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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the effect of prenatal glucocorticoids therapy on hearing screening in premature infants Methods: Data of 693 preterm infants with gestational age of 24-34+6weeks admitted to theJiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital within 24 h after birth from June 2022 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The infants were divided into the DXM group （544 cases） and the non-DXM group （149 cases） based on whether dexamethasone （DXM） was administered prenatally. General data of preterm infants and parturients in two groups were compared, and the effects of different doses and timing of DXM on hearing screening were analyzed. Results: In the terms of preliminary hearing screening. the pass rate of initial hearing screening in DXM group was significantly higher than that in non-DXM group（53.9% vs 35.6%）, with statistical significance（ P <0.05）. Further subgroup analysis showed that the passing rate of preliminary hearing screening in adequate prenatal dose（=4 doses） DXM group（58.1%） was significantly higher than that in insufficient group（48.0%） and excessive group（42.4%）, with statistical significance（ P <0.05）. Administering DXM 48 hours to 7 days before birth resulted in a higher pass rate for initial hearing screening compared to administration <48 hours or >7 days before birth （56.4% vs. 48.6%）, with a statistically significant difference （P < 0.05）. In terms of re-hearing screening, the pass rate of secondary hearing screening was not significantly correlated with DXM treatment（ P >0.05）, but was significantly correlated with gestational age, birth weight, hospital stays, invasive mechanical ventilation, and common neonatal diseases（bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome）（ P <0.05）. Among them, bronchopulmonary dysplasia was an independent risk factor forsecondary hearing screening referral（ P <0.05）. Conclusion: A single course of adequate dexamethasone use within 48 h-7 d of prenatal has a positive effect on the preliminary hearing screening of preterm infants., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the rapid development of genomics, imaging detection, audiology technology, and gene therapy, the clinical practice of childhood hearing loss has also made significant progress. This paper summarized and analyzed the important concepts, epidemiology, hearing screening, hearing diagnosis, genetic evaluation, imaging detection and intervention strategies of pediatric hearing loss, especially the current situation and new progress, to facilitate the clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment of childhood hearing loss., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To investigate the audiological characteristics and possible causes of unilateral hearing loss in infants and young children. Methods: 105 infants from Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Institution who failed the newborn hearing screening and were referred to the Children's Hearing Diagnosis Center of PLA General Hospital for hearing diagnosis. They were diagnosed with unilateral hearing loss and underwent clinical data collection. A full set of audiological examinations included ABR, 40 Hz auditory event related potential, ASSR, DPOAE, tympanometry. Results: ①In initial diagnosis, 45 cases（42.86%） had mild hearing loss, 19 cases（18.10%） had moderate hearing loss, 14 cases（13.33%） had severe hearing loss, and 27 cases（25.71%） had severe hearing loss; Among them, 65 cases（61.90%） were conductive hearing loss or mixed hearing loss, and 40 cases（38.10%） were sensorineural hearing loss. ②83 of 105 cases had follow-up visits: 24 cases were normal, 15 cases with mild hearing loss, 4 cases with moderate hearing loss, 12 cases with severe hearing loss, and 26 cases with extremely severe hearing loss, 2 cases of hearing loss in both ears. ③From the initial diagnosis to the follow-up diagnosis, the change of mild hearing loss was the largest, followed by moderate hearing loss, severe and extremely severe hearing loss basically did not change; the number of mild and severe conductive hearing loss which recovered to normal hearing was most, the number of sensorineural hearing loss changed little. Conclusion: The infants who failed the newborn hearing screening and were diagnosed with unilateral hearing loss were mainly mild to moderate conductive hearing loss and severe to extremely severe sensorineural hearing loss. The hearing of children with hearing loss gradually improved, and severe and extremely severe sensorineural hearing loss remained unchanged., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To establish a hearing care network for preschool children in Nanjing, to perform early identification and intervention for delayed hearing loss, and to evaluate the application effect of the hearing care network. Methods: Through the establishment of a hearing care network, hearing screening, diagnosis and follow-up of preschool children were conducted. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions（DPOAE） was adopted for primary hearing screening. Children who failed in the primary screening were re-screened within half a month. DPOAE and acoustic impedance test were used for hearing re-screening. Clinical diagnosis and audiological evaluation were performed for children who failed in the re-screening. Speech assessment, hearing aid intervention, and audio-speech follow-up were conducted for children diagnosed with delayed hearing loss. Results: Among 29 919 preschool children completing the hearing screening from May 2019 to September 2022, 3208 cases（10.7%） failed the primary screening and 1437 cases（47.7%） failed the re-screening. Total 747 children completed the hearing diagnosis, and 70 children were diagnosed with delayed hearing loss, with a detection rate of 0.23%. Among them, 20 cases were accompanied by language development delay, in which 12 cases received hearing aids and 2 cases received cochlear implantation. In addition, speech assessment and audiological follow-up were completed for 53 children. Conclusion: The hearing screening for preschool children is beneficial for early detection of children with delayed hearing loss and language development delay. Besides, the establishment of hearing care network is conducive to early identification and intervention of children with hearing loss., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To investigate the failure in the hearing screening test among twin neonates in neonatal intensive care unit （NICU） and to further clarify the etiology of neonatal hearing impairment, thus to provide insights into prevention and early intervention. Methods: Automated auditory brainstem response（AABR）, distortion product otoacoustic emission（DPOAE） and acoustic immittance were performed on 1452 neonates（including 130 twins） admitted in NICU from January 2015 to June 2018 and the risk factors including premature birth, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, etc. were analyzed retrospectively by univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The incidence of C-section, premature birth, hyperbilirubinemia, low birth weight, very low birth weight, in-vitro fertilization, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome and formula or mixed feeding among twin neonates were significantly higher than those of singleton neonates （ P <0.05）. The pass rates of the first-time AABR, DPOAE and acoustic immittance were significantly lower than singleton neonates. The proportion of twin neonates who failed the initial screening but recovered in the following test was as high as 72.86%. AABR pass rate was correlated with congenital heart disease, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, C-section and （very） low birth weight. The pass rate of DPOAE was correlated with low birth weight and C-section. The pass rate of acoustic immittance was correlated with preterm birth, C-section, low birth weight, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. The pass rate of diagnostic ABR was associated with gestational diabetes. And the pass rate of diagnostic DPOAE was associated with maternal age ≥40 years old. Conclusion: The first-time hearing screening pass rate of twin neonates in NICU is lower than that of neonatal singleton. Most twin neonates who fail in the first screening test will recover. Preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, （very） low birth weight, congenital heart disease, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome, maternal age ≥ 40 years old and C-section are associated with the first-time failure in hearing screening tests among twin neonates, thus entailing close follow-up., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To investigate the timing and method of surgical intervention for neonates diagnosed with middle ear effusion after hearing screening failure. Methods: ① A total of 103 children were enrolled in this study and received follow-up evaluations for every month. ② After the first follow-up period for 3 months, the uncured cases were divided into three groups according to the course of the illness. Group Ⅰ is the group of improvement, group Ⅱ is the group of relapse, and the group Ⅲ is the persistent group. The infants will receive symptomatic treatment if necessary. After 6 months, surgical treatment would be recommended in the persistent cases and aggravation, the cases of improvement and cases that the parents don't receive the operation would continue to be observed. All patients were observed till they were cured or operated. The operation was performed with tympanostomy and ventilation tube insertion if necessary. ③The distribution of self-healing time was analyzed. Compare the difference of the number of the cases who followed up for 3 months, 6 months and finally recovered naturally. The self-healing rates of different influencing factors were compared. The final operation rate of group Ⅰ, groupⅡ and group Ⅲ were compared. Results: ① The median distribution of self-healing time（month age） in 103 cases was 7.00[5.76, 8.24], and the number of self-healing cases decreased significantly after 9 months of age. There were 43 cases（41.75%）, 67 cases（65.5%） and 81 cases（78.64%） recovered naturally after 3 months, 6 months and follow-up in the end, and the difference was statistically significant. ②The self-healing rate of maxillofacial deformities was the lowest（8.33%）, and the difference was statistically significant compared with other factors. ③The final 22 cases underwent surgical treatment, including 1 case in group Ⅰ（3.45%）, 4 cases in group Ⅱ（30.77%）, and 17 cases in group Ⅲ（94.45%）, with statistically significant difference. ④17 children underwent tympanoplasty, 1 patient underwent tympanoplasty and adenoidectomy, and 4 children only underwent tympanotomy. The hearing of 22 cases returned to normal after operation, but 4 cases of patients with tympanotomy had recurrent tympanic effusion, among which 2 cases had serious effusion and had to be operated again. Conclusion: The infants diagnosed with tympanic effusion can be observed for more than 6 months before surgical intervention is considered. The characteristics of disease course and influencing factors during the follow-up period are of great significance to determine the time of surgical intervention for tympanic effusion in infants. Due to the long observation period, the operative method is suggested to perform tympanotomy tubes, and the possibility of recurrence after tympanotomy is high., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective To investigate the clinical value of the universal newborn hearing screening with hearing and deafness predisposing genes. Methods Seven hundred and forty-eight newborns were accepted for universal newborn hearing screening with hearing and deafness predisposing genes. Transient evoked otoacoustic emission （TEOAE） was used for hearing screening with AccuScreen full-featured automatic otoacoustic emission hearing screening device produced by MADSEN company. Three common deafness genes including mtDNA A1555G， GJB2 and SLC26A4 were detected．