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Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common malignant tumor of the liver，which is characterized by atypical early symptoms，high malignancy and high mortality. Currently，the overall incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has been increased year by year worldwide and a majority of cholangiocarcinoma patients obtain poor prognosis. Effective diagnosis and treatment strategies are urgently required to change this situation. The establishment of disease models is a hot topic in cancer research. The establishment of experimental models of cholangiocarcinoma contributes to in-depth understanding and study of the incidence，development and drug therapeutic effect of cholangiocarcinoma，which is of significance for early diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common malignant tumor of the liver, which is characterized by atypical early symptoms, high malignancy and high mortality. Currently, the overall incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has been increased year by year worldwide and a majority of cholangiocarcinoma patients obtain poor prognosis. Effective diagnosis and treatment strategies are urgently required to change this situation. The establishment of disease models is a hot topic in cancer research. The establishment of experimental models of cholangiocarcinoma contributes to in-depth understanding and study of the incidence, development and drug therapeutic effect of cholangiocarcinoma, which is of significance for early diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Detergent & Cosmetics is the property of Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: In domestic and foreign literature, an in vitro model is an important tool to study the pathogenesis and effective treatment of osteoarthritis. All kinds of in vitro models have their advantages and disadvantages and related applications; however, so far, there is no ideal experimental model that can study all the characteristics of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To review relevant literature in recent years and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various osteoarthritis models in vitro and their related applications, providing further understanding of osteoarthritis and its therapeutic methods. METHODS: The articles related to PubMed, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang databases from 2010 to 2021 were searched by computer with the English search words: “osteoarthritis, in vitro, model” in English and Chinese. Sixty-three qualified literature with strong correlation and relatively new publication years were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two-dimensional cell culture models of osteoarthritis are easy to be constructed and produced on a large scale, but they are only suitable for studies at the cellular level due to the lack of typical three-dimensional microstructure and interactions with surrounding cells and extracellular matrix. Explant model and three-dimensional cell culture provide an internal environment close to the physical condition of the human body, which can be used to study not only cytokines stimulation but also physical injuries and biomechanical changes. Therefore, we can better study the molecular mechanism of osteoarthritis and propose available interventions. However, from the view of tissue volume and cell vitality, mass production of these models is difficult. In addition, the article also discusses advanced tissue engineering models such as three-dimensional biofabrication models, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip models. Three-dimensional bio-printing technologies and bioreactors have obvious advantages in precise control of tissue structure, transport of bioactive molecules, dynamic cell culture and other aspects, but it still needs further improvement and innovation at present. In general, compared with the twodimensional cell culture model, the in vitro three-dimensional tissue model is more suitable for current research and individualized treatment of osteoarthritis. In the future, it is expected to integrate emerging technologies such as organ chip technology, three-dimensional bio-printing technology and bioreactor, and eventually develop a more suitable platform for osteoarthritis treatment and drug testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal is the property of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal is the property of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: In vitro models are widely used in toxicology, pathology, and pharmaceutical research due to their short experimental cycles, low cost, and small species differences compared with animal models. Dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture mode is an important trend in the development of in vitro models. Dynamic three-dimensional culture in vitro models can be achieved by means of driving fluids in microfluidic systems. OBJECTIVE: To describe the microfluidic driving methods in the field of microfluidics, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and the application of different driving methods to different tissue culture requirements. METHODS: A computed-based retrieval of CNKI and Web of Science databases was performed for the articles concerning dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture and microfluidic driving methods to achieve dynamic culture of cells or tissues. The search terms were "microfluidic; micropump; organ-on-chip; three-dimensional tissue culture" in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The microfluidic driving methods include passive driving and active driving. Whereas passive driving includes surface tension pump, osmotic pump and gravity pump. Active driving includes syringe pump and peristaltic pump. Each driving method has its advantages and