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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract [Objective] Sagittaria trifolia is an important horticultural and cash crop in China. Identification of genome size and analysis of karyotype are essential for genome research and molecular genetics of S. trifolia. Currently, the genome size and chromosome morphology of S. trifolia are unclear. The present study provides cytological references to S. trifolia breeding and species evolution analysis. [Methods] Using flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, together with reference to the lysate formulation to probe configuration, the genome size of the root tips of S. trifolia variety ‘Zijinxing’ (ZJX) was identified and the chromosome morphology was analyzed. [Results] (1) The tested cecropia was a diploid plant, and the genome of ‘Zijinxing’ cecropia was about 16 Gb. (2) Using DAPI fluorescence staining, the number of chromosomes was identified to be stable, consistent with the results of telomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization. The chromosome types were middle mitotic (metacentric chromosome), near-middle mitotic (submetacentric chromosome), and proximal mitotic (acrocentric chromosome), with the most centromere was found in the proximal part, and no satellite was found. The karyotype formula was 2n=2x=22=6m+4sm+12st, belonging to the type 3B of Stebbins, with the asymmetry coefficient of 99.13. [Conclusion] The study concludes that the genome of S. trifolia is of medium size, with a highly asymmetric karyotype and a high degree of evolution.

The taxonomy of Tacca remains is controversial all the time. Schizocapsa guangxiensis is considered to be the same species as Tacca plantanginea, but some taxonomists classify them into different species based on their morphological differences. In order to clarify the genetic differences and phylogenetic relationship between Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea, this study conducted high-throughput DNA sequencing of Schizocapsa guangxiensis, assembled a complete chloroplast genome using bioinformatics software, and compared it with the published Tacca plantanginea chloroplast genome. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome size of Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea was 162 149 bp and 160 749 bp, respectively, and they had the same GC content (36.90%). Notably, the gene types and gene amount were exactly the same in these two species, including 89 protein-coding genes and 37 tRNA genes, and 6 rRNA genes. (2) Codon preference analysis showed that there were certain differences in the codon frequencies used by the two species, but they both prefered codons ending in A/T (U). (3) Compared with T. plantanginea, the SSC boundary of Schizocapsa guangxiensis had obvious expansion, which was the main factor leading to the length variant in chloroplast genome between the two species. (4) There were some sequence divergences between S. guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea in the LSC and SSC regions, especially the intergenic region, which can be exploited as species-specific molecular marker. (5) Phylogenetic results showed that Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea had a rather distant genetic relationship. Although Schizocapsa guangxiensis was placed in Tacca, they belong to two different species. This study enriches the genetic information of the chloroplast genome of S. guangxiensis and provides a theoretical basis for species classification, genetic diversity analysis and species protection of S. guangxiensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genome size is an important feature of a species’ genome and is usually measured by the DNA C-value, which can be used for quickly testing genome ploidy and provide an important basis for taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Scirpus mariqueter is a species with important ecological effects in the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. It is considered as a hybrid of S. planiculmis and S. triqueter, and it is difficult to accurately determine ploidy due to its small chromosomes. However, in recent years, some researchers, based on molecular markers, have raised doubts about the classification and nomenclature of S. mariqueter. Therefore, more experimental evidence on the taxonomic attributes, genomic characteristics and possible ploidy variation of S. mariqueter and its related species is needed. In this study, the genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter sample CJ1 were determined by genome survey analysis with a sequencing depth of approximately 120×. The DNA C-value and relative ploidy of 13 samples of S. mariqueter and its sympatric, related species (S. triqueter and S. planiculmis) were estimated by flow cytometry with Vigna radiata as a reference. The results were as follows: (1) Genome Survey analysis showed that the genome size of CJ1 was 244.12 Mbp, with a 0.68% heterozygosity rate, 42.38% sequence repeat, and 37.25% GC content. (2) The flow cytometry results showed that the ploidy of S. mariqueter samples from different regions was the same, with 1C values ranging from 234.87 Mbp to 242.5 Mbp, and the genome size of CJ1 was highly consistent with the genome Survey results. (3) The 1C value of S. planiculmis was between 251.77 Mbp and 264.13 Mbp, and the 1C value of S. triqueter was 537.33 Mbp. Because the genome size of hybrids is usually between or larger than those of their parents, it is unlikely that S. mariqueter is a hybrid of the two species based on the abovementioned genome size. This study provides genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter and its related species and lays a foundation for its whole-genome sequencing. At the same time, it also rejects the hypothesis that S. mariqueter originated from hybridization between S. planiculmis and S. triqueter.

