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Transformative learning in medical education has been adapted in developed countries like UK and USA,and has achieved confirmed effects, such as medical students'attitude of learning and professional values acknowledgement during clinical management of diseases and patients, perception of medicine service in undeveloped areas and continues quality improvement of healthcare services. It is suggested that China may adapt the concept of transformative learning in medical education, pay special attention to the cultivation of medical students' competencies in critical thinking,systems-based practice, and appropriately introduce disorienting environment to challeng and stimulate studens'learning in order to optimize teaching effects.

The polysaccharides were extracted from the white double-flowered Hibiscus by ultrasound- assisted hot water extraction technique. Through single factor experiment and Box-Behnken design, the effect of ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction on the extraction yield of Flos Hibisci polysaccharides(HPs) was studied by response surface methodology, and the mathematical model between the extraction yield and the extraction factors was established.The results showed that the extraction yield of HPs reached 6.36±0.12% when the ultrasonic time was 20 min, the ultrasonic power was 473 W and the ratio of material to liquid was 1:25 g/mL.In vitro antioxidant test preliminarily confirmed that HPs had strong scavenging capacity for hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (O2–).

With the continuous improvement requirements of reliability and security for mechanical equipment,accurate extraction of equipment fault development trend of degradation characteristic information and establishment of effective fault prediction model is the key problem to improve reliability of equipment operation. HMM has double random process properties that could describe the hidden state and observed state,it is similar to the equipment degradation processes that become a hot research topic now. On various methods based on the fault identification and diagnosis technology, the equipment fault prognostics methods based on hidden Markov model and hidden semi-Markov model are summarized, advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyst and compared. Finally,its development trend on equipment degradation assessment and prognostics is pointed out.

