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The study used the functional Lactobacillus acidophilus producing α-amylase, protease, phytases and β-mannanase to carry out cooperative fermentation of soybean meal. The effects of the inoculating amount, fermentation temperature, fermentation time and the ratio of water to material on the content of acid-soluble protein were studied by the single factor experiment. On this basis, through Box-Behnken design experiment, the quadratic regression model was established, and the optimal fermentation conditions were the inoculated amount of bacterial liquid of 12.3%, the fermentation time of 78.9 h, the fermentation temperature of 36.8 °C, and the ratio of water to material of 0.9 L/kg. Under these conditions, the crude protein content increased by 15.13%, the acid-soluble protein content increased by 66.91%, hemicellulose content decreased by 24.93%, the free amino acid content was 11.62 times higher before fermentation, the trypsin inhibitor content decreased by 91.68%, the urease activity decreased by 95.67%, the phytic acid content decreased by 83.87%, and the viable bacteria count in fermented soybean meal was 1.37x1010 CFU/g. The study indicates that the composite strain fermentation mode can effectively improve the nutrient composition of soybean meal and remove antinutrient factors, so as to improve the utilization rate of soybean meal and provide a reference for the industrial production of fermented soybean meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To clarify the effects of different temperatures on the population growth of Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) feeding on Oulenzia bakeri (Hughes). [Methods] An age-stage, two-sex life table was used to determine the developmental period, survival rate, fecundity and population parameters, under five temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28, 31 °C), 85%±5% RH and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. [Results] The preadult and preoviposition periods first shortened, then lengthened with increasing temperature within the range of 19 to 28 °C. These periods were shortest at 25 °C (5.4 and 2.2 d, respectively). The oviposition period, fecundity, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive value (R0), first increased, then decreased, with temperature, and were highest at 25 °C (12.6 d, 26.0 eggs/female, 0.2 d-1, 1.2 d-1, 12.5, respectively). All measured population parameters decreased significantly at temperatures > 25 °C. [Conclusion] Although A. herbicolus can complete its growth and reproduction at temperatures in the range of 19 to 31 °C, 25 °C is the optimal temperature within this range for breeding this species in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To investigate changes in the fat, carbohydrate and protein content of Aspongopus chinensis during diapause. [Methods] The fat, carbohydrate and protein content of A. chinensis were measured using Soxhlet extraction, anthrone colorimetric measurement and a BCA protein assay kit, respectively, from October (the beginning of diapause) to May (the end of diapause). [Results] The fat content of A. chinensis decreased gradually during diapause to a minimum in April (19.51%), which was significantly lower (P<0.05) to that in the early stage of diapause (October) (40.55%). The carbohydrate content of A. chinensis increased in the early stage of diapause until November, then decreased until April, a significant (P<0.05) increase compared to when diapause terminated in May. The protein content of A. chinensis slowly increased from the early stage of diapause (October), began to decline in March, and reached its lowest level in May, which was significantly lower than that during diapause (P<0.05). [Conclusion] The fat, carbohydrate and protein content of A. chinensis change to different degrees during diapause and these changes are major physiological characteristics of the diapause process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct straw return to soils often leads to poor combination between soil and straw, decreases straw decomposition and suppresses crop growth. Those problems hamper crop yield and its stability. Granulated straw with high bulk density and small volume improves the straw quality and the soil straw combination. It remains unknown how does the practice influence soil carbon emission and grain yield. A micro field experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of wheat and maize yields, soil respiration and soil carbon use efficiency. There are three treatments: No straw incorporation (CK), conventionally chopped straw incorporation (CCSI), and granulated straw incorporation (GSI). The results showed that the GSI treatment increased grain yield. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments, the total yield of wheat and maize was significantly increased by 14.0% and 5.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the GSI treatment promoted soil carbon emission. The average rate of soil respiration and the cumulative carbon emission during growing season were significantly higher than that in the CK treatment. Compared with the CCSI treatment, the rate and the cumulative amount of soil carbon emission during the wheat growing season were significantly elevated by 15.2% and 8.9%, but there was no significant difference during the maize growing season. The GSI treatment decreased the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature and increased soil carbon use efficiency. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments, the sensitivity of the GSI treatment was significantly decreased by 22.6% and 10.1%, and the efficiency was increased by 2.3% and 1.9%. Although granulated straw incorporation promoted soil carbon emissions, it had higher soil carbon use efficiency than conventionally chopped straw incorporation due to the higher yield. The application of granulated straw incorporation could serve as a new option of straw return to soil in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Further research was needed to understand the long term effects of granulated straw incorporation on soil carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective ] An Aureobacidium pullulans strain able to produce pullulans was screened to provide strains for pullulans fermentation industry. [ Method ] Nine soil samples were taken from the grassland of Poyang lake national wetland park. Plate dilution method was used to separate fungus. The colony morphology and cell morphology of fungus were observed, and the sequence of 18 s rDNA of fungus was analyzed. Then, a new strain of Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated. Fermental cultivation was also conducted for measuring colour and yield of pulluans, and the structure of polysaccharide was determined by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). [ Result ]Five candidate fungus were isolated from the nine soil samples. After purified and cultured, it was found that only Strain AP23 had morphological diversity, such as yeast and mycelium. It was considered that strain AP23 was Aureobasidium pullulans. The yield of pullulans was 6.72 g/L and sugar conversion rate was 22.4%. Infrared spectrum (FT-IR) verified that pullulans were consisted of Alpha glycosidic bond connection of D-pyran glucose residues. [ Conclusion ] Aureobasidium pullulans AP23 has good growth characteristics, hence it can be utilized for pullulan fermentation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct straw return to soils often leads to poor combination between soil and straw, decreases straw decomposition and suppresses crop growth. Those problems hamper crop yield and its stability. Granulated straw with high bulk density and small volume improves the straw quality and the soil-straw combination. It remains unknown how does the practice influence soil carbon emission and grain yield. A micro-field experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of wheat and maize yields, soil respiration and soil carbon use efficiency. There are three treatments: No straw incorporation (CK), conventionally chopped straw incorporation (CCSI), and granulated straw incorporation (GSI). The results showed that the GSI treatment increased grain yield. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments, the total yield of wheat and maize was significantly increased by 14.0% and 5.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the GSI treatment promoted soil carbon emission. The average rate of soil respiration and the cumulative carbon emission during growing season were significantly higher than that in the CK treatment. Compared with the CCSI treatment, the rate and the cumulative amount of soil carbon emission during the wheat growing season were significantly elevated by 15.2% and 8.9%, but there was no significant difference during the maize growing season. The GSI treatment decreased the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature and increased soil carbon use efficiency. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments, the sensitivity of the GSI treatment was significantly decreased by 22.6% and 10.1%, and the efficiency was increased by 2.3% and 1.9%. Although granulated straw incorporation promoted soil carbon emissions, it had higher soil carbon use efficiency than conventionally chopped straw incorporation due to the higher yield. The application of granulated straw incorporation could serve as a new option of straw return to soil in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Further research was needed to understand the long-term effects of granulated straw incorporation on soil carbon emission.

