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Eco-services provided by non-agricultural organisms are the basis of ecosystem to keep its stability in agricultural landscapes. With the strengthening of agricultural intensification, the ongoing loss of biodiversity is one of the most extrusive issues in the development of modern agriculture. In this paper, the study area was set up in Gongyi County, a typical agricultural region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. According to its typical topography (mountain-hilly-plain) type, we explored the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the diversity of pollinators at three different scales, which were geomorphic categories, landscape and habitat. Pan traps were used to obtain pollinators in this study. The effects of agricultural landscape heterogeneity at multi-scales on the diversity of pollinators were analyzed by using multivariable ANOVA. The results showed that a total of 67012 pollinator individuals that belonged to 86 classes and 7 subjects were classified. The dominant groups inclu-ded Syrphidae and Anthomyiidae. The common groups included Drosophilidae, Calliphoridae, Bombyliidae, Pipunculidae, Cantharidae, Cynipidae, Vespidae, Chalalcididae, Megachilidae and Apidae. Geomorphic categories showed the most significant impact on pollinators (P<0.001), suggesting that hilly and mountainous areas were the pollinators' ground of nectar. It was followed by habitat scale (P<0.05), with non-significant effect on the scales of landscape and the interaction between scales. The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the diversity of pollinators in hilly and mountainous areas provided a theoretical support for landscape planning and biodiversity conservation on the local area with different geomorphic categories.

Objective: To understand the breeding situations of mites and insects from bed mats in dormitories in a college in Wuhu City, so as to provide evidences for improving the prevention and control of mites., Methods: From March to May, 2015, the dust samples from bed mats in student dormitories were collected and detected for mites and insects by microscopy. In addition, the intervention measures including soaking the mats in the warm water, exposing the mats to the sunlight for a long time and cleaning up the indoor environment were carried out, and the breeding situations of mites and insects before and after the intervention were compared., Results: A total of 428 dust samples from bed mats were collected, and the total infestation rate of mites and insects was 71.03%. There were 11 species of mites and insects identified, among which, the infestation rate of Dermatophagoides farinae (60.05%) was the highest, following by that of Liposcelis bostrychophilus (40.89%) . The infestation rates of Cheyletus malaccensis , Blattisocius sp . and Pyemotes sp . were 9.81%, 3.74% and 1.64%, respectively, and the above mites might cause dermatits. The infestation rates of mites and insects in dust samples from bed mats stored in indoor corner, wardrobe, bed bottom, and the balcony corner were 74.75%, 71.26%, 61.17%, and 77.78%, respectively, and the differences among them were not statistically significant ( χ 2 = 7.030, P > 0.05) . The detectable rates of mites and insects in dust samples from bed mats with no cover, wrapped with cloth bags, and wrapped with plastic bags were 85.58%, 78.13%, and 14.29%, respectively, and the differences among them were statistically significant ( χ 2 = 164.303, P < 0.05) . After the intervention, both the infestation rates of mites and insects as well as the average density of mites were decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2 = 45.615, t = 3.203, both P < 0.05) ., Conclusions: The infestation rates of mites and insects in bed mats of the dormitories in the college of Wuhu City are high, and among all the species of mites infested, D. farina are preponderant. The intervention measures, such as prepacking bed mats by adequate sealing, soaking bed mats in the warm water, exposing the bed mats to the sunlight and cleaning indoor environment, have an inhibiting effect to the infestation of mites and insects.

Based on the biological traits such as life history, resistance ability against environmental disturbance, and physiological characteristics of aquatic insects, and by using the fourth-corner statistical method, this paper studied the responses of the functional diversity of aquatic insect community to land use change in the middle reach of Qiantang River, Zhejiang Province of East China. For the test aquatic insect community, some of its biological traits were sensitive to land use change, and altered along human disturbance gradients as expected. With the increasing intensity of human disturbance, the maximal insect body length decreased gradually, the dominant respiration pattern evolved from gill respiration to tegument respiration, and the abundance of burrowers increased significantly. At the same time, the functional diversity measured as Rao's quadratic entropy was significantly higher in reference sites than in disturbed sites (P < 0.001), demonstrating that the changes in the functional diversity of the aquatic community were mainly induced by the land use change caused by human activities, which resulted in the decline of stream water quality and habitat quality and the variations of aquatic insect community composition and biological traits. The aquatic insect biological traits and functional diversity could be the potentially effective indicators in the stream health assessment in the future.

