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Objective: To explore clinical and genetic features of persistent asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in children. Methods: A retrospective case analysis of 135 individuals admitted to Xi 'an Children's Hospital with persistent asymptomatic microscopic haematuria between January 2016 to December 2023 was conducted. The demographic characteristics, kidney pathology and gene results of 135 individuals were analyzed. One hundred and thirty-five individuals were divided into 2 groups (positive group and negative group) according to family history of glomerulogenic hematuria in first-degree relatives. The differences of hematuria remission, proteinuria and gene variation were compared between the 2 groups. Two independent sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson Chi-square, Yates' corrected Chi-squared test or Fisher exact test were used for comparison between groups. Results: All 135 children, with 48 males and 87 females, were 8.5 (6.5, 9.5) years old at first presentation. Kidney biopsy was performed in 73 cases (54.1%). Kidney pathology showed mild lesions in 41 cases (56.2%), thin basement membrane disease (TBMD) in 24 cases (32.9%), typical pathological features of Alport syndrome in 5 cases (6.8%), and other manifestations in 3 cases (4.1%). The positive group comprised 52 individuals, whereas the negative group consisted of 83 individuals. The positive group demonstrated a higher susceptibility in proteinuria and gene variation, while the negative group exhibited a greater rate of hematuria remission ( χ 2 =5.00, 5.27, 8.52, all P <0.05). Whole exome sequencing was performed in 80 individuals and 18 individuals (22.5%) had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in COL4A3-5. COL4A5 was the most common gene afected, accounting for 11 cases. The 135 individuals were followed up for 4.2 (2.9, 5.1) years, of which 31 cases (22.9%) had complete hematuria remission at 2.1 (1.4, 2.7) years. Up to March 2024, there were also 7 individuals (5.2%) with varying degrees of proteinuria, and 3 individuals (2.2%) with proteinuria progressed to chronic kidney insufficiency. Conclusions: The most common kidney pathological types in children with persistent asymptomatic microscopic hematuria are minor lesions and TBMD. Children with microscopic hematuria whose first-degree relatives have a family history of hematuria are more likely to have proteinuria and gene variants. COL4A3-5 genetic screening could be considered a priority in these children.

Objectives: To investigate the nutritional status of children with Crohn's Disease (CD) at diagnosis and its association with clinical characteristics., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data and nutritional status of 118 children with CD who were admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2016 to January 2024. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for malnutrition., Results: A total of 118 children with CD were included, among whom there were 68 boys (57.6%) and 50 girls (42.4%), with a mean age of (11±4) years. Clinical symptoms mainly included recurrent abdominal pain (73.7%, 87/118), diarrhea (37.3%, 44/118), and hematochezia (32.2%, 38/118), and 63.6% (75/118) of the children had weight loss at diagnosis. The incidence rate of malnutrition was 63.6% (75/118), and the children with moderate or severe malnutrition accounted for 67% (50/75). There were 50 children (42.4%) with emaciation, 8 (6.8%) with growth retardation, and 9 (7.6%) with overweight or obesity. Measurement of nutritional indices showed a reduction in serum albumin in 83 children (70.3%), anemia in 74 children (62.7%), and a reduction in 25 hydroxyvitamin D in 15 children (60%, 15/25). The children with malnutrition had significantly higher disease activity, proportion of children with intestinal stenosis, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a significant reduction in serum albumin ( P <0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that intestinal stenosis was an independent risk factor for malnutrition in children with CD ( OR =4.416, P <0.05)., Conclusions: There is a high incidence rate of malnutrition in children with CD at diagnosis, which is associated with disease activity and disease behavior. The nutritional status of children with CD should be closely monitored.

Food allergy are triggered by an abnormal immune response to specific food components, with milk and eggs being the most common food allergens, especially in children. Food allergy can cause various symptoms such as rashes, difficulty breathing, and digestive issues. Allergen component diagnostics is a technique used to identify specific allergenic proteins, aiding doctors in providing more precise treatment and management recommendations for patients. This article analyzes the latest research developments and clinical significance of milk and egg allergen components based on the " Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0)" issued by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), including their applications in clinical diagnosis, treatment, and management. This article aims to enhance healthcare professionals' understanding of milk and egg allergies, offering new perspectives and practical guidelines for research and clinical practice to promote accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.

Objective: To investigate the effects of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) on patients' immune markers and metabolic levels in the early stage of allergen treatment, and to gain insight into the role of SCIT in regulating immune responses and metabolic levels, so as to provide reference data for the further discovery of potential biomarkers. Methods: A longitudinal study was used to include 40 subjects who underwent SCIT with dust mite allergens in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between November 2017 and February 2022, including 20 subjects each of single mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SM-SCIT) and double mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (DM-SCIT). In this study, levels of dust mite allergen-specific antibodies and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism were measured before and 12 months after treatment, while pulmonary function tests were performed. The therapeutic effects of the patients were followed up by visual analogue scale (VAS), asthma control test (ACT) and total medication scores (TMS). The results were statistically analyzed using t -test and Mann-Whitney U -test. Results: After 12 months of treatment with SCIT, both groups showed a significant decrease in total VAS score (SM-SCIT: Z =-2.298, P <0.05; DM-SCIT: Z =-3.411, P <0.001); total ACT score (SM-SCIT: Z =-2.054, P <0.05; DM-SCIT: Z =-2.014, P <0.05) and total medication scores (SM-SCIT: Z =-3.799, P <0.000 1; DM-SCIT: Z =-3.474, P <0.001) were significantly higher, in addition to significantly higher MMEF75/25 values in the DM-SCIT group ( t =-2.253, P <0.05). There was no significant change in sIgE in the SM-SCIT group ( P >0.05), and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 2, and p 21 fractions were significantly elevated ( Z= -2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, and -3.285, respectively, all P <0.05); The sIgE of Der p 2, f 2, p 7 and p 23 fractions( Z =-2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, -3.285, all P <0.05) and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 1, f 2, p 10, p 21 and p 23 fractions ( Z =-3.808, -3.845, -3.061, -2.688, -2.464, -3.211, -2.371, -2.091, -2.427, all P <0.05) of the DM-SCIT group were significantly elevated. Metabolomics analysis showed that arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were significantly elevated at the beginning of the treatment period after SM-SCIT treatment ( Z of -2.191, -2.497, -1.988, -2.090, -2.19, -2.803, -2.073, all P <0.05); 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid showed elevated and alpha-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were significantly decreased in the DM-SCIT group after treatment ( Z =-1.988, -2.090, -2.497, -1.988, respectively, all P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed that arachidonic acid was significantly negatively correlated with changes in dust mite-specific IgG4 ( r= -0.499, P <0.05), and that alpha-linolenic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were positively correlated with the ΔsIgG4 of the dust mite der p 2 ( r =0.451, 0.420, 0.474, respectively; all P <0.05). Conclusion: Significant changes in allergen-specific antibody levels and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism levels occur during SCIT, and the two may interact and influence each other.

Objective: To investigate the relative expression level and clinical significance of LINC00475 in serum of patients with multiple myeloma (MM)., Methods: The expression of LINC00475 in serum of 108 MM patients and five MM cell lines including RPMI 8226, NCI-H929, U266, OPM2 and CAG were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The diagnostic value of LINC00475 in MM was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The correlation of LINC00475 with patients' characteristics was analyzed., Results: Compared with control groups, the expression of LINC00475 was up-regulated in serum of MM patients and MM cell lines (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of LINC00475 was 262.4, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.924(95% CI : 0.884-0.964), and sensitivity and specificity was 83.3% and 91.7%, respectively, which indicated that LINC00475 had good evaluation value in MM patients. Compared with low- LINC00475 expression group, patients in high- LINC00475 expression group had higher levels of β 2 microglobulin (β 2 -MG) and Cystatin C (Cys-C) but lower albumin (ALB) (all P < 0.05). Compared with MM patients with International Staging System (ISS) stage I, the expression level of LINC00475 was significantly higher in patients with stage II and III (both P < 0.05)., Conclusion: LINC00475 is helpful to distinguish MM patients from healthy adults, which is correlated with the prognostic indicators such as β 2 -MG, ALB, and ISS stage.

