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Evolutionary algorithm is an important method for solving large-scale optimization problems, which is widely applied to machine learning, process control, engineering optimization, management science, and social sciences. However, when the traditional evolutionary algorithms are used to high-dimensional and computing-density task, the performance of corresponding applications is difficult to be satisfactory. Parallelization on supercomputer is a popular solution to solve this problem. This paper proposes a two-level parallel self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm with neighborhood search (SaNSDE) on the Sunway TaihuLight, which implements process-level and thread-level parallelism. In the process-level parallelism, the cooperative co-evolution model and pool model are implemented, which divide large-scale problems into multiple low-dimensional problems and distribute them in different processes. In the thread-level parallelism, fitness calculation is accelerated. Experimental results show that the algorithm using the cooperative co-evolution model and the pool model, compared with the traditional parallel algorithm, improves the convergence effect more obviously after multi-core expansion. Compared with the serial algorithm, the two-level parallel SaNSDE algorithm achieves the maximum speedup of 134.29, 186.05, 239.01 and 189.80 in the four benchmark functions, respectively.

Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and low detection efficiency of high-resolution oil palm detection in deep learning, an effective and reliable solution is proposed from two aspects of algorithm optimization and heterogeneous hardware platform acceleration. Taking YOLOv3 object detection algorithm as an example, the optimization strategy of expanding feature selection and increasing multi-scale feature fusion is adopted to improve the detection accuracy of the algorithm for high-resolution oil palm. In addition, in the process of inference, plenty of applications require high performance models with strict power consumption limits. In order to solve this problem, taking the strategy of integer 8-bits quantitative weights and computational units reuse, this paper designs a high efficiency convolution computational engine based on SIMD. At the same time, through the strategy of the dimension change of the input image, vectorization, transmission to the input module in the form of written queue, this paper increases the efficiency of bus bandwidth greatly and accelerates the input module well. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the improved algorithm model is 97.84%, and a performance of 1.4 TOPS is obtained on the FPGA platform of Intel Arria 10. Compared with the i9-9980XE CPU, 7.51 times of the perform-ance and 33.02 times of energy efficiency are obtained. It is 1.2 times more efficient than Nvidia??s dedicated P40 accelerator.

The finite difference algorithm is often applied to Sunway TaihuLight to complete atmospheric simula-tion, oil exploration, and other tasks. However, due to the high communication cost and calculation density of the algorithm, the complex structure of Sunway system and large scale of application data, it is difficult to obtain reason-able parameters for data distribution during application construction and execution, and the performance of corres-ponding applications is difficult to be satisfactory. According to the hardware characteristics of Sunway 26010 processor, a parallel parameter automatic optimization method based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The data size parameter of message passing interface and the kernel are automatically optimized, and the two-dimensional finite difference algorithm is tested for high performance. The method finds the better solution in the 1 billion addressing space and achieves an acceleration ratio of 10.79 times compared with the automatic allocation of compiler system. In addition, compared with the automatic allocation of compiler system, this paper achieves 6.31 times acceleration for optimizing reverse time migration. This method realizes the automatic optimization of the application data scale parameters and provides useful guidance for the high-performance parallel optimization of domestic heterogeneous many-core processors.

In order to study the effect of joint clearance on the dynamic characteristic of the articulated mechanism,an improved nonlinear contact collision model is established. By modifying the contact collision parameters,the contact state of collision is accurately described. Then the model is incorporated into ADAMS for dynamics simulation. The effects of loading frequency,loading acceleration and clearance size on the dynamic response of an articulated mechanism are studied. Through the contrasts of simulation and experimental results,the reliability of the model is verified. Thus,a certain reference for the research of the dynamic characteristic of the articulated mechanism with joint clearance is provided.