In view that traditional mining S free sets algorithm exist generating candidate item sets, traversing all direct subsets, and so on leading to low efficiency, a free sets determine lemma and a fast mining free sets algorithm FMFS were proposed. FMFS used Rymon set enumeration tree as searching space and combined with pruning strategy, and then used the free sets determine lemma to quickly determine the candidate itemset. Experimental results showed FMFS algorithm not only mined all free sets, but also showed better performance than existed mining algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The high-quality pasture species suitably interplanted with Mangifera indica in Southern China were screened in order to provide scientific references for establishing efficient utilization model of artificial grassland in M. indica orchard of Southern China. [Method]The allelopathic effects of aqueous extract from M. indica leaves at five different concentrations (1.00 % , 0.50 % , 0.20 % , 0.10 % and 0.05 % ) on six important pasture species (viz. Macroptilium atropureum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa L., Stylosanthes guianensis Reyan 2, Paspalum atratum Reyan 11 and Lolium perenne L) and two mode receptor plants (Glycine max L and Oryza glaberrima) were investigated by biological assay. [Result] Except that several receptor plants showed allelopathic promoting effect of aqueous extract from M. indica leaves at low concentration, most of receptor plants showed obvious allelopathic inhibiting effect. Moreover the inhibiting effect became greater with increasing concentration of aqueous extract. Therefore, the allelopathic synthesis effects of aqueous extract from M. indica leaves were different among tested receptor plants. As for all tested pasture species in M. indica orchard , their adaptability from strong to weak in order was L. polyphyllus>M. sativa> S. guianensis>M. atropureum in leguminosae and L. perenne>P. atratum in gramineae. [Conclusion] L. polyphyllus and L. perenne are two most preferable interplanting pasture species in M. indica orchard, and specific attention should be paid to timely prevent and kill off weeds, water and fertilize suitably in field management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To research the curative effect of individual combination of temperature control, sodium curve and step ultrafiltration mode on intradialytic hypotension (IDH), and to investigate the reasonable treatment scheme of IDH. Methods 60 patients with a high incidence of hypotension of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group), with 30 patients in each group, and normal standard dialysis mode was used in control group. According to the occurrence regularity of IDH, the internal temperature, sodium dialysis machine, curve, stepultrafiltration mode combined with hemodialysis were set individual. The frequency of occurrence of IDH, symptom scores, dry body weight, blood pressure change during and after dialysis, and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chlorine) after dialysis were compared between the two groups. Results The total incidence of hypotension, dry body weight, blood pressure during and after dialysis in experimental group were better than those of control group (P < 0.05). The symptom scores (dizziness, chest tightness, sweating score, muscle spasm, gastrointestinal symptoms score, short mental change score) were lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). But there were no significant differences in serum sodium, potassium and chlorine concentrations between the two groups after dialysis (P < 0.05). Conclusion The individual combination of temperature control, sodium curve and step ultrafiltration mode is safe and effective, which can prevent and control the occurrence of IDH, improve symptoms and increase dry weight success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To research the influence of regular application of urokinase (UK), heparin seal tube on temporary hemodialysis catheter function, related infections, so as to find out the clinical application significance of regular application of urokinase (UK) and heparin seal tube. Methods We selected 100 patients using right internal jugular vein catheter as temporary maintain hemodialysis (MHD) vascular access, and randomly divided them into two groups (experimental group and control group, each group of 50 patients). The catheter dysfunction, blood clots, catheter-related bacteremia, coagulation indexes were compared between the two groups. Results The incidence rates of catheter dysfunction, cavity and tip thrombosis, catheter-related bacteremia were significantly lower in experimental group than those in control group (P < 0.05), the incidence rates of mural thrombus had no significant difference between experimental group and control group (P = 0.420), the experimental scheme had no influence on coagulation indexes (Platelet, prothrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, prothrombin, international normalized ratio) (P > 0.05) Conclusions Regular application of urokinase (UK) and heparin seal tube is safe and effective in maintaining temporary hemodialysis catheter function, reducing tube thrombosis and prevention of catheter-related bacteremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlation between the clinical characteristics of coronary lesions and risk factors of premature coronary heart disease (PCHD) . Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 300 patients with coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography. The patients were divided by age into PCHD group and late CHD (LCHD) group, with 150 patients in each group. The relationship among the risk factors including body mass index (BMI) , history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, premature family history of cardiovascular disease, and level of lipidemia, and clinical features of coronary lesions in coronary features were analyzed. Results Patients with PCHD had higher levels of BMI, triglyceride (TG) , total cholesterol (TC) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and LP (a) and lower incidence of diabetes than those in LCHD group (P< 0.05) . Lesions in single branch of coronary artery were more common in patients with PCHD (P<0.05) . Conclusion Patients with PCHD have many clinical cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, smoking, drinking, premature family history of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipemia, so early control of risk factors and early prevention can help reduce the incidence of PCHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to research and application of ant foraging theory, this paper introduced the modeling method based on agent to construct the ant colony foraging behavior model. Through constructing many effective ant behavior rules such as the path selection rules which was added the function of perceiving information, the reward and punishment rules which could regenerate the pheromone, strengthened the speed and the intelligence of ant routing. And comparing with the existing classic literature, it determined the effectiveness of the model. In order to verify the adaptability of ants foraging behavior model, the model was used to the local path planning of mobile robot. The simulation results show the ants foraging behavior model can quickly determine the optimal path in the complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve control performances of this combined control system, current construction, control principle and performance of valve-pump parallel control schemes and valve-pump series control schemes were analyzed, then a scheme of valve-pump parallel speed servo with time-sharing variable structure was proposed, its control principle was that control structure varies with speed control requirement, pump and valve time-sharing participate and coordinated control. The scheme includes two types; replenishing and leaking, a valve-pump parallel control hydraulic hoist with time-sharing variable structure in replenishing manner and in leaking manner were developed when the scheme was applied to the hydraulic hoist. Finally, characteristics of the two control manners were also contrastively studied, which would provide basic theory for selection and parameters configuration for valve-pump combined control system. The time-sharing variable structure control scheme establishes a flexible control mechanism that control structure can vary with control requirement in a speed regulating process. It will enrich the control manner of hydraulic servo system, and probably solve the contradiction between efficiency and response of high power hydraulic control system, also gives consideration to the speed stability in stage of start-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data from China Agriculture Yearbook 2006 and other documents, the amounts of crop straws and of the excreta from human, livestock, and poultry in China in 2005 were estimated, with the potential and the environmental risk of their nutrient resources analyzed. In 2005 , the total amount of crop straws in this country was 643 million tons, and that of the excreta from human, livestock, and poultry was 4625 million tons. The amounts of N, P2O5, and K2O from the straws and the excreta were 28. 24, 12. 82 , and 29. 48 million tons, being 1. 08, 0. 86, and 4. 56 times of the inputs from chemical fertilizers in the same year, respectively. There was a great regional difference in the distribution of the organic manures nutrient resources. The total amount of N, P2O5, and K2O in the excreta was more than 4 million tons in Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan provinces, but less in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and northwest China, while the total amount of these nutrients in crop straws was more than 1. 5 million tons in Henan and Shandong provinces, the main grain production areas, but less in northwest China. The per unit farmland load of N, P2O5, and K2O from the excreta was the highest (787. 26 kg ∙ hm-2) in Beijing, followed by in Tianjin (515. 31 kg ∙ hm-2) and Shanghai (505. 35 kg ∙ hm-2) , where the environmental risk could be more serious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the sexual differences of clinical characteristics in premature coronary heart disease (PCHD) patients. Methods The clinical and coronary angiographic data were compared between male and female PCHD patients (male =⩽ 55 years old, n -130; female =⩽ 65 years old, n =130) . Results Compared with male PCHD patients, female patients had significantly higher prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes (34.6% vs 16.9%, 27.9% vs 15.3%, P<0.05) and lower smoking rate ( 6.0% vs 65.4%, P<0.05) .There were no differences in BMI, hyperlipidemia, cerebral infarction and family history of coronary heart disease. There were more patients with single vessel lesion and no significantly differences of vessel lesions between two groups. Conclusion In PCHD patients, smoking was the main risk factor for male, while hypertension and diabetes for female. There were no significantly differences of vessel lesions between two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlation of the pulse wave velocity and severity of coronary heart disease and evaluate the predictive value. Methods 180 patients with coronary artery disease were enrolled as coronary disease group, which were devided into single-vessel group (n = 119) and multi-vessel group (n = 61) according to the lesion number, and into slight lesion group (n = 132) and severe lesion group (n = 48) according to the severity. 180 healthy people were chosen as healthy group in the corresponding period. The differences of pulse wave velocity between healthy group and coronary disease group, single-vessel group and multi-vessel group. slight lesion group and severe lesion group were analyzed. Results The pulse wave velocity of coronary disease group was apparently higher than that of healthy group, and the difference had statistical significance (P<0.05). The pulse wave velocity of multi-vessel group was obviously higher than that of single-vessel group, and the difference had statistical significance (P<0.05). The pulse wave velocity of slight lesion group was much lower than that of severe lesion group, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The pulse wave velocity and the severity of coronary heart disease have a significant correlation, which patients with more severe disease have higher pulse wave velocity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the reasonable structure and working parameters of coal particles cleanout jet device in coalbed methane wells, and realize the optimization design and efficient operation of coal particles cleanout jet system, theory analysis on the working principle of coal particles cleanout and motion process of coal particle was done. The bottom hole coal particles cleanout jet flow field can be divided into six areas; free jeting area, jet impinging area, radial flowing area, reflux area, vortex area and negative pressure suction area, which resulted in the spiral uprising motion state of coal particle. Coal particles cleanout experiments were designed by uniform design method, regression equation was found by quadratic polynomial stepwise regression method, the intercoupling influence relation of nozzle structure parameters, jet parameters and coal particle characters to impinging depth was revealed. The results show that the arrangement of these parameters is jet distance, nozzle diameter, nozzle flow rate, and coal particle diameter according to their effects on impinging depth. The influence of nozzle flow rate, nozzle diameter and jet distance on impinging depth was obtained in detail by further single factor experiment, and got the conclusion that on the condition that impinging depth reached 500 mm without moving the tubes, the nozzle flow rate can't be lower than 15 m³/h, and the jet distance should be less than 100 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the moving off conditions of pulverized coal and the suspended migration conditions coal particles, a porosity and permeability model regarding pulverized coal fall off, migration and blockage was developed in this study,which was used to study the influence of porosity and permeability from the discharge amount of pulverized coal. According to the model,and the theory of pulverized coal proper discharge,the pulverized coal proper discharge model and the critical fluid speed coal model were established. Once the fall off of coal powder is discharged, and the seepage channel is dredged, subsequently, the permeability and gas production are increased. The results show that the porosity and permeability of coal seam are improved by peeling of pulverized coal, and are reduced by the sedimentary and jam of peeled pulverized coal; if the fall off coal powder is not removed, the porosity and permeability of coal seam will not change. If the fall off coal powder moves near wellbore and no reduction, the coal seam porosity and permeability will unchange, however, the porosity and permeability away from wellbore will increase, and the porosity and permeability near wellbore will decrease. Because of the permeability reduction, the overall gas production is affected. The permeability increase follows a quadratic relationship with the amount of pulverized coal discharge. When the support particle size is 20/40 in the stimulation of coalbed methane well,the largest discharge coal particle size is 0. 16 mm. When liquid output volume is 13. 53 m³/d, it is good for discharging the pulverized coal with a size smaller than 0. 1 mm,which improves the permeability of coal seam,and increases the coalbed methane gas production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change trend, relationship, and influencing factors of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations were analyzed by using a Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter coupled with stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and the spatiotemporal resolution monitoring data of PM 2.5 and O 3 and meteorological data observed in Tianjin from 2013 to 2020. The results showed that a significant decreasing trend of PM 2.5 concentrations by 50.0% was observed from 2013 to 2020, whereas an increasing trend for O 3 concentrations by 25.8% was observed from 2013 to 2020. Compared with that in 2013 to 2017, the monthly difference in PM 2.5 concentrations gradually narrowed from 2018 to 2020, whereas the concentration of O 3 had increased significantly since April, and the occurrence time of O 3 pollution was advanced. The correlation coefficient patterns of O 3 and PM 2.5 showed obvious seasonal distribution characteristics. The correlation coefficients were negatively correlated in winter and positively correlated in the summer, and the correlation coefficients in summer were generally higher than those in other seasons. The correlation coefficients between O 3 and PM 2.5 in different seasons were positively proportional to the fitting slope. The ratios of the fitting slope to correlation coefficients showed an increasing trend, which might reflect that the inhibitory effect of PM 2.5 on O 3 formation in the PM 2.5 -O 3 interaction mechanism might have been weakened due to the impact of emission reduction. A significant decreasing trend was observed for the long-term trend components of the PM 2.5 concentration time series; emission reduction played a leading role, and meteorological factors contributed -3 to 6 μg·m -3 . The changes in the relationship between the PM 2.5 /CO ratio versus NO 2 /SO 2 from negative to positive were observed from 2013-2017 to 2018-2020 in Tianjin, which could indicate the enhanced contribution potential of nitrogen oxides to the main secondary component formation of PM 2.5 under the current emission reduction scenarios, and the main secondary components of PM 2.5 in Tianjin gradually changed from sulfate to nitrate. An overall upward trend was observed for the long-term trend components of the O 3 concentration time series from 2013 to 2020, and the contribution of precursor emissions to the long-term component of O 3 increased from 2013 to 2018 and began to decrease after 2019. The contribution of meteorological factors to the long-term component of O 3 presented an obvious stage change, showing a downward trend from 2013 to 2016 and an upward trend from 2016 to 2020. The O 3 concentration presented a non-linear relationship with NO 2 during the period of intense atmospheric photochemical processes (11:00-16:00) in summer. Compared with that in 2013-2015, the fitting curve of O 3 and NO 2 showed an obvious offset to the low value of NO 2 from 2016 to 2020, which reflected that the NO x emission reduction in this period achieved certain results. Compared with that in 2018, the fitting curve of O 3 and NO 2 moved downward from 2019 to 2020, which may reflect that NO x and VOCs emission reduction had a non-negligible effect on the O 3 decline at this stage.