Objective: To investigate the genetic stability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 (L. rhamnosus Pro- bio-M9) during continuous passage. Methods: The morphological changes, carbohydrate utilization capacity, activity and metabolic characteristics of L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 were compared in the 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 passages of the pro- biotic strain. At the same time, comparative genomics was used to analyze the changes of genome level during the con¬tinuous culture of 100 generations. Results: There were no significant changes (P >0.05) in phenotypic characteristics and metabolic characteristics of L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 during 100 generations of continuous culture, and the phenotyp- ic characteristics were stable, and the strain activity was maintained well. At the same time, using the genome of L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 as the reference sequence, 15 strains of different generations were sequenced, and the genome size and GC content showed no significant difference between the 15 strains cultured continuously and L. rhamnosus Probio- M9. Phylogenetic relationships showed that the 15 strains were closely related to the original genome. From the identified SNP loci, no mutation locus with stable inheritance was found in every two generations, and the collinear strain was good. The mutation level of the coding gene at the genome level confirmed that L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 had stable phe- notypic characteristics and metabolic characteristics during the continuous culture of 100 generations. Conclusion: L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 has good genetic stability during continuous passage, which provides a theoretical basis for further development, research and industrialization of L. rhamnosus Probio-M9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genome size is an important feature of a species' genome and is usually measured by the DNA C-value, which can be used for quickly testing genome ploidy and provide an important basis for taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Scirpus mariqueter is a species with important ecological effects in the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. It is considered as a hybrid of S. planiculmis and S. triqueter, and it is difficult to accurately determine ploidy due to its small chromosomes. However, in recent years, some researchers, based on molecular markers, have raised doubts about the classification and nomenclature of S. mariqueter. Therefore, more experimental evidence on the taxonomic attributes, genomic characteristics and possible ploidy variation of S. mariqueter and its related species is needed. In this study, the genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter sample CJ1 were determined by genome survey analysis with a sequencing depth of approximately 120 ×. The DNA C-value and relative ploidy of 13 samples of S. mariqueter and its sympatric, related species(S. triqueter and S. planiculmis)were estimated by flow cytometry with Vigna radiata as a reference. The results were as follows:(1)Genome Survey analysis showed that the genome size of CJ1 was 244.12 Mbp, with a 0.68% heterozygosity rate, 42.38% sequence repeat, and 37.25% GC content.(2)The flow cytometry results showed that the ploidy of S. mariqueter samples from different regions was the same, with 1C values ranging from 234.87 Mbp to 242.5 Mbp, and the genome size of CJ1 was highly consistent with the genome Survey results.(3)The 1C value of S. planiculmis was between 251.77 Mbp and 264.13 Mbp, and the 1C value of S. triqueter was 537.33 Mbp. Because the genome size of hybrids is usually between or larger than those of their parents, it is unlikely that S. mariqueter is a hybrid of the two species based on the abovementioned genome size. This study provides genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter and its related species and lays a foundation for its whole-genome sequencing. At the same time, it also rejects the hypothesis that S. mariqueter originated from hybridization between S. planiculmis and S. triqueter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] To provide foundation for understanding the genome composition, genetic variation, pathogenic mechanism and control method of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum H1 (one pathogen of pitaya canker disease), the genome sequence of N. dimidiatum H1 is sequenced and assembled. [Method] The genomic DNA of N. dimidiatum H1 that isolated from pitaya canker sample in Guizhou is extracted, and then the genome is sequenced, assembled and annotated by Illumina NovaSeq and Nanopole PromethION platforms. [Result] Based on the sequencing and assembly with Nanopore platform and the