Maintaining and improving ecosystem services in urban areas and human well-being are essential for sustainable development and therefore constitute an important topic in urban ecology. Here we reviewed studies on ecosystem services in urban areas. Based on the concept and classification of urban ecosystem services, we summarized characteristics of urban ecosystem services, including the human domination, high demand of ecosystem services in urban areas, spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas, multi-services of urban green infrastructures, the socio-economic dimension of ecosystem services supply and ecosystem disservices in urban areas. Among different urban ecosystem services, the regulating service and cultural service are particularly indispensable to benefit human health. We pointed out that tradeoffs among different types of ecosystem services mostly occur between supportive service and cultural service, as well as regulating service and cultural service. In particular, we emphasized the relationship between landscape design (i.e. green infrastructure) and ecosystem services supply. Finally, we discussed current gaps to link urban ecosystem services studies to landscape design and management and pointed out several directions for future research in urban ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]Antioxidant activities of sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar, which were two new kinds of fermented products of sugarcane juice, were investigated and tested using several antioxidant systems in order to provide technical references for developing new sugarcane health products. [Method]With Vc, gallic acid and KDTA as the control, scavenging activities of sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical ( ·OH), superoxide radical (O2-) and nitrite (NO2-) were measured and their chelation activity against metal ions was evaluated. [Result]The results showed that sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar had strong scavenging activity against DPPI 1 free radical, hydroxyl radical (·OH) .superoxide radical (O2- ) and nitrite (NO2-), and more volume meant stronger scavenging activity. The scavenging rate was higher than those of Vc and gallic acid. Sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar also exhibited good chelation on metal ions. Sugarcane vinegar had better antioxidant ability than sugarcane wine. [Conclusion]Due to their good antioxidant and scavenging activity, sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar are beneficial for human health and their large-scale production is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus dabeshanensis is a typical wind-pollinated plant, of which the pollen dispersal makes a crucial composition of the gene flow. The pollen dispersal and its spatial distribution in seed production stand of P. dabeshanensis by using traditional paraffin section method were investigated, and the relationship among meteorological factors, planting density and the pollen dispersal pattern analyzed. The results showed the pollen begins to disperse in the middle of May, with a period of 14 days and the peak dispersal of 3 days. Moreover, the pollen density of smaller planting density on the downhill slope seems higher than that of the uphill slope where had a higher plantation density. Furthermore, the maximum pollen density per day was between 10:00 a. m. and 14:00 p. m.; and the higher pollen density was at the upper part of plants, the highest density was at 50 m from the pollen source. Therefore, we suggest to transplant plants from higher density for promoting the flower bud development and improving the seed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the problem that it is difficult to balance realism and real-time in modeling water, a new water effects simulation method based on Gerstner wave model is proposed. Firstly, random perturbations are added into the amplitude in order to make the fluctuations varied. Secondly, the superimposed Gerstner waves are divided into large waves and small waves, and it is more convenient to control waveform by changing the parameters of the different types of wave. Finally, the reflectivity and transparency are used to adapt to different environments and waters. The experimental results show that the new model not only presents a more realistic water effects, but also gets an ideal rendering speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limitations of system power consumption and space, the conventional ammunition laser fuze is unable to use a plurality of lasers and laser receivers for multi-transmitting and multi-receiving, and therefore the traditional large field-of-view (FOV) laser detection method can not meet the requirements of system miniaturization. A new large FOV single transceiver bidirectional-driving detection scheme is proposed,a mathematical model is established, and the target acquisition rates at the different projectile-target distances and the different projectile spin rates are analyzed. For the electromagnetic interference factors, a prototype is manufactured, and a variety of methods are used to shield the electromagnetic signals. The anti-electromagnetic interference experiment and the detection experiment of targets at different distances are performed. The results show that the scheme can effectively shield the electromagnetic interference; ensure that a target can be captured at the distance of 8 m when the spin rate of project tile is 50 000 r/min ; and make the application of laser fuze with large FOV detection capability in conventional ammunition possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research utilizes a HPLC-UV method for determining the mass fractions of diosbulbin B and catechin in Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae combined with different proportions of Radix Angelicae Sinensis. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 10~200 μg/ mL for diosbulbin B, and 200 ~ 1 200 μ g/mL for catechin. The average percent reeovery of diosbulbin B was 89.4~, and 92.8% for eatechin. The contents of diosbulbin B in Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae and different combinations (1 : 1, 1 : 2, 2 : 1) with Radix Angelicae Sinensis were 2.90, 1.01, 2.19, 2.04 mg/g, respectively. The contents of catechin were 0.78, 0.35, 0.30, 0.43 mg/g in combinations the same as above. The results suggest that different combination of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae and Radix Angelicae Sinensis would decide different levels of marker components in Rhizoma Dioscoreae bulbiferae, which might be relevant to the efficacy enhancement or toxicity decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given continuous developments in industrial and scientific research, the separation and analysis of complex systems with high sensitivity, throughput, and selectivity is facing new challenges. Chromatography plays an irreplaceable role in separation science and is widely applied in environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, and food safety. Owing to their outstanding advantages, such as high loading capacity, precise quantification, and good reproducibility, chromatographic separation techniques based on various retention mechanisms have been utilized to detect different analytes. The stationary phase is the core material of chromatographic columns and has an extremely important influence on their separation performance. The selectivity and efficiency of separation largely depend on the chromatographic stationary phase. However, traditional stationary phases, such as silicon-based matrices, are characterized by complex preparation processes, poor permeability, large mass transfer resistance, and a narrow pH range. In addition, polymer matrices show poor mechanical stability and susceptibility to swelling, which limit their applications in the field of separation. Therefore, the development of novel stationary phases with the advantages of traditional stationary phases has become a research emphasis in the field of analytical science in efforts to meet separation requirements under different environments. Various stationary phases based on novel porous materials, such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic cages (POCs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are used for chromatographic separation. As mesh crystalline porous materials, MOFs have the advantages of a large surface area, adjustable structure, and easy functionalization; thus, they are widely used as chromatographic stationary phases in reverse-phase chromatography, hydrophilic-mode chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography, and other separation modes. However, because the pore size of MOFs is small and most MOFs demonstrate poor chemical stability under acidic or alkaline conditions, their applications in chromatographic separation are greatly limited. COFs are porous, crystalline polymer materials composed of light elements (H, O, C, N, B, and Si) connected via covalent bonds. Their advantages include a low density, large specific surface area, high porosity, good chemical and thermal stability, regular pores, and adjustable pore sizes. Because of their unique structures and properties, COFs are widely used in many fields such as catalysis, enrichment, gas capture, and sensing. COF materials are also suitable for separation analysis and considered ideal materials for novel chromatographic stationary phases. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the preparation and applications of COF-based chromatographic stationary phases over the past five years. First, the preparation of COF-based stationary phases (SiO 2 @COFs stationary phase, COFs monolithic stationary phase, pure COFs stationary phase and COFs-coated stationary phase) is introduced. The latest applications of COF-based stationary phases in the separation of organic compounds, isomers, and chiral compounds are then described in detail. Finally, the future development trends and challenges of chromatographic stationary phases based on COFs are discussed to provide new ideas for the future design and development of novel chromatographic stationary phases based on COFs.

Objective To assess the psychological status of staff at the centers for disease control and prevention(CDC) in Sichuan during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and explore the influencing factors. Methods The staff at Sichuan provincial,municipal,and county(district)-level CDC were selected by convenience sampling.Their basic information,work status,training status,work difficulties,and support from the work group were collected from the self-filled questionnaires online.The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire were respectively employed to measure the anxiety and depression of the staff.The stepwise Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety and depression in CDC staff. Results Among the 653 staff,58.35% and 50.06% presented anxiety and depression,respectively.The regression results showed that age( OR =0.95,95% CI =0.92-0.97) and mental support from the work group( OR =0.61,95% CI =0.45-0.82) were the protective factors while physical fatigue( OR =1.82,95% CI =1.20-2.74),work pressure( OR =1.61,95% CI =1.21-2.12),and insufficient protective equipment( OR =1.92,95% CI =1.06-3.49) were the risk factors for depression of CDC staff.Age( OR =0.97,95% CI =0.94-0.99),length of sleep per day( OR =0.74,95% CI =0.56-0.96),and participation in technical training( OR =0.33,95% CI =0.12-0.95) were the protective factors while mental fatigue( OR =1.68,95% CI =1.18-2.41),work pressure( OR =2.94,95% CI =2.08-4.17),and unclear incentive system for overtime( OR =1.99,95% CI =1.23-3.23) were the risk factors for the anxiety of CDC staff. Conclusion The anxiety and depression status of CDC staff during the COVID-19 outbreak were worrying,which were mainly affected by age,sleep,supply of protective equipment,incentive system,fatigue,and work pressure.

