electroencephalogram (EEG) was utilized. A total of ten subjects was recruited to participate in an experiment, in which they watched randomly presented asynchronous stereoscopic video clips. For the qualitative assessment, after viewing one clip, the subjects were asked whether they perceived any asynchronicity in the frames. The degrees of asynchronicity included no delay, one frame delay, two frame delay, and three frame delay. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal of each subject was recorded as they viewed the clip. Next, the event-related potentials (ERPs) were extracted from the EEG signals and the behavioral data and the ERPs were analyzed to compare the different reactions to the depths and lateral extents of the asynchronous stereoscopic motion. The results reveal that the maximum allowable asynchronicity perceived for motion-in-depth stereoscopic video clips is one frame, whereas there must be no delay in the motion-in-lateral stereoscopic video clips. In addition, compared with being stimulated by the motion-in-lateral asynchronous stereoscopic video clips, a magnitude of P300 has a wider range when the subjects are stimulated by motion-in-depth asynchronous stereoscopic video clips. This indicates that the brain becomes more active in this circumstance. At the same time, the latency of P300 is longer than when stimulated by the motion-in-lateral asynchronous stereoscopic video clips, which means that when the subjects are stimulated by the same degree of asynchronicity of motion-in-depth and -in-lateral stereoscopic video clips, more time is required to process the stimulation of motion-in-depth stereoscopic video clips.

Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the composition characteristic of event related potential （ERP） in different visual acuity levels, and to provide theoretical basis for the objective assessment of visual acuity. Methods Monocular stimulus was performed on 16 selected subjects. The subjects were required to look straight at the screen ahead and count the amount of stimuli from different directions. The pictures of optotype stimulus which corresponding to three different visual acuity levels were showed in the center of the screen. The ERP results were recorded separately. Results （1） The P1 amplitudes of match stimuli recorded under the supra-threshold visual acuity level were higher than that of match stimuli recorded under the threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. There was no significant difference between the P1 amplitudes of match stimuli recorded under the threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. The tendency of conflict stimuli was similar to that of match stimuli under three visual acuity levels. （2） In the 340-500 ms post-stimulus range, P300 component was found under supra-threshold and threshold visual acuity levels; no P300 component was found in corresponding time window under sub-threshold visual acuity. The differences of P300 amplitudes among three visual acuity levels were statistically significant. The amplitudes from high to low were the supra-threshold, threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. Conclusion ERP can be a potential new method for the objective assessment of visual acuity in forensic medicine.