This study was based on the observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), conventional gaseous air pollutants, and meteorological parameters observed at the Xinxiang Municipal Party School site from June to August 2021. The ozone (O 3 ) characteristics and sensitivity of O 3 pollution days and the control strategy of its precursors were studied using an observation-based model (OBM). It was found that the meteorological conditions were characterized by high temperature, low humidity, and low pressure in O 3 -pollution days. The concentrations of O 3 and its precursors all increased in the O 3 pollution days. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and alkanes were the highest-concentration components of VOCs on O 3 pollution days in Xinxiang, and OVOCs had the highest ozone formation potential (OFP) and hydroxyl (·OH) reactivity. According to the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) analysis, during the O 3 pollution days in Xinxiang, O 3 sensitivity was in the VOCs-limited regime in June and in the transitional regime in July and August. Ozone production was more sensitive to alkenes and OVOCs. The RIR values of the precursors in June changed throughout the day, but O 3 sensitivity remained the VOCs-limited regime. In July and August, O 3 sensitivity was the VOCs-limited regime in the morning, transitional regime at noon, transitional and NO x -limited regime, respectively in the afternoon. By simulating different precursor-reduction scenarios, the results showed that the reduction of VOCs was always beneficial to the control of O 3 , whereas the reduction of NO x had little effect on the control of O 3 and a risk of increasing O 3 .

Excess sludge is rich in organic matter but also contains heavy metals, pathogens, and harmful substances. In this study, hydroaluminite and excess sludge were used as raw materials to reduce the risk of heavy metals leaching from sludge by coagulation and co-pyrolysis, and its phosphate adsorption characteristics were studied. The results showed that the leaching amount of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ni in sludge biochar decreased with the increase in the hydroaluminite dosage. The sludge biochar composite (1:1HB800), prepared by co-pyrolysis of hydroaluminite and excess sludge with a mass ratio of 1:1 as well as rich in calcium and aluminum, had lowest leaching risk of heavy metals and showed the high adsorption capacity for phosphate. The process could be fitted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm ( R 2 =0.93), and the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity at 25℃ was 51.38 mg·g -1 . The pseudo second-order kinetic model could well describe the adsorption process of 1:1HB800 for high concentration phosphate, and its adsorption rate was controlled by both surface adsorption and particle diffusion. Compared with that in the neutral solution, 1:1HB800 had better phosphate capacity in the acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, which was related to the leaching amount of calcium/aluminum in 1:1HB800 and the existence form of aluminum under the different pH conditions. FTIR, XRD, SEM, zero potential point, and Ca 2+ /Al 3+ leaching experiments indicated that the main adsorption mechanisms for phosphate by 1:1HB800 were co-precipitation (interaction between Ca 2+ /Al 3+ and phosphate), ligand exchange (hydroxyl), and electrostatic interaction. Therefore, 1:1HB800 can provide a feasible alternative for the removal of phosphate in aqueous solutions and also provide a potential new method for the resource utilization and harmless treatment of excess sludge.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Huaier extract supernatant(HES) on the proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and migration of human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells and its molecular mechanisms. The main components in HES were preliminarily analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU) staining assay were used to explore the effect of HES on the proliferation of human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells. Hoechst staining and flow cytometry assay were used to determine the effect of HES on apoptosis of human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells. Acridine orange staining and cell scratch assay were used to determine the effect of HES on autophagy and migration of human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells, respectively. Western blot was used to investigate the regulatory effect of HES on the expression levels of proteins related to apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), and signaling pathways in human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells. The results showed that HES mainly contained some components with high polarities. HES significantly reduced the cell viability of human gastric cancer cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The IC&#95;(50 )values after 48 h of HES treatment in human gastric cancer HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells were 7.56 and 10.77 g·L~(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, HES inhibited the colony-forming ability and short-term proliferation of human gastric cancer cells. The apoptosis rates of HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells treated with 8 g·L~(-1) HES for 72 h were 62.13%±8.92% and 54.50%±3.26%, respectively. HES also promoted autophagy in human gastric cancer cells and impaired their migration ability in vitro. Moreover, HES up-regulated the cleavage of the apoptosis marker poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP) and the protein expression level of the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin, and down-regulated the protein levels of phosphorylated-mammalian target of rapamycin(p-mTOR), phosphorylated-S6(p-S6), and phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK) in human gastric cancer cells. Therefore, HES is one of the effective anti-tumor components of Huaier, which inhibits the proliferation and migration of human gastric cancer cells, and induces apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, the mTOR signal and ERK signal may be involved in the anti-gastric cancer effect of HES. This study provides novel references for the in-depth research and clinical application of Huaier. It is also of great significance to promote the scientific development and utilization of Huaier.

Objective: Three modeling methods were used to establish a mouse primary liver cancer model, and compared them to find a more optimal modeling method. Methods: Forty 15-day-old C3H/HeN male mice were randomly divided into groups I-IV, 10 mice in each group. Group Ⅰ were not treated; Group Ⅱ were intraperitoneally injected with 25 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DEN) once; Group Ⅲ were intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/kg DEN once; Group Ⅳ were intraperitoneally injected with 25 mg/kg DEN once and followed by another intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg DEN at 42 days of age. The mortality of mice in each group was analyzed. At the 18th week of modeling, blood was collected from eyeballs after anesthesia, and liver was taken from abdominal cavity after neck was broken. The appearance of liver, the number of cancer nodules and the incidence of liver tumor were observed. The histopathological changes of liver were observed by HE staining. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected. Results: At the 18th week of modeling, compared with the group I, serum levels of ALT and AST in groups II-IV were increased significantly ( P ＜0.05); The number of cancer nodules and the incidence of tumors in the surviving mice of groups III and IV were also increased significantly ( P ＜0.05). At the 18th week of modeling, no mice died in both groups I and II, and the incidence of liver cancer was 0%; The incidence of liver cancer in surviving mice in both groups III and IV was 100%, but the mortality rate of mice in group III was as high as 50%, and that in group IV was only 20%. Conclusion: C3H/HeN male mice can successfully establish a mouse liver cancer model by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg of DEN once at the age of 15 days and another intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of DEN once at the age of 42 days with short cycle and low mortality, which is an ideal method to establish a primary liver cancer model.

Objective: To compare the specific IgE positive rates of the patients between allergic respiratory diseases and respiratory infectious diseases in Guangzhou, the relationship between the co-sensitization of house dust mite (HDM) allergen and Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) allergen and asthma, allergic rhinitis with asthma, pneumonia, upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, serum total immunoglobulin E (total Immunoglobulin E, tIgE) and age were analyzed, to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of respiratory allergic diseases and respiratory infectious diseases in this area. Methods: A total of 2 535 patients with confirmed respiratory allergic diseases and respiratory infectious diseases were selected retrospectively from the outpatient or inpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from April 2017 to June 2021 and detected HDM and AF specific IgE (sIgE) by the ImmunoCAP system. The age range was 1 to 89 years. The median age was 5 years. The average age was 9. ≤3 years old group n =894, 4-6 years old group n =721, 7-18 years old group n =615, 19-49 years old group n =207, >49 years old group n =98. There were 1 596 males (62.96%) and 939 females (37.04%). There were 1 279 cases of allergic diseases and 1 256 cases of respiratory infectious diseases. The different disease groups were divided into asthma group (411 cases), allergic rhinitis group (458 cases), allergic rhinitis combined with asthma group (410 cases), pneumonia group (463 cases), upper respiratory tract infection group (299 cases) and bronchitis group (494 cases). The difference of specific IgE (sIgE) and tIgE between HDM and AF was analyzed. For statistical analysis, continuous variables were tested by Mann-Whitney U . Classification data by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: 1 313 (51.79%) patients were sIgE positive for HDM allergen, 65 (2.56%) were sIgE positive for AF allergen, and 50 (1.97%) were both positive. In the respiratory allergic disease group, 877 cases (68.57%,877/1 279) were positive for HDM allergen sIgE, 57 cases (4.46%,57/1 279) were positive for AF allergen sIgE, and 44 cases (3.44%,44/1 279) were both positive; 436 cases (34.71%,436/1 256) of respiratory infectious diseases were positive for HDM allergen sIgE, 8 cases (0.64%,8/1 256) were positive for AF allergen sIgE, and 6 cases (0.48%,6/1 256) were both positive. In monosensitization, the HDM allergen sIgE sensitization rate was the highest in the allergic rhinitis & asthma group, at 80.24% (329/410). The positive rate of HDM allergen sIgE in male patients was 53.76%(858/1 596), and the positive rate in female patients was 46.22%(434/939), and the difference between the two was statistically significant (χ 2 =13.449, P <0.001). In polysensitization, asthma patients (5.35%,22/411) had the highest positive rate of HDM sensitization with AF, followed by allergic rhinitis patients (3.06%,14/458), allergic rhinitis with asthma (1.95%,8/410). The positive rate of respiratory infectious diseases such as pneumonia (0.43%,2/463), upper respiratory infections (0.33%,1/299), and bronchitis (0.61%,3/494) with AF was extremely low. The positive rate of HDM combined with AF in infants(≤3 years old group,0.34%, 3/894; 4-6 years old group, 0.97%, 7/721)was significantly lower than that in teenagers and adults(7-18 years old group,3.58%, 22/615; 19-49 years old group,6.28%, 13/207;>49 years old group,5.10%, 5/98).In the patients with HDM and AF combined sensitization, HDM sIgE levels were distributed in all grades, and AF sIgE levels were mainly in grades 1, 2, and 3. Conclusion: The positive rate of HDM combined with AF was higher in patients with respiratory allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinitis combined with asthma, suggesting that clinical attention should be paid to the combination of HDM and AF in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis, especially adults, more likely to be combined with AF.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of miR-155 promoting drug resistance of children B-ALL to Ara-C by regulating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway., Methods: The expression of miR-155 in bone marrow tissue and cell line of B-ALL was detected by PCR. The chemotherapy resistant strain REH/ Ara-C was constructed by using REH cells. REH/ Ara-C cells were transfected with miR-155 inhibitor. The proliferation of REH/Ara-C cells was detected by EdU. The apoptosis of REH/ Ara-C cells was detected by flow cytometry. The drug resistance of REH/Ara-C cells were analyzed by CCK-8 method and colony formation assay. The expression of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway related proteins were determined by Western blot. MiR-155 inhibitor and Wnt activator agonist were used to transfect REH/Ara-C cells, and their effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and drug resistance were determined., Results: Compared with normal tissues and cells, the expression level of miR-155 in B-ALL bone marrow tissue/cell line was increased (P<0.05); Compared with drug sensitive B-ALL tissues/cell lines, the expression level of miR-155 in drug resistant B-ALL tissues and cell lines was increased (P<0.05); Inhibition of miR-155 expression decreased the proliferation of REH/Ara-C cells (P<0.05), promoted apoptosis (P<0.05), enhanced the cytotoxicity of Ara-C (P<0.05), and inhibited Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway related protein and MDR1 gene expression (P<0.05), which could be reversed by activating Wnt expression (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The expression of miR-155 is up-regulated in bone marrow of children with B-ALL, which may be related to the activation of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway promotes the proliferation of B-ALL cells and inhibits apoptosis, which leads to chemotherapy resistance.