On the base of the theory on "the subtlety of acupuncture relying on the quick or slow needle insertion by the timing" recorded in the Chapter One of Lingshu ( Miraculous Pivot ) and the clinical application, professor GAO Zhen - wu created three core factors of "quick and slow needling technique" of acupuncture and summarized in the paper. The speed of deqi after needle insertion indicates the rising and falling of vital qi and pathogen in the body, which guides the selection of corresponding reinforcing or reducing needling techniques. At the stage of needle manipulation and the regulation of qi activity, the quick or slow insertion and withdrawal of needle and needle manipulation, as well as the duration of needle retaining may control the speed of qi arrival. At the stage of the change in qi transformation after needling, the speed of qi activity should be observed carefully before and after needling so as to determine the effect of reinforcing and reducing technique of acupuncture. Gao 's idea on "quick and slow needling technique" of acupuncture runs through the whole process of acupuncture. It takes the speed of deqi as the core of reinforcing or reducing effect of acupuncture. This technique of acupuncture simplifies the operation of reinforcing and reducing procedure and is more applicable in clinical practice.

As an important concept connecting urban green space (UGS) with the residents' demands, supply and demand of UGS is an important part of UGS research and planning. Identifying the difference and connection between UGS supply and demand contributes to proper configuration of UGS, human well-being improvement and urban sustainability. We reviewed literature on UGS supply and demand from 2016 to 2020, summarized common research topics and paradigms, examined associations among these topics, and proposed suggestions for future studies. We found that most studies focused on either USG supply or demand, and rarely analyzed match between UGS supply and demand. The studies of UGS supply mainly focused on the spatial and temporal patterns and the ecosystem services they provided, while the studies of demand focused on residents' subjective preference and behavior. Studies on supply and demand often differ in research objects, scales, and indicators, which was a major obstacle to construct relationships between them. We proposed that future studies should focus on the match of supply and demand. A possible way to achieve this goal is to measure UGS demand by both objective indicators and subjective preference.

Root exudates of banana resistant variety ('Nantianhuang') and susceptible variety ('Guijiao No. 6') to Fusarium wilt were collected in vitro by bathing root system to examine the biological effects of root exudates from banana varieties on Fusaiurm oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Bacillus subtilis . We explored the effects of root exudates of different banana varieties on the abundance of soil microorganisms and the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense and B. subtilis . The results showed that root exudates from resistant variety could significantly reduce the abundance of soil fungi and inhibit the spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense . Root exudates from susceptible variety could significantly stimulate mycelia growth and spores germination, whereas root exudates from the tested banana varieties could significantly increase the growth and biofilm formation of B. subtilis . By dealing with the root exudates of resistant and susceptible varieties, the growth rate of mycelia were 11.28 and 12.28 mm·d -1 , and the germination rate of spores were 34.6% and 79.5%, respectively. After culturing for 12 h, the growth rates of B. subtilis (OD 600 ) were 1.27 and 1.14, and the biofilm formation (OD 570 ) were 1.11 and 1.30 after static culturing 72 h, respectively. There were significant differences between the values of resistant and susceptible varieties. The colonization amount of B. subtilis in the rhizosphere of susceptible variety was significantly higher than that of resistant variety. The contents of free amino acids and organic acid in root exudates of the resistant variety were higher than that of susceptible variety. The content ratio of acetic acid and proline in the root exudates of resistant variety were 3.7 times and 2.4 times of that of susceptible variety. In conclusion, root exudates of banana resistant variety could inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Root exudates from susceptible variety could promote the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense ,while that from the tested banana varieties could all significantly enhance growth, biofilm formation and colonization ability of B. subtilis .

Urban greenspace, which serves as a place for residents to connect with nature and relax, provides important ecosystem services. Access to greenspace is often related to the socio-economic characteristics of residents, which received a lot attention from researchers and practitioners. Previous studies have mostly focused on single city to analyze the spatial relationship between greenspace distribution and residents' characteristics. We conducted a meta-analysis with global studies. The objectives were to classify findings from different cases and investigate the impacts from the location of research area, indicator and analytical method, and summarized major factors influen-cing the relationship between greenspace distribution and residents' characteristics. The results showed that more than half of the cases (58.2%) found that the socially advantaged population benefited more from greenspace. About a quarter cases (25.4%) revealed the opposite, that was, the disadvantaged population benefited more from greenspace. The remaining case studies (16.4%) did not find significant correlation between them. The studies reviewed here were diverse in terms of scale, indicator selection, and analytical method. Overall, we found no connection between finding and the choice of scale/indicator/analytical method. The reviewed case studies were mostly conducted in cities of western countries, which differed in their development trajectories and urban characteristics from cities in China. To understand association between urban greenspace and residents' characteristics in China, we urged to carry out more local studies, which would potentially provide scientific evidence for building sustainable cities during rapid urbanization.

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of oblique needling in combination with Tuina at the sacroiliac joint for patients experiencing sacroiliac joint injury., Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with sacroiliac joint injury were randomized into routine Tuina group and oblique needling combined with Tuina (Acu+ Tuina) group (n = 60 in each group). For patients of the Tuina group, routine Tuina as rotating, pressing-rubbing, digital pressing, articular moving, etc. was manipulated at Shangliao (BL 31), Ciliao (BL 32), Zhongliao (BL 31), Xialiao (BL 30), Huantiao (GB 30), Zhibian (BL 54), Weizhong (BL 40) and sacroiliac joint area. For patients of the Acu+Tuina group, the anatomical points between the bilateral iliac crests and the sacral joints were punctured obliquely with disposable acupuncture needles. The treatment was conducted for 30 min every time, once daily for 3 weeks except weekends. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, concerning intensity of pain, lifting, ability to care for oneself, ability to walk, ability to sit, sexual function, ability to stand, social life, sleep quality, and ability to travel) were employed to evaluate the patients' reactions and functional activity changes before and after the treatment., Results: Following the treatment, of the two 60 patients in the Tuina and Acu + Tuina groups, 12 and 26 cases were cured, 20 and 20 experienced marked improvement, 16 and 11 were effective, 12 and 3 invalid, with the effective rates being 80% and 95%, respectively. The effective rate of the Acu+ Tuina group was significantly superior to that of the Tuina group (P<0.05). The VAS scores and OD were considerably decreased in both groups after the treatment and were significantly lower in the Acu+Tuina group than in the Tuina group (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Oblique needling the anatomical points in the sacroiliac joint region combined with Tuina manipulation is evidently better than simple Tuina in reducing pain and in improving functional activity and life quality in sacroiliac joint injury patients.