disadvantages. To achieve accurate control of the medium flow rate in a dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture system, the best choice is to use syringe pumps or valve-type peristaltic pumps. To achieve closed-loop flow of culture medium in a dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture system, the best choice is to use gravity pumps or peristaltic pumps. To fulfill the need for a sterile environment in the experimental process in a dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture system, the best choices are surface tension pumps, gravity pumps, and pneumatic peristaltic pumps. To achieve high-throughput culture in dynamic three-dimensional tissue culture systems, the best choices are surface tension pumps, gravity pumps and pneumatic peristaltic pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the effects of arecolineand Calcium ion (Ca2+) on the permeability of dysplastic oral epithelia model in vitro. Methods To establish the dysplastic oral epithelia model in vitro by culturing oral keratinocyte (DOK) and harvesting a DOK cell monolayer. The models were divided into control group, arecoline group and "Ca2++ are⁃ coline" group. The values of Lucifer Yellow Papp were used to estimate the permeability changes of models after treated⁃ with arecoline and Ca2+. Results In arecoline group, the lucifer yellow Papp values of each subgroup were higher than that of control group (P < 0.05), and the values increased as arecoline concentration elevated and time lasted (P < 0.05). When the "Ca2 ++ arecoline" group were pretreated with Ca2 +, the values of subgroup "10 μg/mL" was lower than that of the corresponding arecoline group (P > 0.05). However, the value of subgroup "4 h 10 μg/mL" of "Ca2++ arecoline" group had no statistical difference with that of control group (P > 0.05), while the other subgroups were increased (P < 0.05); Be⁃ sides, these values in "Ca2++ arecoline" group were increased as the arecoline concentration elevated and time lasted too (P < 0.05). Conclusion Intervention of arecoline contributes to the increase of permeability of DOK cell monolayer mod⁃ el, which maybe an important reason for the cancerization of dysplastic oral epithelia, however Ca2+might weaken these ef⁃ fects of arecoline in the process.

Objective: To improve the apoptosis/necrosis In vitro model of ascites-induced acute pancreatitic (AP) acinar cells by using the co-culture system and mixed ascites technology for the first time. Furthermore, we compared this improved model with cerulein and cerulein+LPS models, and observed the effects of three models on acinar apoptotic/necrotic-related indicators., Methods: The In vitro cultured rat acinar cells AR42J were divided in four groups: control group (medium+PBS), cerulein group (medium+10 nmol/L cerulein), cerulein+LPS group (medium+10 nmol/L cerulein+10 mg/L LPS) and improved ascites group. In the improved ascites group, the ascites of sodium taurocholate-induced rat model was mixed and added into the co-culture system to stimulated In vitro cultured homogenous acinar cells. The co-culture system was set as follows: the chambers with the pore size of 1 μm were placed in the cultue plate, and the culture medium and mixed ascites were respectively added to the culture plate and the chamber at a ratio of 1:1. The acinar cells in each group were collected after 24 h stimulation. The apoptotic/necrotic rates, the expressions of apoptosis/necrosis related proteins [B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1)], and the ultra-structure of acinar cells were detected by flow cytometry, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)., Results: The acinar cells in the improved ascites model were mainly characterized by necrosis; compared with the other 3 groups, the apoptosis rate and necrosis rate were both up-regulated, RIP1 and BAX protein expression levels were up-regulated, and Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated. TEM results showed the organelle structure of acinar cells was destroyed, and the cell membrane was degraded in the improved ascites model. Compared with the control group, apoptosis rate of acinar cells in the cerulein and cerulein+LPS models were increased and necrosis rate were not changed. The expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was increased, while the expression level of RIP1 was not significantly increased. TEM results showed that in cerulein group and cerulein+LPS group, the chromatin of the cells was condensed into a mass, the cytoplasm was degraded and the cell membrane was intact, showing typical apoptosis characteristics., Conclusion: Compared with cerulein and cerulein +LPS models, which mainly focus on apoptosis of acinar cells and applied to mild acute pancreatitis study, the improved ascites model mainly focuses on the necrosis of acinar cells and is a good model for studying acinar cell necrosis and severe acute pancreatitis., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Inhalable particles deposition in the human respiratory system is the main cause of many respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It plays an important role in related disease prevention and treatment through establishing computer or external entity models to study rules of particle deposition. The paper summarized and analyzed the present research results of various inhalable particle deposition models of upper respiratory tract and pulmonary area, and expounded the application in the areas of disease inducement analysis, drug inhale treatment etc. Based on the review, the paper puts forward the problems and application limitations of present research, especially pointing out future emphasis in development directions. It will have a value of reference guidance for further systematic and in-depth study on the inhalable particle deposition simulation, experiment and application.