Results In the 748 cases，there were 222 cases showed "refer" at the first step of hearing screening. In the second hearing screening， there were 27 cases of 623 cases still showed "refer". The carrying rate of deafness gene was 15‰ in 744 cases with deafness predisposing genes screening．Conclusion The newborn hearing screening with hearing and deafness predisposing genes can facilitate early detection for hearing loss and the carrier of deafness gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To obtain incidence of hearing loss and the influence factors in adult health check-up population, and to provide supporting information for the prevention of hearing loss. Method: Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Adult-screening（HHIA-S）, electro-otoscopy and pure tone test were used to evaluate subjects'hearing health condition. SPSS 25.0 software was used to perform one-way ANOVA on the results. Result: ①HHIA-S questionnaire results: 3704 subjects completed the questionnaire, 29 subjects（0.8%） were reported hearing difficulties in daily life. ②Hearing screening results: 1264 subjects failed to pass the hearing screening, including 936 male and 328 female subjects. 33.5% subjects with noramlself-rated hearing failed to pass the hearing screening test, and all the patients with abnormal self-rated hearing did not pass the hearing screening.③The passing rate of hearing screening was significantly affected by gender, age, BMI, blood pressure and plasma glucose. The passing rate of hearing screening was higher in female than that in male, in younger than that in elder, in subjects with normal blood pressure, plasma glucose and BMI than those with abnormal above conditions. Conclusion: Aging, abnormal blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and BMI may have potential risks on hearing health. Therefore, it is of practical significance to carry out hearing screening in adult population. For those adults with abnormal indexes, they should pay close attention to their hearing condition status and monitor their hearing regularly., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To investigate the clinical audiological characteristics of twins and analyze the risk factors for hearing loss. Method： The subjects were 72 cases,selected from our hospital otological outpatient of 0 to 4 years old twins. All subjects underwent universal newborn hearing screening and had definite results. At the same time, acoustic immittance,auditory brainstem response, auditory steady-state response, pediatric behavior audiometry and other audiological tests were carried out. Subjects were divided into two groups according to whether with high risk factors for hearing loss: 42 patients(58.33%) in group A(risk factor group) and 30 patients(41.67%) in group B (no risk factor group).The results of universal newborn hearing screening(UNHS),hearing diagnosis, degree of hearing loss, type of hearing curve and risk factors categories of hearing loss were analyzed for both groups of subjects. Result: In 72 cases,41 were males and 31 were females. Thirty-one were the first born and 41 were the second born. Age distribution of first visit:3 to 40 months, median age: 4-6 months.Forty-seven(65.27%) failed in the UNHS. The failing rate was higher in group A(76.19%) than in group B(50.00%).Fifty(69.44%) were diagnosed with hearing loss.78.57% of hearing loss was diagnosed in group A, which was higher than that in group B(56.67%).The degree of hearing loss in group A was mainly profound(43.55%) and group B was moderate(48.00%).The differences above all was statistically significant.For the hearing curve type, group A(35.48%) and group B(40.00%) were both mainly flat-type, the difference was not statistically significant. In 72 cases, there were 42 cases(58.33%) with risk factors for hearing loss, of which 38.1% had two or more kinds of risk factors and 61.9% had one kind of risk factor.Hyperbilirubinemia was the major risk factor(34.92%). Conclusion: 69.44% of twins had a confirmed hearing loss. Those with risk factors had higher failing rate of UNHS and more serious hearing loss.58.33% of twins had risk factors for hearing loss, and individuals with two or more kinds of risk factors were much more. Hyperbilirubinemia takes the first place and should be paid enough attention by clinicians., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To explore the correlation of SLC26A4 genotype and audiology. Method: The subjects were 70 children aged 0 to 7 years old, who were admitted to otological outpatient department.All subjects received nine crystal hereditary deafness gene chip and confirmed by (or)SLC26A4 gene full coding region detection.The patients were diagnosed as homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations.At the same time,acoustic immittance,auditory brainstem response, auditory steady state response and pediatric behavior audiometry, newborn hearing screening and other audiological tests were displayed. According to the genotype, the subjects were divided into two groups: group A (SLC26A4 gene homozygous mutation) in 40 cases, group B (SLC26A4 gene compound heterozygous mutation) in 30 cases. The frequency of SLC26A4 gene mutation, the two groups of genotypes and hearing screening results,the degree of hearing loss and audiometric configurations were analyzed statistically. Result: In 70 patients, the top 4 of the 70 patients with high frequency of mutations were IVS7-2A> G(76.43%), 2168A> G(15.00%), 1226G> A(2.86%) and 2000T> C(2.16%), respectively. 