Objective: To compare the effects of oblique insertion at anatomical points and conventional acupuncture for sacroiliac joint injury., Methods: Eighty patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each one. In the observation group, oblique insertion therapy at anatomical points was used, and the 9 points of equal division (anatomical points) marked by palpating the anatomical symbol were treated as the insertion acupoints. In the control group, conventional acupuncture was applied, and perpendicular insertion was adopted at Huantiao (GB 30), Zhibian (BL 54) and Weizhong (BL 40), etc. In the two groups, the! treatment was given once a day and 5 times per week. Ten treatments were made into one course and two courses were required. The clinical effects, the changes of visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry dysfunctional index. (ODI) before and after treatment were observed in the two groups., Results: The total effective rate of the observation group was 90.0% (36/40), which was better than 72.5% (29/40) of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the results of the VAS and ODI of the two groups were apparently declined (both P < 0.01), and those in the observation group were decreased more obviously (both P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The effect of oblique inser-tion at anatomical points for sacroiliac joint injury is superior to that of conventional acupuncture, which can effectively relieve pain and improve the disfunction.

To investigate spectral characteristics of different soil compositions, eight soil profiles from two paddy soil chronosequences developed on red clays and red sandstones respectively were collected in Jiangxi Province. A total of 37 soil samples were taken from each soil horizons of the profiles. The paddy soil chronosequences were chosen mainly because all soil profiles have the same land management and thus parent materials and rice cultivation time would be two major soil formative factors. This makes it possible to study spectral response characteristics of soil organic matter (SOM) and parent material characteristics. We measured diffuse reflectance spectra data of soil samples using the Cary 5000 spectrophotometer at 350-2500 nm spectral range. Spectral response characteristics of SOM and inorganic minerals in paddy soils were analyzed according to different soil horizons, soil forming times and parent materials. Experiment results showed that for soil samples from a single parent material, overall reflectance presented by PC&#95;1 score can be calibrated for soil organic matter (SOM) content with high precision (R(RC)² = 0.91, R(RS)² = 0.79), even though the SOM content was low (not more than 20 g · kg⁻¹). The absorption strength (AS) at 1400, 1900 and 2200 nm was mainly affected by the minerals inherited from parent materials. And the more the sample was near to bottom of a soil profile, the higher the AS value. Samples with the same mineral components had the similar AS ratio among these three wavelength locations. The differences in parent materials can significantly affect spectral curve shape and spectral absorption strength. To make the calibration more interpretative, parent material factors should be considered.

Objective: To study the volatile compounds of fresh tea leaves from Yaoluoping Nature Preserve, and to provide scientific basis for the quality and medicinal value of tea from high mountainous area., Methods: The volatile compounds were extracted from fresh tea leaves by simultaneous distillation and extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS)., Results: 41 volatile compounds were identified from two tea cultivars, Shifoxiang and Shifocui. Shifoxiang had 32 kinds of volatile compounds and Shifocui had 38 kinds of volatile compounds. The main volatile components of Shifoxiang and Shifocui were green leaf volatiles. The kind and relative content of terpenes of Shifocui were more than that of Shifoxiang. Also the kind and relative content of ketones of Shifocui were more than that of Shifoxiang. There was one kind of heterocyclic compound of Shifocui., Conclusion: The main volatile components of Shifoxiang and Shifocui had an important role for the formation of unique aroma of high mountain ous tea. The composition and proportion of volatile components between Shifoxiang and Shifocui had certain differences. Some trace components may be associated with defense in the process of tea plant growth. The functional components from the volatile components had good medicinal value, worthy of further research.

To analyze the gE gene sequence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains of different clades and subclades currently circulating in China. Eighteen skin lesion fluid swabs or skin scab pieces from patients with chickenpox or shingles were obtained from Beijing, Changchun, Lhasa and Urumqi between December 2010 and June 2011. The genotype of the virus strains was determined by a group of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in 15 ORFs, and the full-length gE genes of 18 strains representing all the clades in the study was amplified by PCR and sequenced. In addition to the synonymous mutations and non-synonymous mutations that were reported in the literature, there were 3 novel non-synonymous mutations (C56T, C1109T, C917A) and 4 new synonymous mutations (C54T, T1075C, T816C, G279A) found in the 8 strains analyzed. We found the VZV strains of clade 5 in Xinjiang for the first time,and the genotypes of some VZV strains circulating in Chagnchun could not be determined by the present methods. The analysis of gE gene sequences,revealed a novel non-synonymous mutations in the e1 and c1 epitopes, corresponding to the amino acid change of serine to tyrosine.