In order to better understand the industrial volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions in China in recent years, an industrial VOCs emission inventory was developed from 2011 to 2019, based on the dynamic emission factors method and the comprehensive source classification system. The results showed that VOCs emissions increased first from 11122.7 kt in 2011 to 13397.9 kt in 2017, and then decreased to 13247.0 kt in 2019. The emission structure of the four source categories changed. The contribution from basic organic chemical industries, gasoline storage and transportation, manufacturing(i.e., coatings, inks, pigments, and similar products), and industrial protective coatings continued to increase. On the contrary, the contributions of oil and natural gas processing, automobile, and container manufacturing industries declined over the study period. Among the industrial emissions in China in 2019, industrial coating, printing, and basic organic chemical industries emitted large amounts of VOCs(accounting for 39.2% of the total emission), and because their contribution became increasingly prominent since 2011, these sectors will be the key emission sources in the future. With respect to the spatial distribution in 2019, East China and South China had the largest VOCs emissions. Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were the four provinces that contributed the most, accounting for 40.6% of the total VOCs emissions.

The incidence of allergic diseases in China is increasing year by year, which has caused heavy public health burden to individuals and society. The detection of specific IgE (sIgE) is an important way to diagnose the etiology of allergic disease. Currently, the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis In vitro mainly focus on the specific IgE of crude extracts in clinical practice, while the detection of sIgE in allergen components is rarely carried out. Clinicians, especially non-allergists, do not have sufficient understanding about the importance of sIgE in allergen component detection. Knowing the related types and clinical significance of allergen components can improve the diagnostic level of allergic diseases. Allergen component detection can distinguish the major components of common allergens, identify cross-sensitization, predict the risk of anaphylaxis, guide allergen immunotherapy and develop precise dietary regimens, so as to provide accurate prevention and control recommendations for patients.

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese dragon's blood has multiple effects, such as activating blood to remove blood stasis, softening and dispelling stagnation, astringent and hemostasis, clearing swelling and relieving pain, regulating menstruation and rectifying the blood, so it is called &quot;an effective medicine of promoting blood circulation&quot;. It has been widely used clinically to treat a variety of diseases. With the further research on Chinese dragon's blood, its anti-tumor medicinal value is gradually emerging. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Chinese dragon's blood exerts anti-tumor effects mainly by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inducing DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, inducing senescence and autophagy of tumor cells, inhibiting metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as reversing multidrug resistance. This article focuses on the research progress on anti-tumor effects of Chinese dragon's blood extract and its chemical components, with a view to provide new references for the in-depth research and reasonable utilization of Chinese dragon's blood.

Presently, there are a few studies on the measurement of industrial organic solvents in China. To determine the content and species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial organic solvents and to provide the emission factors of organic solvents, the Chinese wood and automotive coatings, which accounted for the largest proportion of production in the world, were investigated. Coating samples were obtained by sampling from companies and buying from markets, and were measured in accordance with the domestic standard testing methods for coatings. The content and composition spectrum of VOCs in the coatings were determined, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was then calculated. The results showed that for wood coatings, the average content of the VOCs in solvent-based, water-based, and ultra-violet (UV) coatings were 37.28%, 9.88%, and 18.02%, respectively. For automotive coatings, the average content of the VOCs in water-based original equipment manufacturer (OEM) coating, solvent-based OEM coating, water-based refinishing coating, and solvent-based refinishing coating were 15.06%, 59.90%, 11.79%, and 54.50%, respectively. The content of the VOCs in different types of coatings varied substantially. The main components and OFP contributors were alcohols and ethers for water-based coatings, benzene series and esters for solvent-based coatings, and esters, alcohols, and ethers for UV coatings. The average value of the coating samples could meet the current mandatory national standards, but 12% of the solvent-based wood coating samples and 42% of the solvent-based OEM coating samples did not meet the standards. In addition, except for the benzene series of the water-based wood coatings, the contents of harmful substances in other coating samples were up to the standards.

Objective: To study whether pyroptosis is involved in the bilirubin-induced injury of primary cultured rat cortical microglial cells., Methods: Primary cultured rat cortical microglial cells were randomly administered with 30 μmol/L bilirubin (bilirubin group), 30 μmol/L bilirubin following 30 μmol/L VX-765 pretreatment (VX-765+bilirubin group), or an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (control group). Modified MTT assay was used to measure the viability of microglial cells. Western blot was used to measure the expression of the pyroptosis-related proteins Caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-release assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of microglial cells. EtBr/EthD2 with different molecular weights (394 Da/1 293 Da) was used to measure the size of plasma membrane pores. ELISA was used to measure the level of the inflammatory factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in culture supernatant., Results: After bilirubin stimulation, the viability of microglial cells decreased and LDH release increased, both in a time-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, the bilirubin group had a significantly higher positive rate of small-molecule EtBr passing through the cell membrane (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference in the pass rate of large-molecule EthD2 between groups (P>0.05). The expression of activated Caspase-1 significantly increased at 0.5 hour after bilirubin stimulation (P<0.05), and that of activated GSDMD significantly increased at 6 hours after bilirubin stimulation (P<0.05). The release of IL-1β significantly increased at 6 hours after bilirubin stimulation and reached the peak at 24 hours (P<0.001). Compared with the bilirubin group, the VX-765+bilirubin group had a significant increase in cell viability (P<0.05) and significant reductions in the expression of activated GSDMD, the pass rate of EtBr, and the release of LDH and IL-1β (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Pyroptosis is involved in bilirubin-induced injury of primary cultured microglial cells.