error correction with Illumina data, the N. dimidiatum H1 genome size was 43.78 Mb, and the number of Gap was 0. After sequence assembly, 14 contigs were obtained with a N50 length of 3.92 Mb, an average length of 3.13 Mb, and a longest length of 5.63 Mb. BUSCO was evaluated using eukaryotic and fungal lineal homologous gene sets, and the proportions of intact single-copy genes were 98.60% and 98.50%, respectively. There were 12 962 coding genes and 205 non-coding RNAs in N. dimidiatum H1. The content of repeat sequence was 1.62%, and simple repetition was the main type. Besides, the content of transposon was 1.59%, as the Gypsy subfamily belonging to LTR class and LINE class were the main type. Furthermore, a total of 12 703 (98%) coding genes were annotated, and showed high homology with that of Macrophomina phaseolina MS6 and Neofusicoccum parvum UCR-NP2, which both belonged to the Botryosphaeriaceae family. [Conclusion] In this study, a high quality genome sequence of N. dimidiatum H1 are obtained by using Nanopole and Illumina sequencing strategy, which provides a theoretical foundation for the study of pathogenic mechanism and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Opisthopappus taihangensis and O. longilobus, being perennial cliff herbs and endemic to Taihang Mountains, are important wild germplasm resources of Compositae, and have high economic and ecological values. To determine the appropriate sequencing strategy for the whole genome of O. taihangensis and O. longilobus, in this study, the genome sizes, heterozygosity, GC content, and repeatability were analyzed through the flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing methods. The results were as follows:(1) Using maize of known genome size as controls, the genome size of O. taihangensis was approximately 2.1 Gb, while that of O. longilobus was approximately 2.4 Gb.(2) For O. taihangensis, the revised genome size was 3.13 Gb, and the repetitive sequences proportion, heterozygosity and GC content in the whole genome were estimated to be 84.35%, 0.99% and 36.56% respectively. Within O. longilobus, the revised genome size, the repetitive sequences proportion, heterozygosity and GC content were 3.18 Gb, 83.83%, 1.17% and 36.62% respectively.(3) The initial depth and content distribution of GC appeared abnormal after initial assembly, which might be related to the relatively high heterozygous rate of the two species. Above all, the whole genomes of O. taihangensis and O. longilobus were both large and complex genomes with high heterozygosity and repetitiveness. Therefore, it suggests that the use of Illumina + PacBio sequencing assembly strategy for the whole genome sequencing analysis of two Opisthopappus species in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Multiple species of Cordyceps contain a high concentration of cordycepin, polysaccharide, pentostatinand other effective components, which have important medical and health care efficacy and development and utilization value. The mitogenome characteristics and evolution of Cordyceps were studied to provide a reference for the origin and evolution, resource protection, development and utilization of Cordyceps fungi.【Method】 Based on the mitogenome sequences of nine Cordyceps species, the characteristics, sequence repeats, structural variation, gene evolution and phylogeny of mitogenome were analyzed by using bioinformatics analysis software, such as MEGA, Reputer, MISA, mVISTA and PAML. 【Result】 There were significant differences in mitogenome size among nine Cordyceps species, and all containcoding genes for 15 protein coding genes, two rRNAs and at least 25 tRNAs. The number of repeats varied greatly among species, which mostly were forward repeats and palindromic repeats. SSRs were mainly of dinucleotide, trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats, and contained a high proportion of A or T bases. The structure of mitogenome was highly similar among all species, and no gene rearrangement was found. There was a linear positive correlation between mitogenome size and intron length. The nucleotide variation of rps3 gene was high, and the dN/dS ratio of all genes was less than one. There were positive selection sites in nad4, rps3, cob, nad2 and cox1 genes. C. confragosa and C. farinosa were closely related, whereas C. tenuipes, C. cicadae and C. chanhua gather together. 