This paper studied the effects of 1-, 2- and 3 years of planting Pennisetum sp. on the plant- and insect diversity in the Pennisetum sp. communities, taking the barren mountain land without planting Pennisetum sp. as the control (CK). Compared with CK, the plant species richness in Pennisetum sp. communities with different years of planting was lower, but the coverage was higher. The coverage in the Pennisetum sp. community having been planted for 3 years was the highest, up to 91.6%, and 75.8% higher than the CK. The insect species richness in the Pennisetum sp. communities having been planted for 1, 2 and 3 years was 3.6, 5.3 and 5.6 times of the CK, respectively. The plant- and insect diversity indices, including Simpson index, Shannon index, evenness, Brillouin index, and McIntosh index for the Pennisetum sp. communities with different years of planting were significantly higher than the CK, which indicated that the growth of Pennisetum sp. could affect the plant- and insect diversity. With the increasing year of planting, the plant- and insect diversity in Pennisetum sp. communities tended to be stable.

In order to approach the effects of different habitat types in wetland on insect diversity, an investigation was conducted on the insects in eight types of habitats in Zhalong Wetland. A total of 5822 insects were collected, belonging to 143 species, 58 families, and 11 orders, among which, Orthoptera, Dipteral and Odonata were the dominant taxa. The species diversity was the highest in grassland meadow, and the Shannon diversity index and evenness index were higher in lakeside but the lowest in wet meadow. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that the similarity of the insect community in the habitats was related to the water source status and vegetation type, and the species and individual number of predatory taxa had important regulation effects on the insect community stability. Lakeside had the strongest insect community stability, while wet meadow had the weakest one, indicating that habitat water source status could affect insect survival, and further, affect the species composition and distribution pattern of insect community.

Objective: To compare effects of three different methods for mtDNA extraction from common sarcosaphagous insects including cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method, sodium dodecyl sulfate-potassium acetate (SDS-KAc) method and sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteinase K (SDS-PK) method., Methods: Seventy-two insects from four species [Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1784), Eusilpha bicolor (Fairmaire, 1896), Paraeutrichopus pecoudi (Mateu, 1954), Vespa velutina (Lepeletier, 1836)] were collected from the corpses of the rabbits in Changsha district. The total DNA of above samples was extracted by CTAB, SDS-Kac and SDS-PK methods. The purity and concentration of DNA were examined by protein-nucleic acid spectrophotometry, and mtDNA were amplified by specific primers and PCR products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Then PCR products were sequenced and subsequently up-loaded to GenBank., Results: mtDNA was successfully extracted with three methods from most of the samples. The SDS-PK method was better in DNA purity compared to other methods and the CTAB method was superior in extracting DNA from old samples, while SDS-KAc method showed no significant difference for extraction effects of different samples., Conclusion: The most appropriate method should be chosen depending on different situations. SDS-PK method is expected to obtain high-quality DNA, while CTAB method is preferred in extracting obsolete samples. SDS-KAc method is low cost and can be used in various kinds of preliminary experiments.

Species identification of sarcosaphagous insects is one of the important steps in forensic research based on the knowledge of entomology. Recent studies reveal that the application of molecular biology, especially the mtDNA sequences analysis, works well in the species identification of sarcosaphagous insects. The molecular biology characteristics, structures, polymorphism of mtDNA of sarcosaphagous insects, and the recent studies in species identification of sarcosaphagous insects are reviewed in this article.