This study aims to investigate the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the growth and metastasis of human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells and its underlying mechanisms. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the apoptosis, cell cycle, and ROS level of NCI-H1299 cells. Wound healing assay was used to evaluate the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the migration ability of NCI-H1299 cells. Western blot was used to detect the levels of proteins involving apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), and MAPK signaling pathway in NCI-H1299 cells exposed to Huaier aqueous extract. The results showed that Huaier aqueous extract inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells, and induced cell-cycle arrest at the phase S. Huaier aqueous extract promoted the apoptosis of NCI-H1299 cells by down-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, Huaier aqueous extract increased ROS level and induced ferroptosis in NCI-H1299 cells. EMT played a critical role in cancer metastasis. Huaier aqueous extract reduced the migration ability of NCI-H1299 cells by inhibiting EMT of NCI-H1299 cells. In addition, this study revealed that Huaier aqueous extract inhibited MAPK signaling pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells, which may be one of Huaier's mechanisms in inhibiting growth and metastasis of NCI-H1299 cells. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of lung cancer with Huaier, and important reference significance for further studies on the anti-tumor mechanisms of Huaier.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of multiple pregnancies. Methods: In this retrospective study, 84 cases (total 174 fetuses) of complex monochorionic pregnancies treated with RFA for selective fetal reduction were analyzed. All cases were managed in the Guangdong Women and Children Hospital from January 2015 to January 2018. Indications for offering RFA, details of the procedure and pregnancy outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results: (1)The rate of miscarriage and fetal intrauterine death was 21% (18/84), termination of pregnancy because of fetal malformation or oligohydramnion occurred in 10% (8/84) of cases. Total live birth rate was 69% (58/84) and the gestation age at delivery was (35.0±3.0) weeks. (2) The live birth rate of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAPS) was the lowest (6/11), followed by twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS; 66%, 27/41), structural or genetic abnormalities of one fetus in monochorionic twin pregnancy (10/14), triplet pregnancy reduction (4/6) and selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) (11/12). (3) The live birth rate was 67% (20/30) in stage Ⅲ of TTTS and 7/11 in the stage Ⅳ of TTTS ( P >0.05). The average gestational age was (33.6±3.0) weeks in stage Ⅲ of TTTS compared with (36.5±2.4) weeks in the stage Ⅳof TTTS ( P <0.05). Conclusions: RFA appears to be a reliable option for selective fetal reduction in monochorionic multiple pregnancies. The indication of RFA is an influencing factor on its pregnancy outcomes. Type Ⅱand type Ⅲ sIUGR may choose this technique as a priority. Compared with stage Ⅲ of TTTS, the live birth rate and the gestation age at delivery in stage Ⅳ of TTTS, there are no significant differences.

This study aims to explore the diagnostic value of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) and specific immunoglobulin G (sIgG) of Aspergillus fumigatus in the diagnosis of allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS). A total of 17 ABPA patients and 14 SAFS patients were enrolled. The levels of sIgG [2 294.00 (1 527.00, 14 170.00) U/ml vs. 972.60 (650.90, 1 792.00) U/ml] and sIgE [8.77 (1.64, 16.85) kU/L vs. 1.04 (0.70, 2.05) kU/L] in ABPA patients were significantly higher than those in SAFS patients ( P< 0.05). Aspergillus fumigatus sIgG was strongly correlated with Aspergillus fumigatus sIgE ( r (s)=0.797, P< 0.001) in ABPA patients. When combined with Aspergillus fumigatus sIgG (>1 000.00 U/mL) and Aspergillus fumigatus sIgE (>1.00 kU/L), the sensitivity was 82.3% and specificity 78.6% for the differential diagnosis of ABPA and SAFS. It demonstrates the diagnostic value of Aspergillus fumigatus sIgG and sIgE.

Tramadol (TRA) and fentanyl (FEN) are used as common painkillers in clinical practice, but they have been increasingly abused in recent years due to their addictive nature. Two substances and their metabolites enter wastewater through urine and are collected and treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) before being discharged into the aquatic environment. In this study, wastewater analysis was performed to examine the patterns of TRA and FEN use in the urban area of Beijing for the first time. Influent and effluent samples were collected from 23 WWTPs during two sampling campaigns. Concentrations TRA in influents were found to range from(10.2±8.7)to(175.3±59.7) ng·L -1 , while FEN was not detected in most of the samples, or occurred at very low concentrations. Relatively low TRA removal was observed at plants with activated sludge processes. Moreover, TRA loads in the central area of Beijing were significantly higher than those in the suburban areas. Annual TRA use was estimated through wastewater-based epidemiology. The greatest TRA use, approximately 202.5 kg, was found in Haidian district. Seasonal variation in TRA loads was significant, with greater use in the summer than in winter. The method presented in this study can be used as an important reference for monitoring TRA and FEN use via wastewater-based epidemiology and for assessing the risk of the abuse of these compounds in China.

Background & Problems: Clinical ladder (CL)-3 nurses should have both an ability to integrate the clinical information of critically ill patients and to carry out the administrative work of the intensive care unit. However, in our unit, only 15.3% of nurses hold CL-3 certification, which is much lower than the hospital average of 23.1%. Thus, we initiated a project to raise this percentage in our unit. An analysis in January 2016 showed that the main obstacles to obtaining CL-3 certification in our unit were inability to write case reports, inadequate in-service education, and a lack of certified educators., Purpose: The purpose of this project was to increase the number of CL-3-certified nurses in our intensive care unit., Resolution: The resolution included holding courses on case report writing, briefings, and oral presentation techniques; assigning a preceptor to make nursing staff assignments; encouraging nurses to participate in the clinical nursing preceptor education training camp; and conducting practice tests using a multiple assessment tool., Results: After implementation of this project, the percentage of unit nurses who had passed CL-3 increased to 39.0%., Conclusions: This project not only allowed our fellow nurses to share in the joy of clinical ladder advancement but also improved the atmosphere in the unit by encouraging self-development. This project helped stimulate professional growth among our staff and improved the quality of clinical care.

Background: Workplace violence is a phenomenon that is prevalent around the world. Nursing personnel are one of the most frequent victims of workplace attacks. Beyond the harm done to physical health, mental health, and workplace morale, workplace violence also leads to the loss of personnel and causes severe injury to institutions and nursing professionals., Purpose: The aim of this study is to improve the awareness, attitudes, and self-confidence of nurses with regard to workplace violence using clinical simulation teaching and training courses., Methods: A total of 400 clinical nurses at a tertiary hospital in Taipei City were enrolled and randomly assigned into either the experimental group, which received the education intervention, or the control group, which received no intervention. A total of 392 enrolled participants completed the study, including 200 in the experimental group and 192 in the control group. Before and after the intervention, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed using a GEE model with SPSS V.23., Results: After the clinical simulation teaching course, awareness of workplace violence as well as related attitudes and self-confidence were higher in the experimental group than the control group. Moreover, the posttest scores and pretest-posttest differences in scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < .001). Advanced analysis of the data showed that cognition scores, being older in age, and having a registered nurse grade of N3 were all associated with earning a higher score. In addition, in terms of attitude, registered nurse grade was found to correlate positively with score. Further, male participants earned higher self-confidence scores than their female colleagues and participants who worked in either the emergency or psychiatric departments earned higher scores., Conclusions: The "Workplace Violence Clinical Simulation Teaching and Training Course" was shown to improve the awareness, attitudes, and self-confidence of clinical nurses with regard to workplace violence and may thus help reduce the risk and harm of violence in this category. In the future, contextual teaching courses on workplace violence prevention should be developed for different nursing levels, divisions, and units based on their specific characteristics and needs.

In this work, the effects of the sludge retention time (SRT, 35, 25, or 15 d) and pH (7.5, 8.0, 8.5) on denitrifying phosphorus removal were investigated using denitrifying phosphorus bacteria (DPBs) enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results indicated that shortening the SRT from 35 d to 25 d resulted in a decrease in the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) from 2821 to 2301 mg·L -1 , while the sludge loading rate (F/M) increased from 0.256 kg·(kg·d) -1 to 0.312 kg·(kg·d) -1 . Although the quantity of net phosphorus release and net phosphorus uptake decreased at this stage, the rates of anaerobic phosphorus release, anoxic phosphorus absorption, and denitrification reached their highest levels with values of 25.07, 15.92, and 9.45 mg·(g·h) -1 , respectively, due to the increased sludge activity. Consequently, the phosphorus content of the sludge increased from 4.78% to 5.33%, and the removal rate of PO 4 3- -P was stable at above 95% with an average effluent PO 4 3- -P concentration below 0.5 mg·L -1 . When the SRT was further shortened to 15 d, the MLVSS decreased to values as low as 1448 mg·L -1 , and the proportion of DPBs in the phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) decreased from 82.4% to 65.7%, indicating that the DPBs were gradually washed out from the system due to the excessively short SRT. At this stage, the phosphorus content of sludge decreased to 3.43%, while the rates of phosphorus release, phosphorus absorption, and denitrification also decreased to some extent. When the pH was increased (7.5-8.0), the anaerobic phosphorus release rate and the anoxic phosphorus absorption rate also increased, and reached 25.86 mg·(g·h) -1 and 16.62 mg·(g·h) -1 , respectively, at a pH of 8.0. When the pH exceeded 8.0, the phosphorus removal efficiency dropped rapidly, supposedly due to phosphorus chemical precipitation.