The emission reduction effect of major air pollution control measures on PM 2.5 concentrations was assessed using air quality simulations based on the calculation data of emission reductions from different air pollution control measures and the high spatiotemporal resolution online monitoring data of PM 2.5 during the 13th Five-Year Period in Tianjin. The results showed that the total emission reductions of SO 2 , NO x , VOCs, and PM 2.5 from 2015 to 2020 were 4.77×10 4 , 6.20×10 4 , 5.37×10 4 , and 3.53×10 4 t, respectively. SO 2 emission reduction was mainly due to the prevention of process pollution, loose coal combustion, and thermal power. NO x emission reduction was mainly due to the prevention of process pollution, thermal power, and steel industry. VOCs emission reduction was mainly due to prevention of process pollution. PM 2.5 emission reduction was mainly due to the prevention of process pollution, loose coal combustion, and the steel industry. The concentrations, pollution days, and heavy pollution days of PM 2.5 decreased significantly from 2015 to 2020 by 31.4%, 51.2%, and 60.0% compared to those in 2015, respectively. The concentrations and pollution days of PM 2.5 decreased slowly in the later stage (from 2018 to 2020)as compared with those in the early stage (from 2015 to 2017), and the days of heavy pollution remained for approximately 10 days. The results of air quality simulations showed that meteorological conditions contributed one-third to the reduction in PM 2.5 concentrations, and the emission reductions of major air pollution control measures contributed two-thirds to the reduction in PM 2.5 concentrations. For all air pollution control measures from 2015 to 2020, PM 2.5 concentrations were reduced by the prevention of process pollution, loose coal combustion, the steel industry, and thermal power by 2.66, 2.18, 1.70, and 0.51 μg·m -3 , respectively, accounting for 18.3%, 15.0%, 11.7%, and 3.5% of PM 2.5 concentration reductions. In order to promote the continuous improvement in PM 2.5 concentrations during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, under the total coal consumption control and the goal of "peaking carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality," Tianjin should continue to optimize and adjust the coal structure and further promote the coal consumption to the power industry with an advanced pollution control level. At the same time, it is necessary to further improve the emission performance of industrial sources in the whole process, taking environmental capacity as the constraint; design the technical route for industrial optimization, adjustment, transformation, and upgrading; and optimize the allocation of environmental capacity resources. Additionally, the orderly development model for key industries with limited environmental capacity should be proposed, and clean upgrading, transformation, and green development should be guided for enterprises.