Objective: To comparatively study the difference of the skin expansion rate and instantly expanded skin retraction rate between implantation of double overlapping expanders and implantation of one single expander., Methods: From Mar. 2009 to Mar. 2012, 22 cases with 39 sites for skin expansion, received double overlapping expanders in 24 sites, single expander in 15 sites. The area of original skin and expanded skin was measured by "wet-cloth sampling". Then the skin expansion rate was calculated. A distance of 5 cm at the center of expanded skin was re-measured after taking out the expanders. Then the instantly skin retraction rate was calculated., Results: During the same expansion period, the skin expansion rate was (3.5 +/- 0.9)% with the double overlapping expanders and (2.6 +/-0.6)% with one single expander, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 002), while the instantly skin retraction rate was not statistically different [(30.3 +/- 0.8)% vs (32.3 +/- 0.9)%; P = 0.47)]. There was a negative relationship between the instantly skin retraction rate and the expansion period (r = -0.768)., Conclusions: The skin expansion rate can be increased with double overlapping expanders, while the instantly skin retraction rate doesn' t decrease. So the skin expansion efficiency is increased to reduce the re-expansion times for the patients with large lesions.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV, Human herpesvirus 3) is a member of the family Herpesviridae, and is classified as alpha-subfamily along with HSV-1 and HSV-2. VZV is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) mostly in children, after which it establishes latency in the sensory ganglia with the potential to reactivate at a later time to cause shingles (zoster). Increasing molecular epidemiological studies in recent years have been performed to monitor the mutations in VZV genome, discriminate vaccine virus from wild type virus, study the phylogeny of VZV strains throughout the world, and understand the evolution of the different clades of VZV. The progress has great impact on the fields of epidemiology, virology and bioinformatics. In this review, the currently available data concerning the geographic distribution and molecular evolution of VZV clades are discussed.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the effects of different ventilation modes on pulmonary function during minor operation of general anesthesia with streamlined liner of the pharynx airway (SLIPA) laryngeal mask and assess its safety of spontaneous respiration during general anesthesia., Methods: A total of 76 adult patients (aged 28 - 44 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II) scheduled for operations were randomly allocated into the mechanical ventilation and spontaneous respiration group (n = 38 each). Anesthetic induction was performed intravenously with propofol (2 mg/kg), sulfentanyl (0.5 µg/kg) and cisatracurium besylate (0.3 mg/kg) (in mechanical ventilation group). Anesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane at 0.7 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), mixture of atmosphere and oxygen at 1:1 and a continuous infusion of propofol at the speed of 4 mg×kg(-1)h(-1). Neostigmine (2 mg) and atropine (1 mg) were administered intravenously before the extraction of SLIPA laryngeal mask in order to antagonize the residual effects of muscle relaxation. The parameters including heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MAP) and end-tidal pressure of CO(2) (P(ET)CO(2)), blood gas analysis and the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient [P(A-a)DO(2)], respiratory index (RI) and dead volume/tidal volume (V(D)/V(T)) were calculated at Different time points., Results: No significant differences were found in HR (spontaneous respiration group: 76 ± 7, 78 ± 6, 79 ± 7/min; mechanical ventilation group: 77 ± 6, 80 ± 5, 79 ± 6/min), MAP (spontaneous respiration group: 91 ± 10, 89 ± 9, 90 ± 9mm Hg; mechanical ventilation group: 89 ± 10, 88 ± 9, 92 ± 8) mm Hg at the monitored time points between two groups (P > 0.05). At the time of 30 min and 60 min after insertion, the pH value was significantly lower in spontaneous respiration group (7.351 ± 0.028, 7.338 ± 0.025) than those in mechanical ventilation group (7.391 ± 0.031, 7.389 ± 0.032). The values of PaCO(2) (42 ± 4, 46 ± 6) mm Hg and P(ET)CO(2) (41 ± 5, 45 ± 3) mm Hg were higher than those in mechanical ventilation group (37 ± 3, 35 ± 5; 37 ± 4, 36 ± 4) mm Hg (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the P(A-a)DO(2), RI or V(D)/V(T) at the monitored time points between two groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Neither mechanical ventilation mode nor spontaneous respiration ventilation mode has any effect upon pulmonary function by during minor operation of general anesthesia with SLIPA laryngeal mask. Spontaneous respiration can offer a sufficient supply of oxygen but it carries the risk of CO(2) accumulation.

To explore the biological function and possible underlying mechanism of stathmin gene during hepatocarcinogenesis. Three pairs of chemically synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting on stathmin were transfected into HCCLM3 by LipofectamineTM 2000. After confirming the interfering effects of stathmin siRNAs through reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting, the HCCLM3 cells proliferation and apoptosis were detected by cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry analysis, and the expressions of tumor-related genes (c-myc, c-fos, p53, etc) were observed by real-time PCR. Stathmin expression was effectively inhibited up to 90% by stathmin silencing in HCCLM3 cells (P is less than to 0.05) . By using CCK8 assay, it was shown that HCCLM3 cells proliferation were obviously depressed by 13.04%+/-0.10%, 28.10%+/-0.41% and 37.36%+/-2.15% at the time point of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h with the comparison to Mock group (F = 4.21, P is less than to 0.05). The results of flow cytometry demonstrated that the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased to 25.11%+/-1.62% in RNAi group, compared with 9.20 %+/-0.64 % in Mock group (F = 44.67, P is less than to 0.01). The results of real-time PCR showed that oncogenes c-myc and c-fos expressions were repressed, proliferation-associated gene ki-67 was down-regulated, and apoptosis-promoting gene caspase-3, bax and p53 were induced (P is less than to 0.05). Stathmin may promote cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis and induce malignant transformation of hepatocytes by regulating some tumor-related genes expressions.

The research on characteristic wavelengths analysis of reflectance spectrum is a very important and basic task for remote sensing of inland-water color. The present paper analyzed remote sensing reflectances of 312 samples measured in Taihu Lake between 2006 and 2009, and these reflectances were separated into three classes by chlorophyll-a concentrations. The reflectance spectra smoothed by Savitzky-Golay algorithm were calculated by first- and second-order derivatives. Then, zero values were located in the derivatives and counted at all wavelengths. Thus the frequency distribution of zeros at each wavelength was got. At which wavelength a local maximum of the frequencies appears a characteristic wavelength will most likely be there. These characteristic wavelengths are corresponding to maximum, minimum, from-concave-to-convex inflection point and from-convex-to-concave inflection point of a spectrum curve. At last the paper provided the characteristic wavelengths for Taihu Lake water at the spectral coverage from 350 to 900 nm, which are 359, 440, 464, 472, 552, 566, 583, 628, 636, 645, 660, 676, 689, 706, 728, 791, 806, and 825 nm. In addition, these wavelengths we found were explained by absorption of phytoplankton pigments and components of water in Taihu Lake. Being able to distinguish overlaps between peaks and vales at the same wavelength in different measurements, the method to analyze characteristic wavelengths is universally applicable to various spectrum curves. The characteristic wavelengths chosen by the paper are helpful to improving some algorithms of retrieval of water quality parameters.

Unlabelled: To provide a reliable animal model for study of human CMV disease in gastrointestinal track, we tried to infect with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in mice that were received allogenetic skin transplantation under immunosuppression. (1) Skin transplantation was performed between 18 donor C57BL/6 mice and 72 recipient BALB/c mice. (2) All recipient mice were then given Cyclosporine at 12 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups. Two experimental groups were received MCMV-infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) at 10(4) PFU and 10(5) PFU respectively, and the control group received MEF only. We observed any possibly pathophysiological behavior changes and recorded the changes in body weight. The mice were sacrificed at 5d, 9d, 14d, 21d post infection and colon tissue was collected for analysis., Results: Mice infected with MCMV at 10(5) PFU group showed anorexia, lethargy and degression in locomotor activity. This group of mice showed significant decrease in body weight than that of other groups. Colon tissues were collected 14 days after infection. Histological examination revealed that the mucous layer became thinner in the proximal colon and increased number of lymphoid follicles in distal colon in infected animals. The changes in the mucosal structure was most prominent in the group 10(5) PFU MCMV. Viral DNA was present in the colon by in situ hybridization for IE1 gene, and viral gB transcript was positive by RT-PCR. One of the viral major proteins, pp65, was widely distributed in the colon by immunohistochemistry. These data demonstrated that MCMV established infection in colon of the mice after allogenetic skin transplantation. Electron microscopy showed that there were herpes virus particles in the colon tissue., Conclusion: Infection with MCMV in mouse after allogenetic skin transplantation by nasal cavity inoculation resulted in the pathological changes in colon tissue similar to that of inflammation in human colon. The small animal model of colon inflammation may provide a platform for further study of pathogenesis as well as medical intervention of HCMV involved inflammation of human bowel.