【Conclusion】 The mitogenome structure of Cordyceps was conservative, the genome size was mainly affected by introns, the protein coding genes were mainly affected by purification selection, and some genes were slightly selected in the process of interaction with the host and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to enrich the data on genome sizes of Polygonatum species, flow cytometry was used for ploidy detection and estimation of genome sizes of four Polygonatum species recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, including P. kingianum, P. sibiricum, P. cyrtonema, and P. odoratum from different habitats. The results show that Phyllostachys pubescens can be used as a suitable reference standard for the estimation of genome sizes of Polygonatum species. Regarding the four diploid Polygonatum species, the present study found that the genome size of P. odoratum（13 829-14 083 Mb） is similar to that of P. kingianum（13 780 Mb); the genome size of P. sibiricum（12 792-13 516 Mb） is slightly smaller than that of P. odoratum and P. kingianum; and the genome size of P. cyrtonema（9 311 Mb） is the smallest. The genome size of triploid P. cyrtonema is 11 032-11 267 Mb, which is 1.2 times larger than that of diploid P. cyrtonema. The genome size of tetraploid P. kingianum is 12 088-12 411 Mb, which is 89% of the size of diploid P. kingianum. The results append the data on the genome sizes of Polygonatum species, which will provide a reference for a follow-up study on genomics, species classification, and population evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant nuclear DNA content(2C-value)and ploidy level are important botanical characteristics which are powerful evidences for studies on population evolution, biosystematics and ecology. In order to determine the nuclear DNA content and ploidy level of Enkianthus Lour. from China, and to explore the difference of nuclear DNA contents between interspecies and intraspecies, we collected 60 samples from 23 populations, representing all six species of Enkianthus in subtropical areas of China, as experimental materials. We used Oryza sativa spp. japonica variety ‘Nipponbare' as an internal standard to determine their nuclear DNA contents by flow cytometry, and then the ploidy level was examined by referencing the 2C-value of a diploid species of E. serrulatus. In addition, the ploidy level was further verified by using traditional chromosome tableting technology. The results were as follows:(1)The mean nuclear DNA contents of Enkianthus species in China ranged from 1.77 to 5.62 pg.(2)Four species in Enkianthus sect. Enkianthus, E. quinqueflorus, E. serrulatus, E. serotinus and E. perulatus were diploid (2n=2x=22), and two species in Enkianthus sect. Racemus, E. chinensis and E. deflexus were tetraploid or hexaploid.(3) For diploid species, the nuclear DNA contents showed significant differences between interspecies and intraspecies(P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in tetraploid and hexaploid species(P>0.05). The results of this study provides reference for the future researches on phylogenetics, biogeography, domestication and genetic breeding of Enkianthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Macaranga indica and M. denticulata belong to the genus Macaranga Thou. (Euphorbiaceae family). Plants of this genus are widely used in treatments of many diseases in Chinese folk medicine. The nervonic acid contained in the seeds of these two plants has also attracted great attention of researchers. In order to determine the strategy of the whole genome of M. indica and M. denticulata. In the present study, we first determined the genome sizes, heterozygosities, and repetitive rates of M. indica and M. denticulata through the second generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods, and the SSR sequence characteristics of M. indica and M. denticulata were preliminarily analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The genome sizes of M. indica and M. denticulata were 986.84 and 946.23 M, respectively; (2) Heterozygosities and repetitive rates were 0.75% and 73.02% respectively in M. indica, and 0.65% and 71.5% in M. denticulata; (3) In addition, 4 499 185 and 4 969 098 genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in M. indica and M. denticulata were generated respectively. The results provide theoretical guidance for deep whole-genome sequencing of the two species and the screening and development of SSR molecular markers of M. indica and M. denticulata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The Unigene produced by leaf transcriptome of Nymphaea colorata and N.micrantha and the whole genome sequence of N.colorata were analyzed according to SSR loci characteristics. It provided basic data for the germplasm resource identification, genetic diversity analysis and genetic linkage map construction of water lily plants.[Method] Based on the leaf transcriptome data of N.colorata and N.micrantha which were acquired previously in the laboratory and the published genome of N.colorata,MISA software was used to search SSR loci and analyze the frequency, length and primitive types of SSR.