Objective: To study the succession of sarcosaphagous insects and their regular activity on carcass in Shijiazhuang area., Methods: Nine rabbits were sacrificed and placed at the same site during June to September in 2007-2009. The common species of sarcosaphagous insects were observed., Results: Nine main species could be identified belonging to 3 families and 4 genera from Diptera, including Musca domestica (Linnaeus), Muscina stabulans (Fall én), Hydrotaea (Ophyra) capensis (Wiedemann), Hydrotaea (Ophyra) spinigera (Stein), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Boerttcherisca Peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Parasarcophaga crassipalpi (Macquart) and Helicophagella melanura (Meigen). Eleven main species belonging to 4 families from Coleoptera include Nicrophorus concolor (Kraatz), Silpha carinata(Herbst), Nicrophorus fossor (Eneshas), Ptomascopus morio (Kraatz), Eusilpha bicolor (Fairmaire), Scarabaeus rugosus (Hausmann), Harpalus rufipes (DeGeer), Dolichus halensis (Schaller), Goncephalum pusillum (Fabricius), Cafius seminitens (Horn) and Aleochara pacifica (Casey). Two main species from 2 families were Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus) and Vespa velutina(Lepeletier)., Conclusion: It is evident that the succession of sarcosaphagous flies in Shijiazhuang with its unique geographical features. It may be used for estimating postmortem interval in Shijiazhuang area.

An investigation was made on the insect community composition and structure in a Zanthoxylum bungeanum garden with corn-soybean - Z. bungeanum intercropping, soybean - Z. bungeanum intercropping, corn - Z. bungeanum intercropping, and only Z. bungeanum planting in Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province, and the community character index and principal component analysis were used to study the characters and stability of the insect community. A total of 326 insect species were recorded. In intercropped plots, the abundance, diversity, and evenness index of insect community were higher while the dominance index was lower, compared with those in monocultured Z. bungeanum plot. The diversity index of insect community decreased in the order of corn-soybean- Z. bungeanum intercropping > soybean - Z. bungeanum intercropping > corn - Z. bungeanum intercropping > only Z. bungeanum planting, and the insect community in corn-soybean - Z. bungeanum intercropping plot was relatively stable.

An investigation was made from July 2005 to June 2006 to understand the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrates in Xiangxi River, the largest tributary in Hubei portion of Three Gorges Reservoir. The results showed that Ephemeroptera baetis spp., Ephemeroptera epeorus spp., and Plecoptera nemoura spp. were the dominant taxa. There existed greater differences in the habitat characters and in the community structure of macroinvertebrates among the major tributaries of Xiangxi River, and the relative abundance of functional feeding groups could reflect the characters of different habitats. A comparison of the diversity of dominant taxa and their tolerance towards pollution among the major tributaries showed that Jiuchong River had the best habitat, followed by the main stream of Xiangxi River, and Gaolan River and Gufu River. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the NH4+ -N concentration in the main stream of Xiangxi River, the pH, turbidity, water depth, SiO2, conductance, and alkalinity in Jiuchong River, the turbidity in Gaolan River, and the NH4+ -N and NO3- -N concentrations in Gufu River had significant impact on the community structure of macroinvertebrates.

Insect is an important component of forest biodiversity, which is closely related with plant in the main community of forest ecosystem. Intimidation of forest pest and variation of insect diversity is of importance for assessing forest ecosystem health. Insect diversity can be used for rapidly assessing forest ecosystem health. For example, indicator insects have been used to evaluate toxicity levels, abundance of species, levels of biodiversity, target insect status, and endemism levels for forest ecosystem. With a focus on the important interference factors influencing forest environmental health, this paper clarified the biological and ecological basis for insects to be used as a bio-indicator to monitor and assess forest health. We also discussed the fluctuation of insect populations, especially that of the population of the rare species under the influence of habitat fragmentation, and the density and distribution of the insect population under the influence of air pollution, drought, increased CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, the existing problems to use insects as a bio-indicator to monitor and assess forest environmental health were analyzed.

A systematic investigation was made on the effects of cutting on the population dynamics of main insect pests on alfalfa in Dingxi of Gansu Province. The results showed that the effects of cutting varied significantly with the kinds of insect pests. The seasonal average population densities of Therioaphis trifolii, Acyrthosiphon pisum and thrips decreased significantly and maintained at a low level under the first cutting in early June, but less variation was observed under the second cutting in mid-July. Plant bug presented somewhat different picture. In the early period of first cutting, its seasonal average population density decreased significantly but increased then, and was significantly higher in early August, compared with that in uncut field. Opposite with T. trifolii, A. pisum and thrips, the seasonal average population density of plant bug was more affected by second cutting.