The present study takes two small watersheds (F : forest, FA : forest/farmland) with different land uses as the study areas, which are located in the hilly area of subtropical China. The rain water and stream water samples were collected from March 2007 to February 2009 and were determined for NH4(+) -N and NO3(-) -N, to estimate nitrogen (N) budgets and source-sink characteristics of the two studied watersheds. The results show that inorganic N input in rain water is 16.72 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1), in which NH4(+)-N accounts for 56%; inorganic N output in stream water in the two small watersheds (F, FA) is 5.31 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1) and 8.21 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1) respectively, in which NO3(-) -N accounts for 75% -82%, indicating that agricultural activities in the watershed have increased N output in runoff. Total inorganic N input by atmospheric dry and wet deposition is 20.06-23.41 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1), which equals to approximately 13% -15% of the local N fertilizer application. The net production of H+ caused by N deposition and transformations in the two small watersheds (F, FA) is 355 mol x (hm2 x a)(-1) and 461 mol x (hm2 x a)(-1) respectively, indicating that agricultural activities lead to accelerated soil acidification. Based on N budgets, the net retention of N in the two small watersheds (F, FA) is 13.35-16.70 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1) and 17.89-23.38 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1) respectively. N retention efficiency in the FA watershed (33%-40%) as impacted by agricultural activities is much lower than that in the forested watershed (F) (65%-70%), indicating that the forest ecosystem in subtropical China is still a sink for N, but agricultural activities have decreased the nitrogen-sink potential of the ecosystem.

Objective: To study the genetic characteristics of vaccine and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains isolated from patients with chickenpox or zoster by molecular analysis., Methods: SNP based VZV genetic characteristics were analyzed in 19 VZV isolates using the restriction fragment length polymorphisms analysis of DNA fragments of the open reading frames 6, 38, 62 and sequence alignment of the open reading frames 1, 31, 51, 62., Results: All vaccine strains were revealed AluI(-) PstI(-) SmaI(+) BssHII(+) NaeI(+), 96% clinical isolates were revealed AluI(+) PstI(+) SmaI(-) BssHII(-) NaeI(-), 2% clinical isolates were revealed AluI(-) PstI(-) SmaI(+) BssHII(+), 2% clinical isolates were revealed AluI(+) PstI(-) SmaI(-) BssHII(-) NaeI(-) by restriction fragment length polymorphisms analysis and sequence alignment revealed the mutations also presented in this four vaccine strains., Conclusion: Use the restriction fragment length polymorphisms analysis of DNA fragments of the open reading, frames 6 and 62 could be distinguished VZV wild-type strains and vaccine strain in clinical isolates in China. In order to find the adverse effect caused by vaccine from certain company's, analysis on the SNPs in ORFs 1, 31, 51 and 62 is needed.

Objective: Adopting serology assay-fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) as "gold standard", sero-prevalence status of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection was investigated, in Guangzhou., Methods: FAMA test was established with VZV infected human embryo fibroblasts as antigens and fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC) labeled goat anti-human IgG as the secondary antibody. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay were evaluated. The sero-prevalence of anti-VZV IgG in 592 serum specimens randomly collected from a clinical laboratory, was analyzed with FAMA., Results: Data from FAMA test showed no cross-reaction with other Herpesviruses when it was used to detect VZV antibodies. The overall prevalence of VZV antibody was 76.52%. Age-specific prevalence rates of VZV antibody in different age groups as: 1-3, 4-6, 7-13, 14-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, > or =50, were found to be 14.67%, 51.56%, 73.91%, 91.26%, 92.78%, 95.65%, 98.11% and 100%, respectively. The sero-prevalence of 1-3 age group appeared the lowest but rose sharply with the increase of age but showing no association with gender., Conclusion: Our data indicated that VZV infection occurred in early childhood, in Guangzhou, suggesting that the primary recipients of VZV vaccine should be under the 1-3 age group. Additional subjects for vaccination would be children above 3 years old with no history of VZV infection, and serology test negative for VZV. The assay was validated by its excellent specificity and could be used as the first choice in the detection of protective antibodies against VZV infection.

The current study takes the hilly south Anhui province as the study area, which is located in the subtropical China and far from urban and industrial activities. The rainwater samples were collected from April to November in 2007 and were determined for pH, major cations and anions, to estimate acidity characteristics and the sum of hydrogen ion and other cation and anion input during the studied period. The results showed that the frequency of acid rain was over 92%, with an average pH of 4.61. The average concentrations of SO4(2-) and Ca2+ were 39.69 microeq/L and 68.82 microeq/L respectively, which were the most abundant cation and anion among the determined elements. The atmospheric pollution was characterized as SO2 and NOx with an average of SO4(2-)/NO3(-) 1.23 in the rainwater. The variation of the major chemical component in the rainwater with time implied that the atmospheric NOx mainly originated from the local agricultural activities, while SO2 was mainly affected by non-local source and the base cation was mainly affected by dust transportation during spring season. The total input of base cation and H+ was 1,289 eq/hm2 and 360 eq/hm2 respectively, while that of SO4(2-) and NO3(-) was 926 eq/hm2 from April to November in 2007. The input of acid deposition may have a detrimental effect on the local ecosystem.