The characteristics, pollutant concentration distribution, and key meteorological factors of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution in Tianjin were analyzed based on the high-resolution online monitoring data of PM 2.5 , O 3, and meteorological data observed in Tianjin from 2013 to 2019. Total PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution was 94 days and showed a decreasing trend by year; a significant decreasing trend of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution days were observed in the early stage, with a decline rate of 52.2% from 2013 to 2015. By contrast, in the later period from 2016 to 2019, a fluctuating increasing trend of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution days of 16.7% was observed. PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution days mainly occurred from March to September each year with substantial variation by year, mainly occurring in June to August from 2013 to 2016 and in April and September from 2017 to 2019. The peak value of ρ (O 3 ) (301-326 μg·m -3 ) appeared when ρ (PM 2.5 ) ranged from 75 μg·m -3 to 85 μg·m -3 . PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution days accounted for 34.4% of total O 3 pollution events in Tianjin, which showed a decreasing trend by year. The peak O 3 concentration and average O 3 concentration during PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution were higher than those during simplex O 3 pollution, and the number of days with PM 2.5 and O 3 as the primary pollutant decreased and increased in compound pollution days by year, respectively. The weather situation of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution was categorized into five weather types, namely low pressure, weak high pressure, rear of high pressure, front of cold front, and equalized pressure. The low pressure, front of cold front, and weak high pressure were observed most frequently, accounting for 92.5% of the total weather situation. The occurrence of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution was most probable when the dominant wind direction was the southwest and south, the average wind speed was less than 2 m·s -1 , the temperature was between 20-35℃, and the humidity was between 40%-60%.

Objective: To analysis clinical phenotype and potential genetic cause of a family affected with hereditary coagulation factor Ⅻ deficiency., Methods: The prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-Dimer (D-D), coagulation factor Ⅻ activity (FⅫ:C) and coagulation factor Ⅻ antigen (FⅫ:Ag) were determined for phenotype diagnosis of the proband and his family members(3 generations and 5 people). Targeted capture and whole exome sequencing were performed in peripheral blood sample of the proband. Possible disease-causing mutations of F12 gene were obtained and further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The corresponding mutation sites of the family members were analyzed afterwards. The online bioinformatics software AutoPVS1 and Mutation Taster was used to predict the effects of mutation sites on protein function., Results: The APTT of the proband was significantly prolonged, reaching 180.9s. FⅫ:C and FⅫ:Ag of the proband was significantly reduced to 0.8% and 4.17%, respectively. The results of whole exome sequencing displayed that there were compound heterozygous mutations in F12 gene of the proband, including the c.1261G＞T heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 11 (causing p.Glu421*) and the c.251dupG heterozygous frameshift mutation in exon 4 (causing p.Trp85Metfs*53). Both mutations are loss of function mutations with very strong pathogenicity, leading to premature termination of the protein. AutoPVS1 and Mutation Taster software predicted both mutations as pathogenic mutations. The results of Sanger sequencing revealed that c.1261G＞T heterozygous mutation of the proband was inherited from his mother, for which his brother and his daughter were c.1261G＞T heterozygous carriers. Genotype-phenotype cosegregation was observed in this family., Conclusion: The c.1261G＞T heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 11 and the c.251dupG heterozygous frameshift mutation in exon 4 of the F12 gene probably account for coagulation factor Ⅻ deficiency in this family. This study reports two novel pathogenic F12 mutations for the first time worldwide.

The characteristics and sources of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution were analyzed based on the high-resolution online monitoring data of PM 2.5 , O 3 and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) observed in Tianjin from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that total PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution was 34 days, which only appeared between March and September and slightly increased by year. The peak value of ρ (O 3 )(301-326 μg·m -3 ) appeared when ρ (PM 2.5 ) ranged from 75 μg·m -3 to 85 μg·m -3 . During PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution, the average ρ (VOCs) was 72.59 μg·m -3 , and the chemical compositions of VOCs were alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, and alkynes, accounting for 61.51%, 20.38%, 11.54%, and 6.57% of VOCs concentration on average, respectively. The concentration of the top 20 species of VOCs increased, among which the proportion of alkane species such as ethane, n-butane, isobutane, and isopentane increased; the proportion of alkenes and alkynes decreased slightly; and the proportion of benzene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene of aromatic hydrocarbons increased slightly. The ozone formation potential(OFP) contribution of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and alkynes were 19.68%, 39.99%, 38.08%, and 2.25%, respectively; the contributions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics to secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation potential were 7.94%, 2.17%, and 89.89%, respectively. Compared with that of non-compound pollution, the contribution of alkanes and aromatics to OFP increased 13.8% and 4.3%, and that to SOA formation potential increased 2.3% and 0.2%, respectively. The contribution of alkenes to OFP and SOA formation potential decreased 9.4% and 15.6%, respectively, and the contribution of alkynes to OFP increased 7.7% in compound pollution. The contributions of main species such as 1-pentene, n -butane, methyl cyclopentane, isopentane, 1,2,3-trimethylene, propane, toluene, acetylene, o -xylene, ethylbenzene, m -ethyltoluene, and m / p -xylene to OFP increased, and that of isoprene to OFP decreased. The contribution of benzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, toluene, and o -xylene to the potential formation of SOA increased during compound pollution. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the contributions of sources to OFP and SOA formation potential in compound pollution, solvent usage, automobile exhaust, petrochemical industrial emission, natural source, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) evaporation, combustion source, gasoline evaporation, and other industrial process sources were identified as major sources of OFP and SOA formation potential; the contributions of each source to OFP were 21.9%, 16.9%, 16.7%, 12.4%, 8.3%, 7.7%, 2.9%, and 13.2%, respectively, and to SOA formation potentials were 46.8%, 14.4%, 7.1%, 11.9%, 5.9%, 6.6%, 1.6%, and 5.7%, respectively. Solvent usage, automobile exhaust, and petrochemical industrial emissions were main sources for PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution.