Background: Nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) must be capable of employing appropriate conflict handling styles in order to communicate with medical teams, patients, and patient family members effectively. There is a current lack of research on the interpersonal communication competence and conflict handling styles of ICU nursing staffs in Taiwan., Purpose: This study aimed to: (1) explore the interpersonal communication competence and conflict handling styles of ICU nurses and related factors and (2) examine the relationship between the interpersonal communication competence and conflict handling styles of ICU nurses., Methods: A cross-sectional correlational research approach was adopted and convenience sampling was used to recruit 351 ICU nurses from three hospitals in southern Taiwan. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, interpersonal communication competence scale, and conflict handling styles scale., Results: (1) ICU nurses demonstrated a moderate or higher level of overall interpersonal communication competence, with "integrating" identified as the most commonly used conflict handling style. (2) Higher educational attainment and job position were both associated with better interpersonal communication competence. (3) The adoption of "compromising" and "avoiding" styles was significantly affected by age; the adoption of "obliging", "compromising", "avoiding", and "integrating" styles was significantly affected by education level; the adoption of "obliging", "compromising", and "integrating" styles was significantly affected by job position; and the adoption of "dominating", "compromising", and "integrating" styles was significantly affected by seniority. (4) Interpersonal communication competence correlated significantly and positively with the adoption of "dominating", "obliging", "compromising", and "integrating" styles., Conclusions / Implications for Practice: Future study of the views of ICU nurses toward their own styles in handling interpersonal conflicts is needed. Furthermore, holding training courses annually to orient ICU nurses with the advantages and disadvantages of interpersonal conflict handling styles is recommended.

pH is one of the most important means of control for the realization and stability of the nitrosation system. To study the change rule of pH values of the nitrosation system and the influence of pollution removal and transformation at different pH under the conditions of different C/N (0, 1, 2, 3,4) and sludge concentrations (sludge amount:water content was 1:6, 1:3, 1:1), batch tests were conducted with tapered bottles using sodium acetate as the carbon source and inoculated with mature nitrosation sludge. The results showed that the higher the C/N, the higher the pH increment and the denitrification efficiency at the same sludge concentration. At the same C/N, a higher sludge concentration corresponded to a smaller pH increment but a higher denitrification efficiency. The removal and transformation of carbon and nitrogen was highly correlated with pH changes in the reaction system, and the denitrification and nitrosation reactions were in sequence. Throughout the operational period of the system, as pH increased, the specific organic matter removal rate was 7-16 times as much as when pH decreased. However, as pH decreased, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was 1-20 times that of when pH increased. When pH was less than 6.1, the system lost its ability to oxidize ammonia-nitrogen. The highest removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen in the system was achieved when C/N was 4. Ammonia transformation 80% COD removal at the three sludge concentrations took 480, 350, and 300 min, respectively. Under different conditions, the proportion of nitrosation in the system remained above 50% and the concentration of NO 3 - -N remained below 5 mg·L -1 , which indicated that the system was dominated by nitrosation.

Objective: To understand the auditory cortex resting-state fMRI features for adult post-lingual deafness. Method: The author performed functional connectivity analysis on the study subjects with resting-state fMRI,the region of interest(ROI) of which were based separately on the left and right sides of primary auditory cortex. The data were collected from 8 cases with severe or above sensorineurally post-lingual deafness,compared to a control group of 8 cases with normal hearing. Result: When ROI were based on the left A1 areas of all subjects, the main activating area in the control group was bilateral superior temporal gyrus(STG), while the post-lingual deafness group included the bilateral STG, pre-central gyri, left Transverse temporal gyrus(TTG), post-central gyri and right TTG ( P <0.01); when ROI were based on the right A1 areas of all subjects, the main activating area in the control group was the bilateral STG, while the post-lingual deafness group included the bilateral STG, right precentral gyri and post-central gyr i( P <0.01). The data showed statistical significance( P <0.05). Conclusion: After hearing loss functional reorganization takes place in the brains of adults with post-lingual deafness, resulting in possible enhancement of visual sense, tactile sense and other sensory systems in order to compensate information acquisition in daily life. ., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and midazolam, ketamine or placebo administrated in outpatient dental surgery., Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched from inception to October 2017,to find all randomized controlled trials(RCTs) about the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam, ketamine or placebo during outpatient dental surgery. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the method recommended by Cochrane collaboration. Meta analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software., Results: Twelve clinical trials with 678 patients were included. The results of meta analysis showed that the sedation score of children was lower in group of dexmedetomidine than that of group of normal saline (SMD=-1.73,95%CI:-2.70～-0.77,P=0.0004) and the sedation score of adults was also lower in group of dexmedetomidine than that of group of normal saline(SMD=-2.23,95%CI:-4.39～-0.08,P=0.04).There was no significant difference in sedation satisfaction of children between dexmedetomidine and ketamine(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.00-1.30,P=0.05).Dexmedetomidine provided more satisfactory sedation of children than midazolam(RR=1.38,95%CI:1.15-1.67,P=0.0006),and there was no significant difference in sedation satisfaction of adults between dexmedetomidine and midazolam (RR=1.42,95%CI:0.86-2.33,P=0.17). Moreover,dexmedetomidine provided more satisfactory behavior of children than ketamine (RR=1.19,95%CI:1.03-1.36,P=0.01) and midazolam (RR=1.28,95%CI:1.07-1.54,P=0.008)., Conclusions: Compared with other sedative drugs, dexmedetomidine may be a better choice for moderate sedation during outpatient dental surgery.

The ultimate purpose of education is to provide students with the skills and motivation necessary for lifelong learning. Students with lifelong learning abilities are better able to continue improving their professional core competencies, especially in terms of problem solving and clinical reasoning. Prior to enhancing lifelong learning abilities, students must learn self-directed learning. Studies have shown that flipped classroom learning has the potential to improve self-directed learning. Flipped classroom teaching requires prerecorded lectures, strengthened teacher-student interaction, and assisting students to learn in-depth. The authors developed a four-phase dynamic case-based learning (4D CBL) innovative teaching strategy and then assimilated this strategy into flipped classroom teaching. This innovative teaching strategy may be used in various academic nursing programs to reinforce self-directed learning and clinical reasoning abilities. After introducing the concepts of flipped classroom teaching and 4-D CBL, how to merge 4D CBL with the flipped classroom model and the effectiveness of this innovative teaching strategy are demonstrated. Nurse educators may use the flipped classroom teaching strategy with 4D CBL in their future practice.

The canopy structures and light conditions and the population characteristics of Fargesia decurvata, a dominant understory species, were investigated in three typical communities, i.e., deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results showed that with the succession from deciduous broad-leaved forest to evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and to evergreen broad-leaved forest, the Shannon index, Simpson index and Pielou index were increased, suggesting that the development of communities in Jinfo Mountains tended to be stable. Moreover, canopy structures were significantly changed, in that the canopy openness and mean leaf angle decreased, leaf area index increased, and canopy extinction ability enhanced, resulting in the decrease of light intensity under the canopy. The upper canopy was the main contributor for canopy closure, with the crown depth and crown area of canopy being the two main influencing factors. Moreover, canopy structures were significantly correlated with light conditions in the forest, with the greatest influence on the diffuse solar radiation. With the growth season coming, canopy openness and understory light conditions were decreased, while leaf area index increased, and their maximum values appeared in June or July in the three forest types. The maximum and minimum value of mean leaf angle appeared in spring and summer, respectively. Clonal growth of F. decurvata was closely related to canopy structures and light conditions. In evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest with moderate light, F. decurvata grew best, with high and thick ramets, high ramet density (29.69±1.68 ind·m -2 ) and high ability to expand rhizomes. In deciduous broad-leaved forest, the strong light condition caused the reduction of soil water might have effects on the growth of F. decurvata. However, in the evergreen broad-leaved forest with low light condition, ramets of F. decurvata tended to be short and thin, with low ramet density (5.80±1.16 ind·m -2 ) and the clonal expansion ability. Those results suggested that forest succession would change canopy structures and understory light conditions. Low understory light conditions prohibited the regeneration and development of F. decurvata population.

