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[Objective]To evaluate the flammability of branches and leaves of common tree species in Sichuan Province. [Method] Seventy common ecological/ timber/ economic tree species were selected. Ignition point, heat value, ash content, crude fat content, and moisture content of branches and leaves were measured. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the flammability of tree species comprehensively. [Result]Flammability varied significantly across different species. High flammable species include Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus bungeana, etc., low flammable species include Mangifera indica and Malus spectabilis, etc. [Conclusion]This study provides data support for forest fire prevention in Sichuan Province, and tree species with low flammability can be used as potential fire-resistant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]To study the burning characteristics of litters from different common forest types in west Sichuan can help assess the risk and intensity of surface fires in different forest types.[Method]Six common forest types in the western Sichuan region were selected and their litter moisture content, ash content, ignition point, dry weight calorific value（GCV）,and ash free calorific value（AFCV） were measured.By using principal component analysis, the variation in burning characteristics across different forests were comprehensively evaluated.[Result]The results showed that the differences in moisture content, ignition point, gross calorific value（GCV）,and ash-free calorific value（AFCV） were significant among different forest types.Through comprehensive analysis, the flammability of litters from six common forest types in western Sichuan was ranked as follows: Pinus radiata ＞ Pinus densata ＞ Pinus armandii ＞ Quercus semicarpifolia ＞ Pinus yunnanensis＞Picea asperata-Abies fabri. [Conclusion]In this study, we measured and analyzed the burning characteristics of litters from six common forest types in western Sichuan.Our study can help predict the risk and intensity of surface fires in different forest types, and provide references for fire prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes At present, the contradiction between energy supply and demand is increasingly intensifying, and high-temperature heat pumps, as an energy-saving and emission-reduction technology, can upgrade a large amount of low-grade waste heat to high-grade energy for utilization. Methods Five environmentally friendly heat pump working fluids are proposed, R1233zd(E)/R1234ze(Z)(0.15:0.85), R600a/R1233zd(E)(0.70:0.30), R600a/R1233zd(E)/R600(0.01:0.15:0.84), R600a/R1233zd(E)/ethylene oxide (0.34:0.01:0.65), and R1233zd(E)/R1234ze(Z)/R245ca/R600a (0.39:0.58:0.01:0.02). The performance of the new working fluid and the existing working fluid R245fa is compared in terms of basic thermophsical properties, cycle performance, and safety. Findings The results show that the five alternative working fluids proposed are superior to R245fa in terms of viscosity, constant pressure specific heat, thermal conductivity, and condensation heat, and have outstanding environmental performance. For the cycle performance, under the condition of condensing temperature of 110 ℃, the alternative working fluid COP is close to R245fa, and the unit volume of heat production is 111%, 144%, 125%, 144%, and 108% of R245fa, respectively. The group contribution method is used to predict the flammability of the new working fluid, and the results show that R1233zd(E)/R1234ze(Z)(0.15:0.85), R600a/R1233zd(E)(0.70:0.30), and R1233zd(E)/R1234ze(E)/R245ca/R600a (0.39:0.58:0.01:0.02) are estimated to be non-flammable mixtures. Conclusions All the five working fluids have the potential to replace R245fa, and R1233zd(E)/R1234ze(Z) (0.15:0.85) is the most recommended, which has good comprehensive performance.