To discuss the effects of total glucosides from white paeony on preventing and treating radioactive liver damage, and explore its possible mechanisms. Thirty-six patients with primary hepatic carcinoma from 105th Hospital of Chinese PLA were treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and randomly divided into simple irradiation group, total glucosides from white paeony group, and control group. The levels of AST, ALT, HA, LN, PCⅢ, CIV and TGF-β1 in serum of various groups were determined by using ELISA method. As compared with the simple irradiation group and control group, total glucosides from white paeony could obviously decrease the levels of AST, ALT, HA, LN, PCⅢ, CIV and TGF-β1(P<0.05, P<0.01). The results showed that the total glucosides from white paeony could effectively prevent and treat radioactive liver damage, and its mechanism might be associated with decreasing the levels of TGF-β1, and inhibiting the synthesis of collagen synthesis., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Considerting that the uniform grating can be induced chirp effect under non-uniform strain, a method of making chirp grating by uniform grating with the use of sine structure is proposed. The sine structure was designed as basal material while the fiber Bragg and grating was pasted in the strain non-uniform area of basal material. the strain it produced was introducied into FBG gate area by applying tensile load to achieve FBG produce chirp effect. FBG was made with multiple peaks and wide bandwidth of the chirp grating. The finite element software was used to simulate the strain of sine-structure under tensile loading to get strain contours of the sinusoidal structure in different positions; The experimental results showd that the bandwidth has been increased five times when the displacement load was up to 8 mm and the chirp grating reflection spectrum with multiple peaks; The transfer matrix method to reflection spectrum of chirp grating was combined for spectrum simulation reconstruction and the simulation spectrum spectrum trend was consistent with the experimental results. The chirp grating made in this method has an important application in complex strain field multiple parameters and achieving sense of temperature without compensation by the use of the bandwidth of the chirp grating at the same time.

Objective: To establish and evaluate the methods of internal quality control in blood donor screening by nucleic acid test (NAT)., Methods: After HBV-DNA standard quality control (QC) sample (60 IU/ml) was diluted by pooling 6 samples, the concentration was 10.0 IU/ml, which was approach twice of the low limit. When the pooling result turned out reactive, the pooling samples need to be split into single sample to process. Meanwhile, the standard QC samples were tested as well. The same batch QC samples were tested 20 times respectively, calculate the mean (x̄), standard deviation (SD) and CV. Make Levey-Jennings QC curves by setting x̄±2SD as warning, x̄±3SD as rejected. The Levey-Jennings quality controls chart was mapped by using Microsoft Excel., Results: After 20 times test of mixed/split samples, the x̄±2SD were 33.03±1.47 and 30.08±0.98, the x̄±3SD were 33.03±2.20 and 30.08±1.47, the CV were 2.22% and 1.63%, respectively. The P value of t test was 0.08 and 0.17 respectively, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 group., Conclusion: When establish an internal QC system in the screening laboratory by nucleic acid testing, the concentration of the QC samples should be equal to normal specimens. This type of QC system may validate the extraction and amplification of the nucleic acid, and improve the stability of the test results.

Objective: To investigate how network education can improve college students' knowledge on sexual and reproductive health in Ningbo city., Methods: From December 2012 to June 2013, we conducted a questionnaire investigation among college students in Ningbo city about the effects of network education on their knowledge about sexual psychology, sexual physiology, sexual ethics, and reproductive health., Results: A total of 7 362 college students accomplished the investigation, of whom 2 483 (42.1% males and 57.9% females) received network education, while the other 4 879 (24.1% males and 75.9% females) did not. Approximately 47.1% of the male and 28.0% of the female students acquired sexual and reproductive knowledge via network education. Reproductive health-related network education significantly enriched the students' knowledge about the reproductive system and sex, pubertal development, sexual physiology, conception and embryonic development, methods of contraception, sexual psychology, sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention, pregnancy care and eugenics, and environment- and occupation-related reproductive health (P < 0.01). It also remarkably improved their cognitive attitude towards reproductive health knowledge (P < 0.01). Those who received reproductive health-related network education showed a significantly higher rate of masturbation (P < 0.01) but markedly later time of the first masturbation (P < 0.01) than those who did not., Conclusion: Network education can enhance the effect of reproductive health education among college students and improve their sexual experience and health.

Objective: To establish discriminant functions of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) by studying it from quantitative diagnosis angle, hoping to reduce interference of subjective factors in diagnosing and differentially diagnosing Chinese medical syndromes of IBS-D., Methods: A Chinese medical clinical epidemiological survey was carried out in 439 IBS-D patients using Clinical Information Collection Table of IBS. Initial syndromes were obtained by cluster analysis. They were analyzed using step-by-step discrimination by taking information of four Chinese medical diagnostic methods and serum brain-gut peptides (BGP) as variables., Results: Clustering results were Gan stagnation Pi deficiency syndrome (GSPDS), Pi-Wei weakness syndrome (PWWS), Gan stagnation qi stasis syndrome (GSQSS), Pi-Shen yang deficiency syndrome (PSYDS), Pi-Wei damp-heat syndrome (PWDHS), cold-damp disturbing Pi syndrome (CDDPS). Of them, GSPDS was mostly often seen with effective percentage of 34. 2%, while CDDPS was the least often seen with effective percentage of 5.5%. A total of 5 discriminant functions for GSPDS, PWWS, GSQSS, PSYDS, and PWDHS were obtained by step-by-step dis- crimination method. The retrospective misjudgment rate was 4.1% (16/390), while the cross-validation misjudgment rate was 15.4% (60/390)., Conclusion: The establishment of discriminant functions is of value in objectively diagnosing and differentially diagnosing Chinese medical syndromes of IBS-D.