[Result] 38 998 SSR loci were found among the 114 762 Unigenes sequences obtained from the transcriptome of N.colorata and N.micrantha.The SSR site frequency was 33.98%.Among them, 30 124 SSR loci belong to complete types. The total length of the SSR motif sequence was 465 550 bp, and had a total average of 21.65 bp.249 029 SSR sites were searched in the N.colorata genome, with an average distribution frequency of 609.0/Mb, including 163 265 intact SSR sites; the total length of SSR motif sequence was 2 775 181 bp, and 27.25 bp, accounted for 0.68% of N.colorata genome size. In the transcriptome and genome, the SSR loci were mainly dinucleotide and single nucleotide repeats, which respectively accounted for 48.87%,41.03% and 51.70%,43.37% of the total SSR. Among dinucleotide repeat motifs, AG/TC and AT/TA types were higher and both much higher than other types of repeat motifs. The number of repetitions of each type in the SSR primitive was mainly 5 to 11 times, of which 10 times were the most. Twelve pairs of SSR primers with good amplification and high polymorphism were selected based on fluorescence capillary electrophoresis from synthetic 144 pairs of SSR primers.[Conclusion] Low-level primitive types are abundant in the SSR of N.colorata and N.micrantha transcriptome and genome, which has great potential for developing and screening SSR primers with high polymorphism. The selected 12 pairs with good amplifications and high polymorphism of SSR primers can be used to study the identification of germplasm resources, genetic diversity analysis and genetic construction of plant chain map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Magnolia officinalis is a famous traditional medicinal plant, belonging to the Magnoliaceae family and Magnolia L. genus and being widely cultivated in China. Its barks, root barks, branch barks, leaves, flowers and fruits could be used as medicine or food. However, the whole genome information is little known for this plant species. In order to obtain the whole genome sequence information of M. officinalis, the leaf DNA was used as the material, and the third-generation sequencing technology of Pacbio Sequel was used to establish its nucleotide sequence database. Then genome assembly, function annotation and evolution analysis were carried out by bioinformatic methods. The results were as follows:(1)140.91 Gb the third-generation data were obtained after the original sequencing data, with the Read N50 about 13 784 bp. The assembled M. officinals genome size was 1.68 Gb, contig N50 being about 222 069 bp, and the integrity of single-copy gene being 81.0%.(2)98.40% of the genes from the assembled sequence got gene annotation after being compared with functional databases such as NR, KOG and KEGG. The result of KOG gene annotation was that the protein function of M. officinalis concentrated in the general functional prediction only, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones signal transduction mechanisms. GO functional classification indicated that the genes of M. officinalis concentrated on cell components and biological processes. KEGG analysis found that the M. officinalis genes mostly involved in metabolic pathways.(3)By comparative genomics analysis, the genomes of Vitis vinifera, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Poplar trichocarpa, Ginkgo biloba, Amborella trichopoda, Camellia sinensis and Cinnamomum kanehirae were aligned. It was found that 20 801 of 23 424 genes in M. officinalis could be classified into 12 129 families, 515 gene families being unique to M. officinalis. The genetic evolution tree constructed from the genomes of the selected reference species pointed that the M. officinalis(Magnoliaceae)was closely related to Cinnamomum kanehirae(Lauraceae), and the divergence time between the two species was about 122.5 mya. It is the first time to use the third-generation sequencing technology to analyze the whole genome of M. officinalis in the study, which is conducive to its further development and utilization, and also provides the information for the study of the whole genome of other medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, we used the information on the chloroplast genomes to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of Myrtales(97 species representing 44 genera in six family)and related groups(Geraniales, 25 species representing five genera in two families). The results were as follows:(1)The genome size of Myrtales ranged from 152 to 171 kb, including 74-90 protein-coding genes. The genome size of Geraniales ranged from 116 to 242 kb, including 75-132 protein-coding genes.(2)Phylogenetic analyses of whole genome and protein-coding genes yielded contradicting topologies for intra-order and Geraniales, but congruence results were found in Myrtales.