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of canal conversion during canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Method: The clinic features, nystagmus characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of the patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo who suffered from canal conversion during canalith repositioning procedure were analyzed retrospectively.All patients'positioning test and canalith repositioning procedure were done with the aid of videonystagmography. Result: A total of 186 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were diagnosed and performed canalith repositioning procedure.Eight patients (4.3%) developed canal conversion after canalith repositioning procedure.Of these 8 patients,5 cases with posterior canal canalolithiasis converted to lateral canal canalolithiasis,2 cases with lateral canal canalolithiasis converted to posterior canal canalolithiasis,and 1 case with posterior canal canalolithiasis converted to anterior canal canalolithiasis. All cases recovered well under the corresponding repositioning procedure. Conclusion: The change of the characteristics of positioning nystagmus is the major diagnostic feature of canal conversion. Accurate diagnosis and targeted repositioning procedure are the key to the success of canal conversion treatment., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Background: Cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive, and currently incurable disease. Cirrhotic patients often experience uncertainty due to poor control of symptoms and disease recurrence. Although fatigue is a common symptom in patients with liver cirrhosis, this symptom is often ignored by healthcare professionals due to the lack of efficacious treatment options. Improper management of fatigue may trigger greater uncertainty and affect adaptation success., Purpose: To explore the relationship between fatigue and uncertainty and the factors that respectively relate to these two concepts in liver cirrhosis patients., Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational design and convenience sampling were used to recruit 76 liver cirrhotic inpatients from one hospital. Three structured questionnaires, including the Personal Demographic Questionnaire, Brief Fatigue Inventory-Taiwan Form, and Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale, were used for data collection., Results: (1) The participants suffered from fatigue at a moderate or higher level, with an average score of 5.39 ± 2.34, which affected their daily activities and greatly impacted their recreational activities. Factors that were found to be associated with fatigue included disease severity, albumin level, total bilirubin level, ascites, and the degree to which fatigue affected the performance of daily activities. (2) Uncertainty was found to be at a moderate or higher level, with an average score of 71.81 ± 10.67. Level of fatigue, the degree to which fatigue affected the performance of daily activities, disease severity, and albumin level were found to relate significantly to level of uncertainty., Conclusions / Implications for Practice: Fatigue and uncertainty are prevalent and distressing experiences for patients with liver cirrhosis. A comprehensive assessment and broad-based approach to nursing interventions are necessary in order to alleviate fatigue and uncertainty effectively.

Objective: To analyze the efficacy and compliance of conventional immunotherapy(CIT)and rush immunotherapy(RIT)in patients with allergic rhinitis. Method: This trial was a prospective study involved 404 patients with persistent AR who were allergic to house dust mite.328 patients were assigned to the conventional immunotherapy reaching the maintenance dose within 14 weeks,and 76 patients were assigned to the rush immunotherapy reaching the maintenance dose within 1 week.The visual analog scale(VAS)score and the patients' compliance were recorded during treatment and follow-up. Result: After CIT and RIT,the VAS score were significantly reduced in each group,but the decrement of VAS score of RIT group was more evident than that of CIT in half ayear( P <0.05).After 5 years follow-up,the VAS score of two groups was also significantly reduced.The rate of treatment continuation of CIT group in 1 year,2 years and 3 years were 18.5%,39.0% and 57.3%,higher than RIT group(11.8%,26.3%,42.1%),respectively. Conclusion: Both CIT and RIT were beneficial for allergic rhinitis patients,and the clinical efficacy lasts for at least 5 years.But RIT has the superiority of faster onset and better compliance.

Objective: To analyze the functional change of horizontal semicircular canals after cochlear implantation. Method: Eighteen patients were enrolled in this study.Their vestibular function was evaluated by using the caloric test and video head impulse test before and one week,one month after CI surgery,respectively.The unilateral weakness(UW),slow phase velocity(SPV)in caloric test and gain in video head impulse test(vHIT-G)were observed.Caloric test was abnormal when UW>25% or SPV mean<6°/s,while vHIT was abnormal when vHIT-G<0.8. Result: The SPV of the implanted ear were[(10.36±8.01)°/s;(14.77±14.24)°/s]pre-operatively,[(6.45±7.52)°/s;(5.14±4.67)°/s]1 week post-operatively and[(6.05±3.86)°/s;(6.27±4.17)°/s]1 month post-operatively.Statistically significant difference( P <0.05)was found between pre-and post-operative period.The vHIT-G of the implanted ear were(0.73±0.33)pre-operatively,(0.65±0.32)1 week post-operatively and(0.71±0.36)1 month post-operatively.There was no statistically significant difference of vHIT-G between preand post-operative period( P (pre-operative/1 week post-operative)=0.084, P (pre-operative/1 month post-operative)=0.679).Four patients presented with vertigo and one of them manifested slight unsteadiness post-operatively.All symptoms resolved within 7 days.These symptoms had no correlate with age,gender,implantedear and results of vestibular test. Conclusion: Cochlear implantation can affect the horizontal semicircular canal function,and the video head impulse test and caloric test should be used in a complementary fashion.

In order to examine the effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the performance of denitrifying granular sludge (DGS) in a continuous flow model, the variations of nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor, sludge morphology, and denitrifying characteristics at different influent nZVI concentrations were investigated in an upflow sludge bed (USB). The results showed that nZVI concentrations lower than 5 mg·L -1 did not influence the nitrogen removal performance of the reactor significantly, and the activity of DGS was improved slightly. When the influent nZVI concentration was in the range of 5 to 10 mg·L -1 , the DGS could adapt to the biological inhibition of nZVI partially, with the increase of sludge concentration and grain size. However, the higher total iron contents in the sludge resulted in the lower denitrifying activity of the DGS. The removal efficiencies of COD and NO 3 - -N in the reactor decreased to 23.3% and 20.3%, respectively, at the influent nZVI concentration of 30 mg·L -1 . Moreover, the DGS was a dark color and of a smaller grain size because of the adsorption of a large amount of nZVI, while the microbe density, such as that of the bacillus species, on the granule surface decreased significantly. In the recovery phase, the nitrogen removal performance of the reactor could almost reach its initial level at nZVI=0 mg·L -1 during an operation of 20 days due to the fast growth of heterotrophic microbes on the surface of the DGS.

Objective: To assess the performance of pediatric clinical illness score (PCIS), pediatric risk of mortality score III (PRISM III), pediatric logistic organ dysfunction score 2 (PELOD-2), and pediatric multiple organ dysfunction score (P-MODS) in predicting mortality in critically ill pediatric patients., Methods: The data of critically ill pediatric patients admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from August 2012 to May 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The gender, age, basic diseases, the length of PICU stay were collected. The children were divided into survival group and non-survival group according to the clinical outcome during hospitalization. The variables of PCIS, PRISM III, PELOD-2, and P-MODS were collected and scored. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, the efficiency of PCIS, PRISM III, PELOD-2, and P-MODS for predicting death were evaluated by the area under ROC curve (AUC). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to evaluate the fitting degree of each scoring system to predict the mortality and the actual mortality., Results: Of 461 critically ill children, 35 children were excluded because of serious data loss, hospital stay not exceeding 24 hours, and death within 8 hours after admission. Finally, a total of 426 pediatric patients were enrolled in this study. 355 pediatric patients were survived, while 71 were not survived during hospitalization, with the mortality of 16.7%. There was no significant difference in gender, age, underlying diseases or length of PICU stay between the two groups. PCIS score in non-survival group was significantly lower than that of survival group [80 (76, 88) vs. 86 (80, 92)], and PRISM III, PELOD-2 and P-MODS scores were significantly increased [PRISM III: 16 (13, 22) vs. 12 (10, 15), PELOD-2: 6 (5, 9) vs. 4 (2, 5), P-MODS: 6 (4, 9) vs. 3 (2, 6), all P < 0.01]. ROC curve analysis showed that the AUCs of PCIS, PRISM III, PELOD-2, and P-MODS for predicting death of critical ill children were 0.649, 0.731, 0.773, and 0.747, respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that PCIS predicted the mortality and the actual mortality in the best fitting effect (χ 2 = 7.573, P = 0.476), followed by PELOD-2 and P-MODS (χ 1 2 = 9.551, P 1 = 0.145; χ 2 2 = 10.343, P 2 = 0.111), while PRISM III had poor fitting effect (χ 2 = 43.549, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: PRISM III, PELOD-2 and P-MODS can discriminate between survivors and moribund patients well, and assessing the condition of critically ill pediatric patients with relatively accuracy. PCIS was the best fitting effect in predicting mortality and actual mortality, followed by PELOD-2 and P-MODS, while PRISM III had poor fitting effect.

