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In this work, we investigated the influence of the bifurcation geometry of the iliac artery on the propagation properties of the pulse wave, and applied software to establish the straight bifurcation and curved bifurcation bi-directional fluid-solid coupling finite element analysis models based on the iliac artery, and compared and analyzed the influence of the bifurcation angle of the blood vessel on the propagation characteristics of the pulse wave. It was found that the bifurcation geometry had a significant effect on the pulse wave propagation in the iliac arteries, and the pressure and velocity pulse wave amplitudes predicted by these two models had a good agreement with that before the vessel bifurcation in a cardiac cycle. The curvilinear bifurcation model predicted the pulse wave amplitude to be lower and the pressure drop to be smaller after the bifurcation, which was more in line with the actual situation of the human body. In addition, the bifurcation point is accompanied by the stress concentration phenomenon in the vessel wall, and there is a transient increase in the velocity pulse waveform amplitude, which was consistent with the fact that the bifurcation site is prone to phenomena such as arterial stenosis and hardening. The preliminary results of this paper will provide some reference for the use of pulse waveforms in the diagnosis of arterial diseases.

Objective: To observe the correlation of the arterial remodeling at the reference site and the lesion site and the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on arterial remodeling., Methods: 28 healthy New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to 2 equal groups: GM-CSF group receiving subcutaneous injection of GM-CSF (10 microg x kg(-1)xd(-1)) for 7 days, and pure damage group given subcutaneous injection of equivalent normal saline foe 7 days. Seven days later the iliac arteries of all animals were damaged by balloon. The levels of nitrogen monoxide (NO) were detected before and 4 weeks after angioplasty. Histological sections of iliac from rabbits killed 4 weeks after angioplasty were analyzed. Lumen area (LA), external elastic lamina area (EELA), and intimal plus medial areas (I + M) were measured at the lesion(L) and reference(R) sites., Results: The NO levels 4 weeks later of the GM-CSF group was 98 +/- 10 micromol/L, significantly higher than that of the pure damage group (83 +/- 12 micromol/L, P < 0.05). Morphometric analysis showed that the LA(L) of the pure damage group was (0.87 +/- 0.40) mm2, significantly smaller than that of the GM-CSF group [(1.34 +/- 0.52) mm2, P < 0.05]. The I + M(L) of the pure damage group was (2.62 +/- 0.48) mm2, significantly greater than that of the GM-CSF group [(2.26 +/- 0.43) mm2, P < 0.05]. There was no statistical significance in the EEL(L) between the 2 groups [(3.48 +/- 0.80) mm2 versus (3.60 +/- 0.91) mm2, P > 0.05]. Morphometric analysis showed that the LA(R) of the pure damage group was (1.60 +/- 0.48) mm2, significantly smaller than that of the GM-CSF group [(1.99 +/- 0.54) mm2, P < 0.05], whereas there was no statistical significance in the I + M(R) between the 2 groups. In both groups, LA(R) was significantly correlated with LA(L) (r = 0.919, P < 0.001); and EELA(R) was significantly correlated with EELA(L) (r = 0.909, P < 0.001) and I + M(R) (r = 0.685; P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Remodeling affects both the lesion and the reference sites and appears to occur in parallel and proportionately at both sites. GM-CSF treatment increases re-endothelialization of the injured artery and inhibits unfavorable remodeling.