The essence of endogenous turbidity in Chinese medicine (CM) is different from cream, fat, phlegm, retention, damp, toxicity, and stasis. Along with the development of modern scientific technologies and biology, researches on the essence of endogenous turbidity should keep pace with the time. Its material bases should be defined and new connotation endowed at the microscopic level. The essence of turbidity lies in abnormal functions of zang-fu organs. Sugar, fat, protein, and other nutrient substances cannot be properly decomposed, but into semi-finished products or intermediate metabolites. They are inactive and cannot participate in normal material syntheses and decomposition. They cannot be transformed to energy metabolism, but also cannot be synthesized as executive functioning of active proteins. If they cannot be degraded by autophagy-lysosome or ubiquitin-prosome into glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and other basic nutrients to be used again, they will accumulate inside the human body and become endogenous turbidity. Therefore, endogenous turbidity is different from final metabolites such as urea, carbon dioxide, etc., which can transform vital qi. How to improve the function of zang-fu organs, enhance its degradation by autophagy-lysosome or ubiquitin-prosome is of great significance in normal operating of zang-fu organs and preventing the emergence and progress of related diseases.

Objective: To observe the three-dimensional distribution of vessels, and to establish a new method for measurement of blood flow velocity in mice cerebral cortex using two-photon laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence probe labeling technique., Methods: The mouse was made cranial window surgery and injected Texas-Red through tail vein after anesthetized. The three-dimensional imaging of vessel was obtained through z-stack scanning, and blood flow velocity was quantified through line scanning., Results: We could detect vascular distribution for more than 500 µm depth using two-photon microscopy. The velocity of blood flow was (0.59 ± 0.12) mm/s in capillary., Conclusion: The method for observing the brain blood flow by two-photon microscopy was established, which could achieve quantification of single vascular blood flow velocity and provide experimental evidence for basic research and medical applications.

In the present paper, a method of monitoring progressive damage of composite structures by non-uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG) reflection spectrum is proposed. Due to the finite element analysis of corrugated composite skins specimens, the failure process under tensile load and corresponding critical failure loads of corrugated composite skin was predicated. Then, the non-uniform reflection spectrum of FBG sensor could be reconstructed and the corresponding relationship between layer failure order sequence of corrugated composite skin and FBG sensor reflection spectrums was acquired. A monitoring system based on FBG non-uniform reflection spectrum, which can be used to monitor progressive damage of corrugated composite skins, was built. The corrugated composite skins were stretched under this FBG non-uniform reflection spectrum monitoring system. The results indicate that real-time spectrums acquired by FBG non-uniform reflection spectrum monitoring system show the same trend with the reconstruction reflection spectrums. The maximum error between the corresponding failure and the predictive value is 8.6%, which proves the feasibility of using FBG sensor to monitor progressive damage of corrugated composite skin. In this method, the real-time changes in the FBG non-uniform reflection spectrum within the scope of failure were acquired through the way of monitoring and predicating, and at the same time, the progressive damage extent and layer failure sequence of corru- gated composite skin was estimated, and without destroying the structure of the specimen, the method is easy and simple to operate. The measurement and transmission section of the system are completely composed of optical fiber, which provides new ideas and experimental reference for the field of dynamic monitoring of smart skin.

Objective: To develop a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 58-associated cervical carcinoma, and explore its transformation activity and antigenicity., Methods: The E6 and E7 three amino acid codons in the HPV 58 virus were modified respectively and fused. The modified and fused gene was named HPV58 mE6E7. The recombinant HPV58 mE6E7 gene was inserted into pIRES-neo vector to generate plasmid pIRES-neo-HPV58 mE6E7. Then NIH/3T3 cell line was transfected with plasmid pIRES-neo-HPV58 mE6E7. The pIRES-neo-HPV58 mE6E7-transfected cells were the experimental group, pIRES-neo-HPV58 E6E7-transfected cells were the positive control group, and pIRES-neo empty vector-transfected cells were the negative control group. The expression of HPV58 mE6E7 protein in the experimental cells was detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and Western blot. The transformation activity of HPV58 mE6E7 was tested by soft agar colony formation assay and subcutaneously tumors in nude mice. Finally, DNA vaccine was constructed with HPV58 mE6E7 fusion antigen and used to immunize C57BL/6 mice with the vaccine plasmids. The specific serum antibodies were detected by EIISA, and the number of splenic specific CD8(+) T cells secreting IFN-γ of the immunized mice was detected by ELISPOT assay., Results: Sequencing confirmed the expected mutation and a 100% homogeneity of the HPV58 E6E7 fusion gene. Stable transfected NIH/3T3 cells expressing HPV58 mE6E7 and HPV58 E6E7 gene were 70.3% and 84.1%, respectively. The relative expressions of HPV58 mE6E7 and HPV58 E6E7 fusion protein in 3T3-HPV58 mE6E7 experimental cells and 3T3-HPV58 E6E7 positive control cells were 2.1 ± 1.7 and 3.8 ± 1.4, respectively, and were negative in the negative control group. No colony formation was found in the experimental and 3T3-neo negative control cell groups, and 31 colonies were found in the positive control cell group, among them 10 colonies were consisted of more than 50 cells. No tumor mass was formed within 4 weeks in the nude mice of experimental and negative control groups, but among the 10 mice of positive control group tumor was formed in 6 mice. Using HPV58 mE6E7 fusion gene as target antigen of DNA vaccine, the antibody titer was 25 600, and specific immunity spots were 218.8 ± 34.4, significantly higher than that in the control group., Conclusions: The fused and modified HPV58 E6E7 amino acid codons can abolish the transformation activity but preserve its antigenicity. HPV58 mE6E7 is a potential target gene for the development of therapeutic DNA vaccine against HPV58-associated cervical cancer.