Background: Patients with respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation are common in the intensive care unit. These patients often require sedative and analgesic agents to alleviate their discomfort and to avoid causing associated safety issues. However, prolonged post-awakening confusion and changes in perception after withdrawal from sedatives and analgesic agents are common in daily practice. Thus, the optimal use of sedative and analgesic agents remains an important issue in the intensive care unit., Purpose: To optimize sedation by raising the rate of accuracy for administering analgesic and sedative agents in the intensive care unit from 30.44% to 60.88%., Methods: We first analyzed the problem from the current situation of the daily practice and revised the protocol of using analgesic and sedative agents. In order to achieve an optimal outcome, the authors further arranged staff education and bedside training and established an audit system to check and improve protocol adherence., Results: The rate of accuracy for administering sedatives and analgesics improved from 34% to 93%., Conclusions: With appropriately scaled protocols of sedatives and analgesics administration, intensive care nurses may easily target the consistent and optimal assessment and provide pain relief prior to sedation, which will improve the quality of sedation and patient safety.

Objective: To study the variation of the electrode impedance in different periods after cochlear implantation performed with round window insertion in steroid deposition, and to provide the basis for the postoperative debugging of the speech processor. Method: Detected the electrode impedance of 47 cochlear receivers after operation in steroid deposition from September 2014 to October 2015, compared the impedance values between different periods, and different groups according to their locations. Result: The average impedance of all the electrodes and the 3 subgroups are low after implantation (period A0), peaked at the first month (period A1), then decreased slowly, and then turned to be stable at the sixth month (period A3); the impedance values were no significantly different between the sixth month (period A3) and the twelfth month (period A4) while were significantly different between each of other two periods ( P <0.05); the apical group had the highest impedance and the basal group had the lowest impedance in all the 5 periods. Conclusion: The local use of steroid can decrease the impedance of the electrode after implantation. The impedance value were the low during operation, peaked at the first month, then decreased slowly, and turned to be stable at the sixth month. As a result, the cochlear implant should be debugged at regular intervals in 6 months after operation to obtain the best hearing status., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on glycogen storage disease typeⅡ(GSDⅡ). Method: The clinical data of three juvenile onset and two infant onset GSDⅡpatients were collected from First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in October 2015 to July 2016.Patient 1 was female, the age of onset was 15 months. Patient 2 was male, the age of onset was 20 months. Patient 3 was female, the sister of patient 2, the age of onset was 47 months. Patient 4 was male, the age of onset was 5 months. Patient 5 was male, the age of onset was 1 month.The age at the start of ERT of the 5 patients was 32, 31, 56, 34, and 3 months respectively and the duration of ERT was 19, 9, 4, 5, 5 doses respectively.ERT was administered at 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks.Dexamethasone was regularly given before each infusion. Result: ERT was well tolerated, only one time, Patient 1 developed tachycardia and hypertension without using dexamethasone.Patient 2 underwent successfully ventilator weaning.Patient 1 underwent a tracheotomy, also needed mechanical ventilation treatment.Patient 4 noninvasive ventilation was tried. Conclusion: Recombinant human alpha-glucosidase treatment was effective and well tolerated in patients with GSDⅡ.

In order to improve the security of aircraft repaired structures, a method of crack propagation monitoring in repaired structures is put forward basing on characteristics of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) reflecting spectra in this article. With the cyclic loading effecting on repaired structure, cracks propagate, while non-uniform strain field appears nearby the tip of crack which leads to the FBG sensors' reflecting spectra deformations. The crack propagating can be monitored by extracting the characteristics of FBG sensors' reflecting spectral deformations. A finite element model (FEM) of the specimen is established. Meanwhile, the distributions of strains which are under the action of cracks of different angles and lengths are obtained. The characteristics, such as main peak wavelength shift, area of reflecting spectra, second and third peak value and so on, are extracted from the FBGs' reflecting spectral which are calculated by transfer matrix algorithm. An artificial neural network is built to act as the model between the characteristics of the reflecting spectral and the propagation of crack. As a result, the crack propagation of repaired structures is monitored accurately and the error of crack length is less than 0.5 mm, the error of crack angle is less than 5 degree. The accurately monitoring problem of crack propagation of repaired structures is solved by taking use of this method. It has important significance in aircrafts safety improvement and maintenance cost reducing.

Objective: To observe the influence of different concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) on glucose metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression in rat Sertoli cells in vitro and investigate the mechanisms of BPA inducing male infertility., Methods: Using two-step enzyme digestion, we isolated Sertoli cells from male Wistar rats and constructed a primary Sertoli cell system, followed by immunohistochemical FasL staining. We randomly divided the Sertoli cells into a control group to be cultured in the serum-free minimal essential medium (MEM) plus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and three experimental groups to be treated with 100 nmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA, respectively, in the MEM plus DMSO. After 48 hours of treatment, we measured the proliferation of the cells by CCK-8 assay, determined the concentrations of metabolites by NMR spectroscopy, and detected the expression of LDH in the Sertoli cells by RT-PCR and Western blot., Results: The purity of the isolated Sertoli cells was (96.05 ± 1.28)% (n = 10). Compared with the control group, the 100 nmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA groups showed no remarkable changes in the proliferation of Sertoli cells ([98 ± 8]%, [96 ± 3]%, and [95 ± 3]%, P >0.05), but the 10 μmol/L and 1 mmol/L of BPA groups exhibited significantly decreased concentrations of intracellular glucose ([3.89 ± 0.07] vs [3.36 ± 0.24] and [3.04 ± 0.21] pmol/cell, P <0.05) and lactate ([0.43 ± 0.06] vs [0.29 ± 0.05] and [0.20 ± 0.03] pmol/cell, P <0.05). The expression of LDH mRNA was decreased with the increased concentration of BPA, while that of LDH protein reduced only in the 1 mmol/L BPA group (P <0.05)., Conclusion: High-concentration BPA decreases the expression of LDH and alters glucose metabolism in Sertoli cells, and therefore may reduce the provision of lactate for germ cells and impair spermatogenesis.

Convenience sampling and purposive sampling are two different sampling methods. This article first explains sampling terms such as target population, accessible population, simple random sampling, intended sample, actual sample, and statistical power analysis. These terms are then used to explain the difference between "convenience sampling" and purposive sampling." Convenience sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling technique applicable to qualitative or quantitative studies, although it is most frequently used in quantitative studies. In convenience samples, subjects more readily accessible to the researcher are more likely to be included. Thus, in quantitative studies, opportunity to participate is not equal for all qualified individuals in the target population and study results are not necessarily generalizable to this population. As in all quantitative studies, increasing the sample size increases the statistical power of the convenience sample. In contrast, purposive sampling is typically used in qualitative studies. Researchers who use this technique carefully select subjects based on study purpose with the expectation that each participant will provide unique and rich information of value to the study. As a result, members of the accessible population are not interchangeable and sample size is determined by data saturation not by statistical power analysis.

This study was aimed to sort the side population (SP) cells from human multiple myeloma cell lines, then detect the biological characteristics of those SP cells. After Hoechst33342 staining, intracellular Hoechst33342 fluorescence staining differences of myeloma cell lines observed by the fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technology was used to isolate SP cells and main population (MP) cells; proliferative capacity in vitro was determined by cell growth curve; the cell colony forming ability was compared by colony forming test. The CD138 expression was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of ABCG2 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR; CCK-8 assay and colony forming test were used to evaluate the effect of bortezomib on the cell proliferation, vitality and colony forming ability of the two populations. The results showed that the myeloma cell lines had a small proportion of SP cells, especially, RPMI 8226 cells accounted for the highest proportion of SP cells (7.10 ± 2.69)%, which have also been confirmed under the fluorescence microscope; the proliferative activity and cell colony forming ability of SP cells were significantly higher than those of MP cells (P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD138 in SP and MP cells were not significantly different (P > 0.05). RT-PCR results showed that SP cells expressed the drug-resistance gene ABCG2, but MP cells hardly express these genes. The inhibition rate of bortezomib on SP cells was significantly lower than that on MP cells (P < 0.05), however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05) at bortezomib 40 nmol/L. Bortezomib could reduce colony formation in the both two cell populations, but more severe reduction appeared in the MP cells. It is concluded that the myeloma cell line contain a small amount of SP cells with the cancer stem cell characteristics.