Objective: To compare the expressions of PIAS3, an inhibitor of activated STAT3 protein in human androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) and to explore the relationship between PIAS3 and the development of AIPC., Methods: (1) cDNA microarray technique was used to detect the PIAS3 gene in 20 samples of ADPC and 5 samples of AIPC obtained during operation. (2) Carcinoma of prostate (CaP) cells of the lines LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 were cultured and underwent semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting to detect the mRNA and protein expression of PIAS3 gene. (3) Ten samples of ADPC tissue and 5 samples of AIPC tissue obtained during operation underwent immunohistochemistry to observe the expression of PIAS3 protein., Results: (1) cDNA microarray technique showed that there were 17 genes significantly down-regulated and 22 were significantly up-regulated in the AIPC tissues in comparison with the AIPC tissues, (2) The mRNA and protein expressions of PIAS3 in the AIPC cells of the lines PC3 and DU145 were higher than those in the ADPC cells of the line LNCaP. (3) The expression of PIAS3 protein in the AIPC tissues was significantly higher than that in the ADPC tissues (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Our results suggested that PIAS3 gene may play an important role in the development of androgen independent prostate cancer so as to promote the continuous cellular proliferation without androgen.

By using dual-ring method, this paper measured the water infiltration rate in urban soils under representative land use patterns in Nanjing City, and studied the characteristics of water infiltration in the soils with different compaction degree. The results showed that there was a great difference in the infiltration rate among the soils with different compactness. Soil infiltration rate decreased with increasing bulk density and decreasing porosity, and the water-transport-limiting layer existed in heavily compacted soils resulted in a dramatic decrease of final stabilized infiltration rate. There was a significant linear relationship between the initial and final infiltration rates in the same soil though their absolute values had a great difference. The urban soils in Nanjing City had a wide range of final infiltration rate varied from 1 mm X h(-1) to 679 mm X h(-1), which was highly related to the soil compactness, structural status, and skeleton grain contents. The decrease of urban soil infiltration rate could induce the increase of runoff and of the probability and intensity of flooding.

This investigation selected the city of Nanjing, Jiangsu province of China, as the study area, and analyzed the concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) of ten soils profiles in three different groups, by wet chemical oxidation methods. The results showed that the concentration of BC ranged from 0.22 g x kg(-1) to 32.19 g x kg(-1) in all urban soil profiles, and the average concentration of BC reached 4.35 g x kg(-1). The average concentration of BC of the first group from ancient residential areas was 0.91 g x kg(-1), and that of the second group affected by ancient industrial activities was 8.62 g x kg(-1), the third group influenced by the modern industrial and traffic emission was 3.72 g x kg(-1). The ratio of BC/OC ranged from 0.03 to 1.59 in all profiles, and the average was 0.29. The average ratio of BC/OC of three groups appeared in this order: the highest exists in the second group, followed by the third group, and the last is the first group. These data mean that some BC particles produced by local biomass and/or fossil fuel burning due to the industrial and transport activities during urbanization are recorded in soils. In addition, the contents of BC and the ratio of BC/OC may reflect different processes of human activities and pollution intensities of urban soils. It is concluded that the soil BC in urban area is mainly coming from fossil fuel burning, more specifically, BC in surface layer (present layer) is mainly from the exhaust particles of motor vehicles (especially diesel engine), while in ancient layer (cultural layer) it is possibly related to the historical coal use.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of inducing apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells by adriamycin and mitomycin and relevant mechanism., Methods: Human bladder cancer cells of the lines RT4, MGH-U1, FJ, and T24 were cultured. Adriamycin of the concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 microg/ml, and mitomycin of the concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 microg/ml were added into the culture fluid respectively. CCK-8 colorimetric assay was used to detect the survival rates of the cells so as to select the cell line sensitive and tolerable to the drugs. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of X-kinked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and the cleavage of caspase-3 precursor., Results: It was found that RT4 cells were the most sensitive and the T24 cells were the most tolerable to adriamycin and mitomycin. Treated with adriamycin of the concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 microg/ml for 24 hours, the apoptotic rates of the RT4 cells were 15.3% +/- 4.3%, 29.3% +/- 6.4%, and 45.0% +/- 5.5% respectively; and the apoptotic rates of the T24 cells were 7.3% +/- 3.1%, 12.5% +/- 4.3%, and 18.2% +/- 6.3% respectively, all significantly lower than those of the RT4 cells (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treated with mitomycin of the concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 microg/ml for 24 hours, the apoptotic rates of the RT4 cells were 12.7% +/- 2.9%, 31.3% +/- 4.4%, and 48.9% +/- 5.8% respectively, and the apoptotic rates of the RT4 cells were 7.2% +/- 3.3%, 15.5% +/- 5.2%, and 21.2% +/- 4.4% respectively, all significantly lower than those of the RT4 cells (all P < 0.05). The XIAP expression was not significantly different in these 4 cell lines before the adriamycin and mitomycin treatment. After the treatment of adriamycin and mitomycin, the expression of XIAP was down-regulated dose-dependently, however, being weaker in the T24 cells than in the RT4 cells; and caspase-3 precursor cleavage was enhanced, however, being weaker in the T24 cells too., Conclusion: Adriamycin and mitomycin dose-dependently kill the human bladder cancer cells. Such cytotoxic effect may be realized through inducing the cell apoptosis which is associated with the down-regulation of XIAP and cleavage of caspase-3 precursor.

The vertical distribution of heavy metals in soils profiles is a result of heavy metals accumulation and migration under combining influence of edaphic factors and environmental conditions. It's an important basis for evaluation of heavy metals pollution and remediation of contaminated soils. By traditional sampling methods, i.e., soils were sampled according to pedogenetic horizons, only very general information about element migration can be learned. In the current study, three sites near a steel factory were selected to represent three types of land use, i.e. forest, dry land for vegetable cultivation and rice paddy field. Soils were sampled horizontally by high-resolution sampling method. In the top of 40 cm soils were sectioned in 2 cm intervals, then 5 cm intervals in next 40 cm, and 10 cm intervals in the last 20 cm of profile. Total content of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd were determined, and the vertical distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd in every profile was analyzed. The results indicated that enrichment of heavy metals appeared in the upper most layer of the natural forest soil that without any anthropic disturbance, and this phenomenon proved that heavy metals were coming from atmospheric deposition. We found that Cu, Zn and Pb moved downward in a short distance, Cd migrated relatively faster than Cu, Zn and Pb, while Cr had no recognizable location of migration front. In the soil profiles of dry land and paddy field, there were influences of agricultural practice, the distribution and movement of metals were thus different form those of the forest soil. In cultivated layer heavy metals were evenly distributed because soils in the upper layer were mixed by cultivation, however, bellow the cultivated layer obvious migration took place again. It is concluded that different heavy metals have different mobility and there is such a relative order: Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb. The study shows that the distribution pattern can be obtained with the currently adopted high-resolution sampling method, than traditional horizon sampling, and more precise migration distance and rates can be estimated.