In order to improve the flame retardancy of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used for wires and cables, zinc borate (ZB) was added to PVC to prepare PVC composites, and its flame retardancy and mechanical properties were studied. The mechanical properties test showed that with the increase of ZB content, the tensile properties of PVC composites decrease dgradually. However, when the ZB content was less than 6%, the tensile properties of PVC composites decreased slightly, which still met the requirements of relevant standards. The flame retardant test showed that the flame retardant of PVC composites increased with the increase of ZB content. When the content of ZB was 6%, the comprehensive properties of PVC composite (4#) were excellent. Compared with the composite without ZB, the flame retardancy of the 4# sample was significantly improved, the oxygen index reached 40.1%, the vertical combustion grade reached FV-0, the smoke density decreased to 72, the HCl release decreased to 41 mg/g, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was decrease by 19.9%, the total heat release (THR) was decreased by 36.5%, and the total smoke production (TSP600 s) was decreased by 69.7%. The tensile strength of the composite was decreased by 10.8%, and the elongation at break was decreased by 12.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Journal of Refrigeration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Blends of tannic acid （TA) /poly(vinyl alcohol）（PVA） are prepared by compression molding and the effect of different TA/PVA ratios on the flame retardant properties of the TA-PVA blends is studied. The flammability of TA-PVA blends is assessed using cone calorimetry， thermogravimetric analysis （TGA), differential scanning calorimetry （DSC)，UL-94 tester and LOI tester. The addition of TA can improve the flame retardancy of PVA through hydrogen bonding between TA and PVA. The more the content of TA in the TA-PVA blends, the better the thermal stability of TA-PVA and the glass transition temperature of TA-PVA. When the ratio of n（TA) ∶ n(PVA）is 1∶50， the LOI value of TA-PVA is 31. 6% and UL-94 grade reaches V-1 level， the peak heat release rate of TA-PVA decreases from 634. 9 kW/m² to 328. 1 kW/m² and smoke production rate decreases from 0. 18 m² /s to 0. 10 m2 /s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems in the flammability of polyamide 6(PA6) and the toxicity of halogen flame retardant modification, the combustion and flame-retardant mechanisms for PA6 were introduced. The research progress in the halogen-free flame-retardant modification of PA6 in recent years was reviewed, which included organic-flame-retardant modification (phosphorus-flame-retardant modification, nitrogen-flame-retardant modification, silicon-flame-retardant modification), inorganic-metals-flame-retardant modification, nano-flame-retardant modification, and halogen-free synergistic-flame-retardant modification. The future development prospect of halogen-free flame-retardant modification for PA6 was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polyolefins have been widely used for their unique properties. Because of the fire risks caused by their flammability, the flame retardant research of polyolefins has attracted much attention. From the perspective of halogen-free flame retardant, this paper introduces various flame retardants, such as phosphorus flame retardants, nitrogen flame retardants, metal hydroxide flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants and nano flame retardants. The performance characteristics, flame retardant mechanism, and research and application progress of different flame retardants in polyolefins have been summarized. The future development of halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins is also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to eliminate the flammability hazard of residual propellant gas in the chamber, gas bottle filled with CO2 is equipped. The combustible gas content of the residual propellant gas is calculated by gas constitution model, and then the quantity range of CO2 to make the combustible mixed gas to an incombustible one is obtained through literary calculation. Considering the parameters of gas bottle used and other conditions in practice, the theoretical feasibility analysis and experimental verification of gas bottle filled with mass range of CO2 calculated are carried out, and the results show that the gas bottle with mass range of CO2 obtained can not only be opened and deflate completely, but also effectively eliminate the flammability of the residual gas. Meanwhile, the elimination effect of residual gas becomes more obvious With the increasing of the mass of CO2 added, which means the maximum quantity of CO2 calculated should be applied in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand effects of an air groove on the working characteristics of micro Swiss-roll combustors, the combustion of premixed CH4/air was conducted in two micro Swiss-roll combustors, one with an air groove and the other without groove. The results showed ,that stable combustion of the premixed CH4/air in the combustors can be achieved and the flame is kept in the center of the combustor. The air groove can enlarge the flammable limits of combustor, and make the combustor work at a larger excess air coefficient and a less methane flow rate. There is a large temperature gradient along the radial in the combustor with an air groove. However, for the combustor without an air groove, the outside wall temperature is almost the same, which is more suitable to a plane thermal source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulations and standards of flammability of textiles for toys in United States, Canada and European Union and other developed countries were explained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]