Objective: To initially observe the antitumor immune of PVAX1-HPV58mE6E7FcGB composite DNA vaccine., Methods: Before detecting immune effect of the vaccine, the B16-HPV58E6E7 tumor cell line was built which could steadily express HPV58E6E7 fusion gene. Then, HPV58E6E7-GST fusion protein as an antigen was expressed and purified. Before or after immunized with the vaccine, the C57BL/6 mice were challenged by B16-HPV58E6E7 cells. Anti-tumor transplantation and tumor growth inhibition experiment were performed to observe prevention and treatment effects on the vaccine. Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the immunized mice were detected by ELISA, enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) method., Results: In the anti-tumor transplantation experiment, tumor formation rate was only 9/15 in the mice which were immunized by PVAX1-HPV58mE6E7FcGB vaccine, time before tumor formation was the longest [(13.6 ± 1.7) days] and tumor growth was the slowest in the vaccine group. In tumor growth inhibition experiment, inhibition rate reached 81.4% in the vaccine group. Except tumor formation rate, all data in the vaccine group was superior to the pure antigen PVAX1-HPV58mE6E7Fc group (P < 0.05). Humoral immune effect showed that both the vaccine and the pure antigen could induce specific antibody in the immunized mice, and the highest titer were 1: 25 600 and 1: 12 800, respectively. Although there was not significant difference of antibody titer between the vaccine and the pure antigen group (P > 0.05), the number of activated T cells in the vaccine group was almost four times as that in the pure antigen group [(219 ± 34)/4×10(5) spleen lymphocytes versus (55 ± 25)/4×10(5) spleen lymphocytes, P < 0.05], and the highest specific CTL that vaccine induced was significantly higher than that of pure antigen (43.3% versus 31.3%, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Humoral and cellular immune response could be effectively stimulated by PVAX1-HPV58mE6E7FcGB composite DNA vaccine. Growth of B16-HPV58E6E7 cells was significantly inhibited in the immunized mice. The cellular immune effect on the vaccine was superior to the pure antigen. Therefore, PVAX1-HPV58mE6E7FcGB could be used as a candidate vaccine for immune therapy to the HPV58 positive tumors and precancerous lesions.

Objective: To establish a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for quantitative detection of E2A-PBX1 fusion gene mRNA in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children and to explore its clinical significance in minimal residual disease monitoring and prognosis evaluation., Methods: Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantitatively detect the mRNA expression of E2A-PBX1 gene in 11 newly diagnosed ALL patients at diagnosis (11 cases), complete remission (11 cases) and periods of relapse (3 cases). Ten children with normal bone marrow cell morphology and without hematopathy or tumor diseases were used as the control group., Results: The median expression levels of E2A-PBX1 fusion gene in the ALL group at diagnosis and the relapse group were significantly higher than in the control and complete remission groups (P<0.01). Compared with E2A-PBX1 negative patients on day 33 during induction of remission, the recurrence rate increased and disease free survival rate at 3 year decreased significantly in E2A-PBX1 positive patients decreased (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Measurement of E2A-PBX1 levels by real-time RT-PCR is useful for monitoing minimal residual disease, prediction of relapse and individual treatment. The expression level of E2A-PBX1 gene on day 33 during induction of remission can be used for prognosis evaluation.

Objective: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a disorder with poor prognosis. This study aimed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of ANCA associated vasculitis of children, to analyze the clinical features, pathological characteristics and the prognosis of children with ANCA-associated vasculitis., Method: Fifteen children with ANCA associated vasculitis who were hospitalized from 2003 to 2012 in our hospital were included. Their data of pre-diagnosis status, clinical manifestations, renal pathology, treatment and prognosis were reviewed retrospectively., Result: Of the 15 children, 11 were girls and 4 boys with a mean age of 10.7 years. Fourteen children were categorized as microscopic polyangitis. The time to diagnosis varied from 0.5 month to 40 months. Hematuria and proteinuria were revealed by urine analysis in all of them, only 6 children complained with gross hematuria or edema of oliguria. Decreased glomerular filtration rate was revealed in 13 children, 8 of whom had a creatinine clearance rate of less than 15 ml/(min·1.73 m(2)). Twelve children underwent renal biopsy, crescent formation was found in 11 children. Most of the crescents were cellular fibrous crescents or fibrous crescents. Six children were diagnosed as crescentic nephritis; the process of rapidly progressive nephritis was only observed in 2 children. Segmental glomerulosclerosis or global glomerulosclerosis were found in 10 children, 3 of them were diagnosed as sclerotic glomerulonephritis. Anemia and pulmonary injury were the most common extra renal manifestations. Other extra renal manifestations included rash, pain joint, gastrointestinal symptoms, abnormal findings of cardiac ultrasonography and headache. Eight children were treated with steroid combined with cyclophosphamide, 4 were treated with steroid and mycophenolate mofetil, 2 were treated with steroid, cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil, 3 children were treated with plasma exchange. Fourteen children were followed up for 0.5 month to 4 years. The renal function did not recover in children with creatinine clearance rate of less than 30 ml/(min·1.73 m(2)), who showed crescentic glomerulonephritis or sclerotic glomerulonephritis. The children who had creatinine clearance rate of more than 30 ml/(min·1.73 m(2))had better prognosis., Conclusion: More attention should be paid to ANCA-associated vasculitis among school age girls with anemia or pulmonary diseases. The renal damage was serious in children; however, the clinical manifestations were not obvious. Children with a creatinine clearance rate of less than 30 ml/(min·1.73 m(2)) had poor prognosis. Early accurate diagnosis is very important.

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for the treatment of obesity and related diseases., Methods: Clinical data of 67 patients who underwent LSG between December 2006 and July 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Improvements in body mass index(BMI), percentage of excess weight loss(EWL), type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other comorbidities were observed at one year postoperatively., Results: Laparoscopic procedures were completed in 67 patients without conversion. The operative time was(78±17) min. The postoperative hospital stay was(5.0±1.7) d. The postoperative recovery was uneventful and there were no perioperative death or severe postoperative complication. Sixty-four patients(95.5%) had a postoperative follow up of 1 year. One year after LSG, BMI decreased by(10.4±3.7) kg/m(2) from (37.7±4.1) kg/m(2) preoperatively and EWL was(80.2±27.7)%. In 13 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 7 patients (53.8%, 7/13) were weaned off hypoglycemic agents or insulin. In 11 cases of hypertension, 5 required no medications(45.5%, 5/11). The remission rate was both 100%. There was significant resolution or improvement of other obesity-related comorbidiities, including hyper-triglyceridemia(n=51), hyperuricemia(n=42), sleep apnea syndrome (n=2), osteoarticular disease (n=9), and acanthosis (n=8)., Conclusions: LSG is safe and feasible for the treatment of obesity and can cure or improve type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other obesity related comorbidities.