34.29% of newborns passed hearing screening with single or double ears, among which group A and group B were 32.50% and 36.67%,respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in hearing screening. The degree of hearing loss in group A(56.25%) and group B(48.33%) were mainly profound and there was no significant difference between them. The audiometric configurations: group A(60.00%) was mainly high frequency loss type, while group B(55.00%) was mainly flat type. The difference between them was statistically significant. Conclusion: The mutation sites of SLC26A4 gene were mainly IVS7-2A> G, and the degree of hearing loss was mostly profound. To the audiometric configurations,SLC26A4 gene homozygous mutant were mainly high frequency loss type, while SLC26A4 gene compound heterozygous mutant were mainly flat type. 34.29% children passed universal newborn hearing screening with one ear at least, which indicates SLC26A4 gene mutations can result in late-onset hearing loss, so those patients should be attached great importance.., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the sensitivity and specificity of the internet-based digital noise threshold (DIN) test for detecting noise-induced hearing loss, expecting to provide a rapid and effective screening tool for clinical application. Method: This study enrolled 50 adult subjects, of which 34 were normal hearing (NH), 16 patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Pure-tone audiometry, acoustic immittance and DIN test were tested respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between NH and SNHL. The eigenvalues, sensitivities and specificities of the tested materials were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) and the area under the curve. Result: ①The correlation between the speech recognition threshold (SRTn) and pure tone audiometry thresholds (average of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz) was 0.85 ( P <0.01). ②The optimal cut off point for DIN-based test materials under noise based on Internet technology was -9.5 dB, which means that hearing loss is highly suspect when DIN is above this value under noise and should be referred to a hearing center for diagnostic tests. ③The sensitivity and specificity was 0.938 and 0.941 respectively with -0.95 dB as the best cutoff point. Conclusion: This DIN test based on Internet, which has an excellent performance as a hearing screening method with good sensitivity and specificity, could be an effective tool for large-scale adult hearing screening.

Objective: To study the natural history of otitis media with effusion (OME) in infants, to guide clinical observation and treatment. Method: Newborns and infants born who failed newborn hearing screening and diagnosed OME were studied. Those with OME were diagnosed within 3 months old and followed-up. All subjects were examined with tympanometry once a month and with whole audiometric evaluation once three months. The causes, the time of recovery, and the disease course were analyzed in 46 infants followed-up at least 6 months. Result: 24 infants were failed bilateral and 22 with monaural in initial hearing screening. 22 infants were failed bilateral and 24 with monaural in repeated screening. The failed ears side changed in 2 with monaural. 69 ears (bilateral in 23 cases and unilateral in 23 cases) were diagnosed OME. In these 69 ears, the 226 Hz tympanograms showed type A, type B, or type C, the 1 000 Hz tympanograms had no peak, the distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) were not found, the response thresholds of auditory brainstem response (ABR) were 20-60 dBnHL. 37 cases (80.4%) were recovered, and 9 cases were unrecovered. The first recovered case was in 4 months old, the last one was in 18 months old. 29 recovered cases were followed-up less than 6 months (with 9 months old), 7 cases in the 9 unrecovered cases did not return visit after followed-up 6 months, but they were found that the hearing level improved by the telephone follow-up. The other 2 cases showed recurrence and from unilateral ear to both ears. The causes included choking milk, rhinobyon, and cold repeatedly. Conclusion: OME in infants has the self-healing nature. We suggest to observe the infants for a long time. Avoiding the causes is benefit to self-healing., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: It is the first time to study the hearing screening results in NICU infants in Heilongjiang province,to analyze the various diseases and hearing loss distribution in NICU infants. Method: Three hundred and thirty four newborns(668 ears) in NICU received hearing screening with TEOAE and AABR test.We compared the results of different risk factors. Result: The failed ratio of different diseases in NICU are as follow: premature infants 61%,hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) 35%,neonatal infectious pneumonia 30%,neonatal sepsis 30%,neonatal aspiration pneumonitis 36%,neonatal jaundice 29%. Conclusion: The positive ratio of preterm infants was 61%,which is higher than the other diseases in NICU infants of Heilongjiang province.Both TEOAE and AABR failure have a high incidence of abnormal hearing status.Neonatal jaundice,neonatal infectious pneumonia and premature infants diseases are the high risk factors of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder(ANSD) in NICU infants of Heilongjiang., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)