Objective: To investigate the effect of glycine on CD14 and NF-kappa B in Kupffer cells from rat liver grafts after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)., Methods: The rats were randomly divided into an IRI group, saline solution preconditioning group, and glycine preconditioning group. Their survival rates, graft functions, and hepatic histopathologic examinations were observed after IRI. Kupffer cells (KCs) following IRI were isolated and cultured to detect CD14 mRNA, NF-kappa B binding activity, and the TNF alpha and IL-1 level in the supernatant of the media., Results: (1) Glycine preconditioning greatly enhanced the one-week survival rate (chi2 = 6.67 and 8.57 respectively), improved graft function, and ameliorated the histopathologic signs of injury. (2) The CD14 mRNA expression level (F = 7.64), NF-kappa B binding activity (F = 11.47), TNF alpha and IL-1 production (F = 14.08 and 9.56 respectively) in the glycine group were significantly lower than those in the other two groups., Conclusion: Glycine could efficiently protect rat liver grafts from ischemia-reperfusion injury by repressing the expression of CD14 and NF-kappa B binding activity in Kupffer cells and inhibiting the productions of TNF alpha and IL-1.

Objective: To study the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on Kupffer cells and its role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on rat liver graft., Methods: The Kupffer cells following IRI were isolated and divided into control, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and anti-CD14 antibody group. The mRNA and protein expression of CD14 and TLR4, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity and TNF-alpha level in supernatant were measured., Results: The mRNA and protein expression of CD14 and TLR4 in IR group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). The NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha level in IR group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01), and they greatly decreased after anti CD14 antibody treatment (compared with IR group, P < 0.05), but were still significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: LPS following IRI could up-regulate CD14 and TLR4 gene and protein expression on Kupffer cells, and subsequently activate NF-kappaB to produce cytokines, but other signal transduction pathways might also participate in the IRI.

Objective: To develop a new method for analysis of protein phosphorylation modification in cultured neuron., Methods: Cultured neurons were pre-incubated in DMEM without sodium phosphate for 15 min to deplete the metabolic pools. Neurons were then labeled with [32P] orthophosphate (2.78 x 10(6) Bq/ml) for 1.5 h and stimulated by either insulin (100 nmol/L), EGF (20 nm/L) or saline for 0, 5, 20, 60, 120 min. Reactions were terminated by freezing neurons in liquid nitrogen prior to the solubilizing of them in a lysis buffer containing 8 mol/L urea, 4% CHAPS, 2% Bio-lyte, pH 3-10, 2 mmol/L TBP. Protein concentrations were determined with Bio-Rad DC Protein Assay kit. The 32P-labled lysates isoelectrically focused on IPG Drystrip pH 3-10 or pH 4-7 Linear gels were subsequently separated in second-dimensional SDS-PAGE. The dried gel was autoradiographed for 5 days at -70 degrees C with an intensifying screen. Alternatively, the separated proteins were visualized by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R250 straining., Results: Autoradiography of the 2-DE-separated 32P-laebled neuron lysates revealed around 100 phosphoproteins. This phosphoprotein pattern was stable at 1.5 h after radiolabelling and did not vary significantly for up to 4 h further incubation in the absence of hormone. Most of the major proteins which are phosphorylated in response to insulin or EGF migrated with pH 4.6-6.5 and MW 20000-130000. Insulin and EGF induced similar but not identical patterns of protein phosphoryltion in neurons. Only a few phosphoproteins were abundant enough to be visualized by CBB straining, suggesting that abundance of these phosphoproteins is extremely low. Responses to both isulin and EGF are marked by more increased labeling of the constitutive phosphoproteins, compared with the appearance of new phosphoproteins., Conclusion: This approach co-application of 32P-labeled with 2-DE separation and autoradiography has proven to be specific and sensitive in phosphoprotein analysis for neuron. It was valuable in functional proteomic analysis for protein phosphorylation modification during cellular signal transduction.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of insulin and it's receptor on the kidney of rabbit with acute ischemic/reperfusion injury., Methods: Twenty three Japanese white rabbits were allocated randomly into the control group, ischemic/reperfusion group(IR group), and insulin treatment group(Ins-IR group). The IR group received clamping for 1 h followed by 2 h or 48 h of reperfusion. In the Ins-IR group, insulin injection (Ins 3U/kg, glucose 1.5 g/kg, K+ 4 mg/kg, Mg2+ 1.7 mg/kg) was administered intravenously twice a day for two days, whereas only normal saline in equal amount was given to the IR group and control group. At 2 h or 48 h after reperfusion, glucose and insulin in serum were determined. Rough plasma of renal tissue was prepared by repeated centrifugation. Insulin receptor in renal tissue was analyzed by radiologand binding assay. The binding data were calculated according to Scatchard using the ligand program. Statistical significance was analyzed with the paired t-test., Results: The level of blood glucose increased after 2 h reperfusion in three groups, but the level in IR group increased much higher than those in control and Ins-IR groups(P < 0.05). The level of serum insulin of IR group after 2 h reperfusion was significantly higher than that of control (P < 0.05). Scatchard analysis showed curvilinear profiles, indicating that there are two classes of receptors with different affinity or the presence of a single class of receptors with a negative cooperative hormone-receptor interaction. Data analyzed by a two-site model showed that the values of Bmax1 (high affinity site), Bmax2 (low affinity site) and Kd1, Kd2 after 2 h reperfusion were significantly lower than those of control (P < 0.05). In IR-Ins group, only Bmax2 decreased (P < 0.05, compared with control). 48 h after IR there was no difference in Bmax1, Kd1 between the 3 groups, but Bmax2 of IR-Ins group was still lower than that of control (P < 0.001) and IR group (P < 0.05). The Kd2 of IR group increased (P < 0.05 compared with control and IR-Ins group)., Conclusion: The results indicate that the effect of intrinsic insulin decreases during renal ischemic/reperfusion. The extrinsic insulin can protect renal tissue through its high affinity receptor. There exits down-regulation of low affinity receptor but none of high affinity receptor during insulin treatment.