Objective: To observe changes in the concentrations of MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha and their influence on sperm in the seminal plasma of infertile males., Methods: We measured the concentrations of MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha in the seminal plasma of 110 infertile patients and 30 normal fertile men by ELISA and radioimmunoassay, and compared them with sperm concentration, sperm viability, sperm motility, leukocytospermia and serum anti-sperm antibodies (AsAb)., Results: The infertility group, particularly the oligospermia cases, showed significantly higher concentrations of MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha in the seminal plasma ([179.45 +/- 24.54] pg/ml and [4.66 +/- 2.01] ng/ml) than the normal fertile men ([89.64 +/- 13.27] pg/ml and [2.90 +/- 1.23] ng/ml) (P < 0.01). In comparison, the concentrations of MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha were (196.04 +/- 23.54) pg/ml and (5.31 +/- 2.47) ng/ml versus (154.22 +/- 26.38) pg/ml and (3.94 +/- 2.09) ng/ml in the poor and normal sperm viability groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), (210.39 +/- 21.43) pg/ml and (5.14 +/- 2.61) ng/ml versus (139.87 +/- 27.62) pg/ml and (4.11 +/- 2.26) ng/ml in the low and normal sperm motility groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), (203.14 +/- 24.65) pg/ml and (5.28 +/- 2.66) ng/ml versus (155.76 +/- 21.42) pg/ml and (4.04 +/- 2.24) ng/ml in the leukocytospermia and non-leukocytospermia groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and (234.05 +/- 27.60) pg/ml and (5.63 +/- 2.31) ng/ml versus (124.85 +/- 23.56) pg/ml and (3.69 +/- 2.15) ng/ml in the serum AsAb positive and negative groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), most significantly increased in the serum AsAb positive group., Conclusion: The concentrations of MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha in the seminal plasma are closely related with sperm count and function, and their detection helps to assess the severity of male infertility and improve its clinical treatment.

Objective: To investigate the effects of chronic lead exposure on expression of autophagy-associated proteins in rat hippocampus., Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group was given distilled water, lead-exposed groups were given 0.5 g/L (low-dose) or 2.0 g/L(high-dose) lead acetate solution in drinking water. The rat pups started to drink the lead content water until 60 d maturity. The lead contents in blood and brain samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The expressions of Beclin 1, LC3, LAMP2 and cathepsin B proteins were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry., Results: Compared with control group, the contents of lead were significantly higher in blood and hippocampus samples in chronic lead-exposed rats (P<0.01). Western blot showed that the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3-II/LC3-I increased significantly in high dose lead-exposed group compared with control group (P<0.05 or P<0.001). The confocal laser immunostaining results demonstrated that increased immunofluorescence staining of cathepsin B in hippocampal neurons compared with control animals., Conclusion: The disturbance of autophagy-lysosome signaling molecules might be partially contribute to neurotoxicity of chronic lead exposure.

Objective: To understand the knowledge, risk behaviors and HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) in thirteen cities., Methods: Target samples were chosen using the snowball-rolling method, with transverse KABP and HIV-antibody testing developed for those MSM in thirteen cities of Yunnan., Results: A total of 1237 valid questionnaires and 1129 blood samples were collected. Basic knowledge on HIV and the rate of the response was 93.2%. 81.1% of the respondents had anal sex with male partners in the last six months, of them 49.7% could persistently using condoms in each anal sex episode. 29.0% of the respondents had sex with female partners in the last six months. The HIV prevalence among the studied MSM was 8.2% and the prevalence of syphilis among them was 3.9%. Most risky factors of those MSM infected by HIV would include: not persistently use condom when having sex and co-infection of syphilis., Conclusion: Both rates of HIV infection associated risk behaviors and HIV prevalence were high in MSM under study that called for more work on HIV prevention and control MSM in Yunnan.

Aim: To construct the eukaryotic expression plasmid pEE14.1-IFN-α expressing human IFN-α gene, and to detect the expression of the plasmid in eukaryotic cells., Methods: The human IFN-α gene amplified by PCR and was linked into pCI-GPI, then inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pEE14.1. The recombinant plasmid was transfected into the 293T cells, the IFN-α expression was detected by ELISA and Western blotting., Results: Enzyme digestion and sequence analysis showed that the bicistronic eukaryotic expression vector pEE14.1-IFN-α was constructed successfully. The expression of plasmid was detected by ELISA, and the production of IFN-α in supernatant of transfected cells was about 3.15 ng/mL. Also, Western blotting could reveal the characteristic band of IFN-α gene., Conclusion: The vector is constructed successfully, which provide a new selection for HBV immunotherapy.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of repeated renal biopsy-proven primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (PFSGS) in 8 children, and to reveal the relationship between clinical features and pathology, between the two times of renal biopsy pathology, and the indications for repeated renal biopsy., Method: The records of cases who ever experienced renal biopsy in this hospital were reviewed, of whom 8 cases of repeated renal biopsy-proven PFSGS were enrolled. The clinical manifestations, the reason why they had renal biopsy again, the difference in renal pathological findings, between the two biopsies and their therapeutic response. The classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was based on the new criteria suggested by D'Agati in 2004., Result: Of the 8 cases, age of onset ranged from 1 to 12 years, all were diagnosed as nephrotic syndrome (NS), the age of first biopsy ranged from 1.1 to 15.0 years, and the follow-up period was 10 months to 14 years. The reason for repeated biopsy was poor therapeutic response, continuous heavy proteinuria, or the progressive renal dysfunction. Four cases had the both biopsies in this hospital, and the first renal pathology showed minimal change disease (MCD), mesangial proliferation, FSGS CELL type and FSGS GTL type. After the second biopsy, they were additionally treated with immunosuppressive agents or switched to another one, 2 cases with FSGS COLL type presented renal dysfunction or end stage renal disease (ESRD), 1 case who developed the disease at 1.4 years of age, presented renal dysfunction at 10 months follow-up. The remaining 5 cases acquired complete remission., Conclusion: FSGS is a clinicopathological syndrome, NS predominates clinically. It often indicates pathologic transformation when the patients show poor therapeutic response or continuous heavy proteinuria without remission. Mesangial proliferation can convert into FSGS, and the subtype of FSGS can shift. FSGS COLL type and onset at young age may suggest poor prognosis.