The evaluation of advertising media based on brain science is one of the hottest researches nowadays. This research involves multiple disciplines, such as neuroscience, psychology, data acquisition and analysis and so on, and is mainly executed by the means of experimental research method. This discussion introduced the record and acquisition system of event-related potentials to measure the effect of advertising media which is a quantitative-analysis method, and then organized the mechanism of experimental procedure and method of measuring effects of advertising media based on ERP, including experimental purposes and assumptions, pre-test, subjects, experimental materials and equipment, experimental procedures and design, experimental results and analysis, and points out the great significance and practical application value of ERP related to the teaching and training method in the realm of advertising media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the difference of event related potential(ERP)detection results before and after treatment between the patients with schizophrenia and alcohol caused mental disorders. Methods Thirty-two inpatients with schizophrenia and 32 inpatients with alcohol caused mental disorders(in accordance with international claasification of diseases-10 diagnostic criteria)in this hospital from January 2015 to September 2016 conducted the ERP detection before medication treatment.Then the ERP changes before and after treatment were compared between the patients with schizophrenia and patients with alcohol caused mental disorders.Results The detection values at forehead and top electrodes in each ERP lead before treatment had no statistical difference between the patients with schizophrenia and patients with alcohol caused mental disorders(P>0.05).The mismatch negativity(MMN)latent period delay and grade distribution in the patients with schizophrenia had no statistical difference between before and after treatment(P>0.05), while the cognitive formation latent period delay and grade distribution had statistical difference between before and after treatment(P<0.05);which in the patients with alcohol caused mental disorders had statistically significant difference between before and after treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion The cognitive formation in the patient with schizophrenia is significantly improved after treatment, but the unhealthy emotions have no obvious improvement. The unhealthy emotions and cognitive formation after treatment in the patients with alcohol caused mental disorders are improved.Therefore alcohol caused mental disorders and schizophrenia may be different in the aspects of unhealthy emotions and psychotic symptoms cause and effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To observe changes of the executive function of frontal lobe in patients with alcohol-induced mental disorders and to explore its clinical significance. Methods Twenty-eight patients with alcohol-induced mental disorders were selected as the observation group,and thirty healthy volunteers in the outpatient physical examination of the same hospital were selected as the control group during the same period. All patients in the observation groups were abstaining from alcohol after admission,in the case of withdrawal syndrome,the clonazepam was given for 7 to 10 days. The patients in the control group underwent event-related potentials(P300) and Wisconsin card sorting test(WCST) on the second day,and patients in the observation group received P300 and WCST on admission and at 1 month after treatment; the latency and amplitude of N1,P2,N2,P3 in P300 and the complete classification number(Cc),error response(Re),continuous response(Rp),constant error(Rpe) and conceptual level(Cl%) of WCST related parameters were recorded.The correlation of the subtraction of WCST parameters before and after treatment with P300 parameters was analyzed. Results The latency of N2 and P3 in the observation group was significantly longer than that of the control group,and the wave amplitude of N1,N2,P3 of observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P < 0. 05 or P <0. 01). Before the treatment,Cc and Cl% in the WCST of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group,while Re,Rp and Rpe were significantly higher than those of the control group(all P < 0. 01). After onemonth treatment,Cc and Cl% of the observation group were significantly higher,and Re was significantly lower than those before treatment(all P < 0. 05). After one-month treatment,Cc,Rp,and Rpe of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group,while Cl% was significantly lower than that of the control group(P < 0. 05 or0. 01). In observation group,the subtraction of Rp and Rpe in WCST and the latency of N1 in P300 were positively correlated(r = 0. 591,0. 616,respectively; P < 0. 05),and the subtraction of Cl% in WCST and the latency of N2 in P300 were positively correlated(r = 0. 581,P < 0. 05). Before and after treatment,there was no significant correlation between the subtraction score of WCST parameters and the amplitude of N1,P2,N2,and P3 in P300 of the observation group(all P > 0. 05). Conclusion Patients with alcohol-induced mental disorders exist the executive function impairment of frontal lobe,but the impairment is reversible,the early intervention treatment is of great significance for alleviating the impairment of frontal lobe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few researches on the modulation effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on complex spatial cognition. Especially, the influence of tDCS on the neural electrophysiological response in spatial cognition is not yet clear. This study selected the classic spatial cognition task paradigm (three-dimensional mental rotation task) as the research object. By comparing the changes in behavior and event-related potentials in different modes of tDCS before, during and after the application of tDCS, this study analyzed the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of tDCS on mental rotation. The comparison between active-tDCS and sham-tDCS showed no statistically significant difference in behavior between different stimulation modes. Still, the changes in the amplitudes of P2 and P3 during the stimulation were statistically significant. Compared with sham-tDCS, the amplitudes of P2 and P3 in active-tDCS mode showed a greater decrease during the stimulation. This study clarifies the influence of tDCS on the event-related potentials of the mental rotation task. It shows that tDCS may improve the brain information processing efficiency during the mental rotation task. Also, this study provides a reference for an in-depth understanding and exploration of the modulation effect of tDCS on complex spatial cognition.