(3)The phylogenetic tree based on protein-coding genes provided strong support for the monophyly of Myrtales and Geraniales and for the placement of Myrtales sister to the Geraniales; Within Myrtales, two major clades were identified, the first clade comprised a Melastomataceae lineage sister to a Myrtaceae + Vochysiaceae lineage and the second clade included Combretaceae sister to a subclade formed by the Onagraceae and Lythraceae lineages; At family level, Myrtaceae, Vochysiacea, Melastomataceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae, Combretaceae and Geraniaceae were strongly supported as monophyletic(family that represented by only one species was excluded).(4)The placement of Punica and Trapa in Lythraceae were supported.(5)Additionally, the sequence divergence of the protein-coding genes was estimated. For Melastomataceae, 53 variable protein-coding genes were identified, with the variation percentage ranged from 5.84% to 29.53% among the 19 genera. In Myrtaceae, the proportion of variability of 57 variable protein-coding genes ranged from 1.31% to 15.78% among the nine genera. Our study provides an important framework for further phylogenetic study in Myrtales and related groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to determine the genome size of two Cymbidium orchids species C. tortisepalum and C. sinense by the flow cytometry method. Fresh leaves of two species were collected and dissociated to extract their nuclei using the Galbraith’s buffer. Chicken erythocyte nuclei (CEN) was used as the internal standard for cytometrical measurements. The study shows the 2C value is (8.15±0.34) pg for C. tortisepalum, and (8.34±0.36) pg for C. sinense. By optimizing the dissociation and measurements, our study accurately estimated the genome sizes of both species. The results will enrich the gene pool of orchid family and provide the footing-stone for investigating the genome and species evolution, and further genomics and molecular cytogenetics studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genome contains the accumulated genetic information of a species, and genome size is an important metric for studying genome structure, function and evolution. Here, we briefly introduce the methods for estimating genome size and the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces underlying changes in animal genome size. We also review current progress in studying insect genome size, especially the correlation between genome size and variable phenotypic characteristics in insects. In general, evolutionary change in insect genome size is a quite complex process that is closely related to transposon. Genome size is the result of the balance between DNA loss and gain. Insect genome size is still evolving, which in turn influences the phenotypic characteristics of insects to various degrees, however, the explicit relationship between these two features remains obscure. Since they have the highest diversity of all animal taxa, insects are good models for studying genome size evolution. Further analysis of insect genome data facilitates uncovering evolutionary changes in insect genome size, which may also shed light on the "C-value enigma". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callicarpa nudiflora,which is a big brand of Li nationality medicine with Hainan characteristics,has the effects of dissolving stasis,hemostasis,anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. At present,there is a lack of information about the reference genome of C. nudiflora. The study of the genome size,heterozygosity rate and characteristics of SSR of C. nudiflora,can provide an effective basis for the formulation of the whole genome de novo sequencing strategy and development of SSR molecular markers of C. nudiflora. To realize this purpose,high throughput sequencing platform Illumina Hiseq was used to sequence the genome structure of C. nudiflora and K-mer analysis was applied to estimate genome size,repeat sequences and heterozygosity rate. Simple-sequence repeat( SSR) loci that are suitable as markers were identified by MISA software. The results showed the estimated genome size of C. nudiflora was 822. 43 Mb,with a 0. 85% heterozygosity rate and 71. 67% repeats,and the GC content of genome was about 49. 20%. Therefore,C. nudiflora belongs to a complex genome with high heterozygosity and repetition. SSR molecular genetic markers were analyzed in the genome sequence,and a total of 206 049 SSRs were identified,among which mono-nucleotide,di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repetitive motifs summed up to 198 993,accounting for 96. 57% of the total SSRs. Among the 2-6 nucleotide repeats,AT/AT,AAT/ATT,AGCC/CTGG,AAAAT/ATTTT and AGATAT/ATATCT have the largest number,respectively. This report represents the first genome-wide characterization of C. nudiflora,and provides a reference for the construction of the library for the fine sequencing of the genome,and a molecular basis for the development of SSR molecular markers as well as for the protection and utilization of gene resources.

