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The chromosome immunoprecipitation sequencing technology（ChIP-seq）, which combines the chromatin immunoprecipitation technology（ChIP）with the second generation sequencing technology, is an important method for analyzing the epigenetic changes of the whole genome, and can quickly and effectively detect DNA and protein binding sites, transcription factor binding sites（TFBS）, histone post-translation modifications（hPTMs）, nucleosome localization and DNA methylation in the whole genome. However, for a long time, ChIP-seq needs a large number of cells to generate high-quality data sets, which limits the application of ChIP in some specific tissue and low-cell samples such as oocytes, early embryonic cells and other research fields. In recent years, based on ChIP, researchers have proposed a series of low-input ChIP-seq methods to reduce the initial sample amount and experimental cost and increase the sequencing quality, which has promoted the development of epigenomics. In this paper, we reviewed the principles of ChIP and the methodological development of ChIP-seq reducing low-input amount, compared several of the more important methods, and summarized the application of ChIP-seq with lowinput amount in epigenetic research. Finally, we prospected the application and development of low initial ChIP-seq technology, aiming to provide reference for the selection of different low-input ChIP-seq methods for low cell number samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique patterns of epigenetic modifications appear in mammalian oocyte development. Establishment of these modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, is a complicated but highly ordered process, which is crucial in terms of oocyte maturation and early embryo development in mammals. Therefore, dissecting the mechanisms of epigenetic establishment in oocytes is of great significance to look insight into the principles of reproduction and pathogenesis of related diseases. In this review, we delineate the distribution patterns and dynamic landscapes of DNA methylation as well as histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation and lactylation in mammalian oocyte development represented by mice and humans. Meanwhile, we present a summary and discussion in the matter of the potential relevance among these epigenetic modifications, which are regulated by multiple factors related to biological functions.