As an important complement of the information obtained from mtDNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA is being increasingly applied in entomological study. This paper introduced the structure and characters of ITS, and summarized its applications in identifying insect species and in studying their relative relationships and phylogenesis, evolution and spread, and relations with environment. ITS was mainly applied in identifying the species whose morphological differences were subtle. The research of relative relationships and phylogenesis was aimed to understand the species origin and evolution, while the study on the relations with environment was mainly focused on sociological and parasitic insects. The problems and their possible causes in ITS application were discussed.

This article provides demonstrations and calculations, using rough-set theory and method, of the math-morphological features (MMFs), such as form parameter, lobation and sphericity, etc. drawn from 28 species of insects of the Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera based on their images. The results are compared with statistical analysis made by Zhao Hanqing, and also with the traditional classifications through the pattern recognition of neural network on the basis of the rough-set disposal. The result of the experiments showed that when used in categorical taxonomy, the importance of MMF was ranked from high to low: (roundness-likelihood. eccentricity) > (hot-hole number, sphericity, circularity) > (lobation, form parameter). The results of pattern recognition by neural network were completely identical with those of traditional classifications. Accordingly, the conclusion was that this theory applied in insect taxonomy was more idealistic compared with statistical analysis method, and it had great significance when used with rough-set neural network.

In this paper, simulated N deposition addition (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg x hm(-2) x yr(-1)) by spreading water or NH4NO3 was conducted to study the early responses of soil fauna in three typical native forests (monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, pine forest, and broadleaf-pine mixed forest) of subtropical China. The results showed that in monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, N deposition addition had an obviously negative effect on the three indexes for soil fauna, but in pine forest, the positive effect was significant (P < 0. 05), and the soil fauna community could reach the level in mixed forest, even that in monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest at sometime. The responses in mixed forest were not obvious. In monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, the negative effects were significant (P < 0.05) under medium N deposition, but not under low N deposition. In pine forest, the positive effect was significant (P < 0.05) under high N deposition, especially for the number of soil fauna groups. The results obtained might imply the N saturation-response mechanisms of forest ecosystems in subtropical China, and the conclusions from this study were also consisted with some related researches.

In this study, we investigated the response of soil animal communities to the replacement of native secondary forest by Chinese fir plantation forest and successive rotation of Chinese fir in subtropics. Three adjacent forest stands, i.e., native secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest stand (control) and Chinese fir plantation stands of first (20 yr) and second (20 yr) rotations were selected for the comparison of soil fauna. All animals were extracted from the floor litter and 0-15 cm soil layer of the stands in Summer, 2003 by using Tullgren method, wet funnel method and hand-sorting method. Compared to two Chinese fir plantation forests, the native secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest had a higher abundance and a higher taxonomic diversity of animals in soil and litter, but there were no significant differences in the biomass and productivity of soil fauna between all study stands. The abundance or diversity did not differ significantly between the first rotation and second rotation stands, too. The results supported that vegetation cover might be one of the main forces driving the development of soil animal communities, and the effect of successive rotation of Chinese fir on the development of soil fauna was a slow-running process.

The study on the insect species diversity in Changbai Mountains showed that there were 1960 insect species belonging to 26 orders, 131 families and 1162 genera, among which, 881 species were pests belonging to 11 orders and 105 families, and 638 were serious ones. In forest insect communities, defoliator insect community was more divers than natural enemy community, and predatory insects were more divers than other natural enemies. The indices of annual species evenness of defoliator insect community, parasitic insect community and predatory insect community were 0.884, 0.830, and 0.806, respectively, and the diversity changed with season was in the order of predatory insects > parasitic insects > defoliator insects.

This paper summarized the application of RAPD techniques in insect taxology and ecology, relative of species, systemic development, identification of pest, diagnosing for pest resistance, construction of molecular linkage map, and molecular assistant breeding. The problems existing in the applications of RAPD in entomology were indicated, and their countermeasures were given. It was mentioned that with the development of theories and experimental techniques, insect molecular biology would make new progress and conquer all those problems.