本研究旨在以事件相關腦電位探討二維與三維圖形辨識作業的腦機制，以瞭解不同維度的圖形辨識中大腦運作的異同。研究分別以二維和三維圖形設計任務刺激進行實驗，並同步蒐集受試者之腦波進行離線分析。研究對象為20 位自願參加的高中職學生。研究結果發現，二維圖形的答對率優於三維圖形，反應時間也比三維圖形短；二維與三維圖形在中線區的N1振幅和P300 振幅有差異；在枕顳區的P1 振幅與潛伏期有差異。因此，研究推論由視網膜傳遞不同維度的視覺訊息在視知覺的成分上已經有差異，三維圖形在視網膜上不僅只是投射二維的視覺訊息，而是有更多的視覺訊息誘發大腦的運作。本研究提供圖形辨識歷程神經生理的證據。 Debates and arguments about the differences and similarities between two-dimensional and three-dimensional image recognition have long existed. This study aims at using event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the mechanisms of human brains and the differences and similarities of brain functions when the operation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional image recognition is triggered. The experiment for this study was practiced by performing ERP tasks designed separately by using two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. Simultaneously, off-line analyses of collected brain-wave data of the experimental subjects were performed. The subjects in the experiment were 20 volunteer senior high school and vocational school students. The results of this study suggest significant differences between the amplitude from N1 and P300 in the central midline sites and from P1 in the occipitotemporal cortex while two-dimensional and three-dimensional images were displayed to the subjects. Therefore, the researchers in this study infer that because the visual sense elements of the different dimensional visual messages passed from the retina are dissimilar, what the retina receives are not simply two-dimensional visual messages projected by three-dimensional images; there is even more visual information to stimulate the cortex. Therefore, this study provides evidence of neurophysiology to confirm image recognition.

It has been suggested that uniform connectedness is the most fundamental factor in forming units of attentional selection, while there are evidences that attention can select a perceptual group that consists of separate elements with similar features. The present study examined the effects of connectedness and a boundary-feature similarity on early spatial-selection processes using a sustained-focal-attention paradigm of event-related potentials (ERPs). Bilateral stimuli were manipulated to have an orthogonal combination of connectedness (C-, C+) and a similarity in boundary feature (S-, S+). ERPs were recorded from 15 participants who were instructed to pay attention to the left or the right visual field and to respond to a target shape that appeared infrequently in the attended field. The ERP attention effect in the N1 latency range (125-185 ms) was decreased for stimuli with connectedness and/or boundary-feature similarity, and the effects of the two grouping factors were independent of each other. The present result suggests that multiple grouping factors, including connectedness, operate in parallel in early processes of object-based attention-spreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the effect of different attentional conditions on the event-related potential （ERP） components generated by the visual information stimuli related to visual acuity, and provide a theoretical reference for clinical forensic visual objective evaluation., Methods: With visual acuity optotypes as normal form of visual information stimuli, 15 volunteers as study subjects were supposed to account the visual acuity optotypes under the attentional condition of visual stimuli. Furthermore, the subjects were required to listen to the storytelling carefully under the non-attentional condition of visual stimuli, and after the examination, they needed to answer the story-related questions. All the EEG results of two different attentional conditions from the subjects were recorded by 32 channel ERP system., Results: Under two attentional conditions, P₁ and P₃₀₀ components were evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on supra-threshold and threshold visual acuity levels, while only P₁ component were evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on sub-threshold levels. In the ERP waveforms evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on supra-threshold, P₁ and P₃₀₀ amplitudes under attentional condition were larger than that under non-attentional condition., Conclusions: Attentional conditions can influence the detection of visual acuity. P₃₀₀ component can be used to distinguish the visual acuity levels with supra-threshold and sub-threshold under non-attentional condition., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine)

Summary With the development of artifical ossicular and cochlear implant，the treatment of refractory hearing loss acquire significant breakthrough，thus central auditory processing disorders are becoming the major cause of refractory hearing loss.In this paper，research progress of central auditory processing disorders in clinical and fundamental are reviewed., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)