Plant genome size (GS) varies greatly over 2400-fold in angiosperms. Genome sizes are closely related to plant traits from cellular to individual level, which would have far-reaching ecolo-gical implications. Genome size may shape the interspecific responses of plants to changes of resource availability in Inner Mongolia grassland which is co-limited by water and nitrogen availabi-lity. We tested the role of genome size in structuring plant community composition after single and combined water (W) amd nitrogen (N) addition in a typical grassland of Inner Mongolia. Plant genome sizes were estimated by flow cytometry. We found that the response of plant aboveground net primary production (ANPP) to change in water availability was significantly affected by genome size. Water and NW addition significantly increased ANPP of small GS plants, instead of large GS species. Nitrogen addition had no effects on ANPP of both small and large GS plants. We found no effects of all the treatments on plant species richness. Results showed that GS modulated the response of grassland plant species to changes in water rather than nitrogen availability in Inner Mongolia. Since GS is a relatively constant trait with substantial interspecific variation, the application of GS in ecological studies would be of great significance to better understanding of ecosystem structure and function under global change.

In this study, the mobilomes of nine teleost species were annotated by bioinformatics methods. Both of the mobilome size and constitute displayed a significant difference in 9 species of teleost fishes. The species of mobilome content ranking from high to low were zebrafish, medaka, tilapia, coelacanth, platyfish, cod, stickleback, tetradon and fugu. Mobilome content and genome size were positively correlated. The DNA transposons displayed higher diversity and larger variation in teleost (0.50% to 38.37%), was a major determinant of differences in teleost mobilomes, and hAT and Tc/Mariner superfamily were the major DNA transposons in teleost. RNA transposons also exhibited high diversity in teleost, LINE transposons accounted for 0.53% to 5.75% teleost genomic sequences, and 14 superfamilies were detected. L1, L2, RTE and Rex retrotransposons obtained significant amplification. While LTR displayed low amplification in most teleost with less than 2% of genome coverages, except in zebrafish and stickleback, where LTR reachs 5.58% and 2.51% of genome coverages respectively. And 6 LTR superfamilies (Copia, DIRS, ERV, Gypsy, Ngaro and Pao) were detected in the teleost, and Gypsy exhibits obvious amplication among them. While the SINE represents the weakest ampification types in teleost, only within zebrafish and coelacanth, it represents 3.28% and 5.64% of genome coverages, in the other 7 teleost, it occupies less than 1% of genomes, and tRNA, 5S and MIR families of SINE have a certain degree of amplification in some teleosts. This study shows that the teleost display high diversity and large variation of mobilome, there is a strong correlation with the size variations of genomes and mobilome contents in teleost, mobilome is an important factor in determining the teleost genome size.