Background: Liability attribution and professional negligence in pediatric nursing are topics that have been neglected in Taiwan., Purpose: (1) Identify the definitions of related criminal activities in accordance with domestic criminal law; (2) Elucidate the facts and the dispute in a current case involving a pediatric nurse; (3) Elucidate the principle of 'no punishment without law'; (4) Explore the reasons why the pediatric nurse in the current case received a verdict of 'not guilty'., Methods: A literature review and case study approach were used to analyze a sentence reconsideration of the first instance No. 1 (2011) issued by the Taiwan high court, Kaohsiung branch court., Results: The conditions for the scrutiny of criminal activity under Taiwan criminal law are statement of facts, illegality (justifiable cause), and liability (excuse). In this case, the pediatric nurse was accused of failing to prevent an infant from suffocation and of not discharging her obligations as a nurse. The pediatric nurse rebutted the charge of criminal negligence. The intervening behaviors of the pediatric nurse were found to be legal and not culpable. In this case, the High Court and Supreme Court made a final criminal judgment based on the presumption of innocence, and the pediatric nurse was pronounced innocent of the charge., Conclusions: This article intends to assist pediatric nurses understand their liabilities under Taiwan's criminal law. Pediatric nurses should gain a better understanding of the nature of liability for professional negligence in order to clarify how actions that may be illegal do not necessarily make nurses culpable.

Background: Psychiatric nurses have a special obligation and legal duty as guarantor against criminal negligence. The guarantor role and medical negligence in psychiatric nursing are topics that have been neglected in Taiwan., Purpose: (1) Identify the status of psychiatric nurses as guarantors; (2) Understand the causal relationship in a legal context between this status and Non-Genuine Omission in the current case; (3) Understand the facts and the dispute in the current case. (4) Explore the reasons why the psychiatric nurse was convicted for criminal negligence in the current case., Methods: A literature review and case study were used to analyze the high court criminal judgment and sentence reconsideration of the first instance No. 122 (2005)., Results: (1) Psychiatric nurses hold two guarantor roles in Taiwan. One role is as legally protected interest guarantor and the other is as supervisors' dangerous source guarantor. (2) The three sources of guarantor status relevant to the current case are: nurses' voluntary commitments; medical contract; duty of care of supervisors. (3) In this case, the psychiatric nurse did not discharge her obligations as guarantor and failed to prevent the patient from committing suicide. Negligence resulted in patient death and the psychiatric nurse was found guilty., Conclusions: In order to prevent criminal acts, psychiatric nurses should gain a better understanding of their status as guarantor and the obligations entailed in this status. This article is intended to assist psychiatric nurses understand their responsibilities under current laws.

Objective: To investigate the down-regulated TRAF6 gene expression and its effects on proliferation and apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells., Methods: Detection of TRAF6 expression were conducted by RT-PCR and Western blot in MM cell lines of KM3, U266, RPMI8226 and primary cells from patients. RPMI8226 cell lines were transfected with siRNA of TRAF6. The efficiency of transfection was identified by using of fluorescence microscope, RT-PCR, and Western blot. The levels of proliferation were analyzed by CCK-8 method under the different concentrations of siRNA. Apoptosis rate were detected with Hoechst33258/PI double staining by flow cytometry. Apoptosis related proteins Bcl-2, BAX, and NF-κB signal pathway were observed before and after siRNA transfection by Western blot., Results: The levels of TRAF6 mRNA and protein in MM cell lines, especially in primary myeloma cells, were significantly higher than those in controls. After transfected with 50 nmol/L siRNA in RPMI8226 cells, the relative level of TRAF6 mRNA (0.49±0.24) was significantly lower than that in non-transfected group (1.87±0.23) and idling group (1.74±0.35). The proliferation rate of siRNA transfected cells decreased with dose dependence (P<0.01). The apoptosis rates increased from 11.20% (before transfection) to 51.82% (after transfection), accompanied by down-regulated Bcl-2 protein, NF-κB signal pathway (p-p65 and p52), and up-regulated BAX protein., Conclusion: TRAF6 expression was high in myeloma cells. TRAF6 siRNA could inhibit proliferation of myeloma cells and induce apoptosis mediated by NF-κB classical and alternative pathway in myeloma cells.

Background: Nurses are expected to discharge their duty of care effectively and professionally to prevent medical negligence. Only three articles have previously focused on medical negligence. Duty of care and medical negligence in nursing are topics that have been neglected in Taiwan., Purpose: (1) Classify the duty of care of professional nurses; (2) Investigate the facts and disputes in the current case; (3) Clarify the legal issues involved with regard to duty-of-care violations in the current case; (4) Explore the causal relationships in a legal context between nurses' duty-of-care violations and patient harm / injury., Methods: Literature analysis and a case study are used to analyze Supreme Court Verdict No.5550 (2010)., Results: Duty of care for nursing professionals may be classified into seven broad categories. Each category has its distinct correlatives. In nursing practice, every nursing behavior has a corresponding duty. In this case, the case study nurse did not discharge her obstetric professional duty and failed to inform the doctor in a timely manner. Negligence resulted in prenatal death and the case study nurse was found guilty., Conclusions: In order to prevent committing a crime, nurses should gain a better understanding of their duty of care and adequately discharge these duties in daily practice.

Objective: To evaluate contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in detecting testicular perfusion in acute testis contusion., Methods: We established the model of testis contusion in 11 healthy male New Zealand rabbits by randomly hitting one side of the scrotum under general anesthesia. We examined the bilateral scrotums of all the animals before, immediately after and at 2, 4 and 6 hours after modeling by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and CEUS, and analyzed the time-intensity curve (TIC), arriving time (AT), time to peak intensity (TTP), peak intensity (PI), half time of descending peak intensity (HT) and area under the curve (AUC) in the healthy and injured testis, respectively., Results: CEUS exhibited a higher sensitivity in detecting tissue perfusion than CDFI. The mode of contrast agent perfusion in testicular contusion was fast in and slow out. There were no evident differences between the contused and the healthy testis in AT, TTP and PI before modeling. The contused testis showed significantly earlier AT and TTP, higher PI and larger AUC (P < 0.05) than the healthy one at different time points after modeling, but no statistically significant difference was found in HT (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Accurate parameters of testicular perfusion in acute testis contusion can be quantitatively obtained by CEUS, which are of important value for the diagnosis of testis contusion.

Background: Disaster-related mental health problems have been a focus of recent international scholarly interest. Typhoon Morakot caused exceptional destruction in Southern Taiwan, and victims suffered physically, psychologically and financially in its aftermath., Purpose: This study investigates the post-traumatic response and coping behaviors of victims one year after Typhoon Morakot., Methods: Researchers used a phenomenological method with purposive sampling and interviewed 10 Typhoon Morakot victims. Data were collected using deep, semi-structured interviews. All interview sessions were tape-recorded. Researchers used Colaizzi's seven-step phenomenological method to analyze data., Results: Three common themes emerged in subjects following their disaster experiences. The first was residual traumatic response, including fear of continued flooding, fear of future flood recurrence, indifference in responses, and living on alert; The second was insecurity in daily life due to changed surroundings, including anxiety and a heavy sense of loss; The third was conformity in coping behaviors, including shifting attention away from the disaster, turning to a pluralistic support system, having an optimistic outlook on life, and living in the moment., Conclusion: Investigating traumatic response experiences and coping behaviors one year after the Typhoon Morakot disaster can help guide healthcare professionals to promote evidence-based health and nursing services. Findings also provide information to healthcare providers essential to improving nursing quality for victims of disasters.

Objective: To study the regulation of the mucin protein in colon cancer cell line HT-29 by recombinant human interleukin-6(rIL-6) and to further elucidate the development of colon cancer., Methods: The HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations of rIL-6(1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μg/L), then flow cytometry and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of mucin1 and mucin2. Transwell invasion assay was used to observe the effect of invasion capability of rIL-6 to HT-29 cells., Results: In colon cancer, the expression of mucin 1 could be promoted by rIL-6 with concentration above 2 μg/L, the expression rates were(12.5±1.6)%, (26.6±2.7)%, (33.9±2.8)% and (58.9±2.5)%, respectively, higher than (8.0±0.8)% in the negative controls (P<0.01), meanwhile, the expression of mucin 2 decreased by rIL-6 with concentration above 2 μg/L, the expression rates were(30.5±2.6)%, (17.0±2.7)%, (11.0±2.0)% and (5.3±1.8)%, respectively, lower than (41.6±3.6)% in negative control(P<0.01). With the increase in rIL-6 concentration, the invasion of HT-29 cells was enhanced., Conclusions: In colon cancer, the expression of mucin1 can be promoted by rIL-6, while the expression of mucin2 can be inhibited. IL-6 is a promoting effect factor in colon cancer invasion and metastasis.