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a new class of therapeutics composed of a monoclonal antibody and small cytotoxin moieties conjugated through a chemical linker. ADC molecules bind to the target antigens expressed on the tumor cell surfaces guided by the monoclonal antibody component. The binding ADC molecules can be internalized and subsequently the toxin moieties can be released within the tumor cells via chemical and/or enzymatic reactions to kill the target cells. The conjugation combines the merits of both components, i.e., the high target specificity of the monoclonal antibody and the highly potent cell killing activity of the cytotoxin moieties. However, such complexities make the pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of ADCs highly challenging. The major challenges should include characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, investigation of underlying mechanisms, assessment of pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationship, and analytical method development of ADC drugs. This review will discuss common pharmacokinetic issues and considerations, as well as tools and strategies that can be utilized to characterize the pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties of ADCs.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safty of photoselective vaporization of prostate (PVP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction within 5 years., Methods: From December 2004 to December 2009, there were 782 cases have been except for neurogenic bladder dysfunction and prostate cancer, who received PVP surgical treatment of BPH. The surgical conditions and postoperative follow-up data were recorded and the follow-up cut-off time for surgery after 5 years., Results: A total of 782 patients with BPH who underwent PVP were included in this retrospective study. The operation in 740 cases was successfully completed at one time. But in other 42 cases, the twice operation was performed. The mean operation time was (85 ± 38) minutes, and the mean energy delivery was (355 ± 124) kJ. The mean catheterization and postoperative hospitalization time was (2.3 ± 1.7) days and (5.2 ± 2.6) days, respectively. No severe intraoperative complications were observed. The mean follow-up was (44.1 ± 19.3) months. The shortest follow-up was 6 months. The longest follow-up was 5 years. Complete follow-up data were available for 398 of the 782 patients. Of the 398 patients followed up for 5 years, the mean international prostate symptom score after 5 years was 12.8 ± 6.9, quality of life score was 2.2 ± 1.6, maximal flow rate was (14.5 ± 2.4) ml/s, and residual urine volume was 58 ml (M50). The retreatment rate because of BPH was 2.3% (9/398). Urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture were observed in 1.5% and 0.5% of the patients, respectively., Conclusions: PVP has demonstrated remarkably consistent results for objective and subjective voiding parameters. Its late complication is rare and retreatment rate is low.

Objective: To discuss the feasibility of estimating energy consumption of green laser in photoselective vaporization of prostate (PVP) based on the preoperative volume of prostate., Methods: From January 2005 to January 2007, 260 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) had been treated with PVP. Preoperative prostatic volume and post-two-weeks-operative prostatic volume of each patient were measured by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). Energy consumption and emission time of green laser were recorded during the operation. Then we calculated the amount of energy consumption needed in vaporizing one gramme prostatic tissue, evaluated the correlation of energy consumption and preoperative volume of prostate by means of correlation-regression analysis, and established its regression equation., Results: The amount of energy consumption needed in vaporizing one gramme prostatic tissue was (6.9 ± 0.6)kJ. The correlation of energy consumption and preoperative volume of prostate was significantly positive linear correlated. Its regression equation was: Energy Consumption (kJ) = 4.7 x Preoperative Volume of Prostate (cm³) - 14.1., Conclusion: It is feasible to estimate energy consumption of green laser in PVP based on preoperative volume of prostate.

Objective: To evaluate the reliability and clinical practicability of cefoxitin disk diffusion test in the detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) heterogenic drug-resistant strains., Methods: Three hundred and ten strains of staphylococcus isolated from clinics were detected by the oxacillin disk diffusion test, the cefoxitin disk diffusion test as well as the oxacillin agar dilution test according to the standard operation procedures of NCCLS, and the detection of mecA gene of staphylococcus was used as a criterion. The sensitivities and specitivities of the 4 methods were compared., Results: By the detection of mecA gene, the ratio for MRSA was 57.1%(113/198) and the ratio for MRCNS was 62.5%(70/112). Both the sensitivity and specificity of cefoxitin disk diffusion test in the detection of MRS were 100%, and those in the detection of MRCNS were 98.6% and 100%., Conclusion: Cefoxitin disk diffusion test is reliable, simple and convenient, and it can be used as a conventional method for the detection of MRS in clinical laboratories.