Objective: To explore the genome sequence of Aureobasidium pullulans CCTCC M2012223, analyze the key genes related to the biosynthesis of important metabolites, and provide genetic background for metabolic engineering., Methods: Complete genome of A. pullulans CCTCC M2012223 was sequenced by Illumina HiSeq high throughput sequencing platform. Then, fragment assembly, gene prediction, functional annotation, and GO/COG cluster were analyzed in comparison with those of other five A. pullulans varieties., Results: The complete genome sequence of A. pullulans CCTCC M2012223 was 30756831 bp with an average GC content of 47.49%, and 9452 genes were successfully predicted. Genome-wide analysis showed that A. pullulans CCTCC M2012223 had the biggest genome assembly size. Protein sequences involved in the pullulan and polymalic acid pathway were highly conservative in all of six A. pullulans varieties. Although both A. pullulans CCTCC M2012223 and A. pullulans var. melanogenum have a close affinity, some point mutation and inserts were occurred in protein sequences involved in melanin biosynthesis., Conclusion: Genome information of A. pullulans CCTCC M2012223 was annotated and genes involved in melanin, pullulan and polymalic acid pathway were compared, which would provide a theoretical basis for genetic modification of metabolic pathway in A. pullulans.

Objective: Mycobaterium neoaurum MN4 is a substrate-resistant mutant strain with high-yield androstenedione. In order to further study MN4 strain substrate-resistant mechanism and androstenedione biosynthetic pathway, it is necessary to decipher the MN4 strain genome., Methods: The genome was sequenced using highthroughput sequencing technology, and analyzed using relevant software for genome assembly, gene prediction and functional annotation, COG cluster analysis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters prediction., Results: The whole genome is assembled into 33 contigs, and the genome size is 5.39 Mb, GC content of 66.9% with encoding 4920 protein genes. The genome sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number JXYZ00000000., Conclusion: This study is the first report of androstenedione producing strain Mycobacterium neoaurum MN4 genome sequence, and provides a theoretical basis for further heterologous expression of secondary metabolites on Mycobacterium neoaurum MN4.

Objective: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 13952 is an inosine-producing strain. In order to study the mechanisms of inosine accumulation and offer help for molecular breeding, it is necessary to uncover the genome sequence of ATCC 13952., Methods: Whole-genome sequencing of ATCC 13952 is carried out by Solexa and Sanger sequencing. Genome assembly, gene prediction and functional annotation, GO/COG cluster analysis and synteny analysis are done using relevant software., Results: The complete genomic information of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 13952 is contained on a single circular chromosome of 3876276 bp with an average GC content of 45.8%. The genome sequence is deposited in the GenBank under the accession number CP009748. Comparative genomic analysis shows that ATCC 13952 should have significant genomic synteny with other Bacillus subtilis strains. On the other hand, some point mutation and deletions occurred in purine metabolism-related genes between ATCC 13952 and the standard strain., Conclusion: The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for subsequent further molecular breeding.

Objective: To develop a rapid analytical method for the determination of genome size of Atractylodes lancea by flow cytometry (FCM), and to estimate genome size of five typical plant types of cultivated Atractylodes lancea., Methods: The fresh young leaves of Atractylodes lancea were used for the preparation of nuclear suspension with two-step protocol. After staining with propidium iodide, the mixture was analyzed by flow cytometry. Zea mays 'CE-777' or Vicafaba 'Inorce' was used for DNA reference standard., Results: The flow cytometric method was developed after screening internal standard, optimizing sample preparation and FCM setups. The narrow leaf type of Atractylodes lancea got the biggest genome size, whereas the smallest one was fasciated stem type. It was suggested that parted leaf might be caused by genome size decrease., Conclusion: The methodology presented in this study is suitable for measuring the genome size of Atractylodes lancea. This study also provides useful information on population variation, evaluation of germplasm resources, and breeding of Atractylodes lancea.

Single-cell prokaryotes represent a simple and primitive cellular life form. The identification of the essential genes of bacteria and the minimal genome for the free-living cellular life could provide insights into the origin, evolution, and essence of life forms. The principles, methodology, and recent progresses in the identification of essential genes and minimal genome and the creation of synthetic cells are reviewed and particularly the strategies for creating the minimal genome and the potential applications are introduced.