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Postbiotics are inanimate microbial cells and/or their components as well as microecological preparations made from their metabolites, which are beneficial to the health of the host. Postbiotics can regulate intestinal microbial balance, enhance immunity, and have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Compared with probiotics, living bacterial cells, postbiotics are safer, and more stable, effective and convenient. This article summarizes the origin, microbial sources, preparation methods and advantages of postbiotics, and elucidates the mechanisms of action of postbiotics in comparison with those of probiotics. In addition, it introduces readers to the applications of postbiotics as functional food supplements, food quality improvers, food preservatives and detoxifying agents in foods. We believe that as the definition, classification, and functional components of postbiotics become clearer, they will be more widely used in the fields of foods, nutraceuticals, foods for special medical purpose, infant foods, and personal care products. The development of postbiotics will also promote the leapfrog development of basic and applied science.

BackgroundMultiple studies have shown a close relationship between changes in gut microbiota composition and obesity, and research results are influenced by factors such as race and geographical location, but there are few studies on children. ObjectiveTo analyze the diversity of gut microbiota related to obesity in a population of 2-6 years old, observe the distribution characteristics and species differences of gut microbiota between obese/overweight and normal weight groups, and explore the association betweenobese/overweight and gut microbiota diversity. MethodsFecal samples were collected from 74 children aged 2-6 years in Shanghai, including 18 obese/overweight individuals, 6 males and 12 females (male to female ratio of 1∶2), and 56 normal weight individuals, 18 males and 38 females (male to female ratio is nearly 1∶2). The 16S rDNA was extracted from bacteria in fecal samples, followed by PCR amplification, cDNA construction, and high-throughput sequencing. Naive Bayes algorithm was used to perform taxonomic analysis (phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) and community diversity analysis (Sobs index, Shannon index, Shannoneven index, Coverage index, PD index, and principal co-ordinates analysis) on representative sequences and abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASV). Wilcoxon rank sum test, P-value multiple test correction, and analysis of similarities were used to test differences between the two groups to obtain information on the distribution characteristics and species differences of intestinal microbiota in children. ResultsSeventy-four fecal samples were sequenced, and the sequencing results were subjected to quality control and filtering. A total of 4905306 optimized sequences were obtained, resulting in 1860 ASVs. The diversity data analysis of ASVs generated 889 species annotation results at 8 taxonomic levels. The alpha diversity analysis showed that the richness (Sobs index), diversity (Shannon index), evenness (Shannoneven index), and phylogenetic diversity (PD index) of fecal community of the obese/overweight children were increased compared to those of the normal weight children, but there were no statistical differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The beta diversity analysis showed that there was little difference in the composition of microbial species between the two groups, and no significant clustering separation was observed. The results of species composition analysis at phylum, order, family, and genus levels of 74 samples showed a consistent core microbiota structure in the two groups of gut microbiota, but there were differences in microbiota composition. The differences in microbial community composition between the two groups were manifested at the taxonomic levels of order, family, and genus, among which phylum Firmicutes, order Erysipelotrichales, family Erysipelatocyclostridiaceae, genus Erysipelotrichaceae_ UCG-003 and genus Catenibacterium were significantly enriched in the obese/overweight group and contributed significantly to the phenotypic difference of obese/overweight [linear discriminant analysis (LDA)=3.72, P

The rapid development of mobile communication technology promotes the emergence of mobile edge computing(MEC).As the key technology of the fifth generation(5G) wireless network,MEC can use the wireless access network to provide the services and cloud computing functions required by telecom users nearby,so as to create a service environment with high performance,low delay and high bandwidth and accelerate various contents,services and applications in the network.However,it remains a great challenge to provide an effective and performance guaranteed strategies for services offloading and migration in the MEC environment.To solve this problem,most existing solutions tend to consider task offloading as an offline decision making process by employing transient positions of users as model inputs.In this paper instead,we consider a predictive-trajectory-aware online MEC task offloading strategy called PreMig.The strategy first predicts the future trajectory of edge users to whom the edge service belongs by a polynomial sliding window model,then calculates the dwell time of users within the signal coverage of the edge server,and finally performs the edge service assignment with a greedy strategy.To verify the effectiveness of the designed approach,we conduct simulation experiments based on real-world MEC deployment dataset and campus mobile trajectory dataset,and experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed strategy outperforms the traditional strategy in two key performance metrics,namely,the average service rate and the number of user service migrations.

In this article, an effective method to keep the phase coherence between the transmitter and the receiver in digital magnetic resonance (MR) console is proposed. Relying on programmable digital logic, we design two digital reference sources with the same frequency and embed them in the transmitter and the receiver respectively. During pulse sequence execution, when the transmitter or receiver loses phase coherence due to frequency switching, the phase coherence is restored by resetting the phase of the transmitter and receiver to ensure they are synchronized with their corresponding reference source. The experimental results have verified that this method can accurately keep the phase coherence between the transmitter and receiver, and neither additional hardware circuit nor complex sequence design is required, which adds to great practicability.

In order to achieve the requirement for security and lightweight in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)communication,two authentication and key agreement protocols targeted for UAVs with different computational performance are proposed,including an ECC based protocol,DroneSec,and a symmetric cipher based protocol,DroneSec-lite.The two protocols achieve secure mutual authentication and key configuration between ground stations and UAVs.DroneSec protocol achieves relatively low computational overhead while ensuring forward secrecy through combining ECDH and MAC,which is suitable for relatively high-performance platforms.DroneSec-lite protocol achieves extremely low computational overhead through using only symmetric ciphers,which is suitable for low-performance platforms.The security of the proposed protocols under the enhanced Dolve-Yao model is verified using ProVerif,a formal protocol verification tool,and the performance of the protocols is analyzed in the simulation environment.The results show that it is superior to existing protocols in terms of computation overhead,communication overhead and security.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging shows great potential in clinical applications. However, CEST imaging is challenging in abdomen due to the large B0 shift. Meanwhile, the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect contaminates amide proton transfer (APT) image when using the conventional asymmetry analysis. In this paper, a CEST post-processing approach based on neural network fitting was proposed. Through recognizing the characteristics of acquired Z-spectrum, the background reference Z-spectrum and the B0offset were obtained and used to correct the acquired Z-spectrum. The APT effect and NOE effect could be calculated by subtracting the background reference Z-spectrum from the acquired Z-spectrum. The proposed CEST post-processing approach was validated by the egg white imaging and the abdomen imaging on four healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND The detection of trace mercury in rocks typically provides biased and non-reliable results because of the complex internal unit cell structure, incomplete hot water bath acid hydrolysis extraction, volatilization loss, and contact pollution. OBJECTIVES To establish a more effective method for the determination of trace mercury concentrations in rocks. METHODS Dual-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and domestic solid sampling-cold atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were used to detect the total concentration of trace mercury in rocks. RESULTS Under the optimized conditions of dual-channel AFS, the samples were extracted in a boiling water bath with 80% aqua regia solution for 50min. The current was 30mA, the negative high voltage was 280V, the carrier gas flow was 600mL/min, and the shielding gas flow was 1000mL/min. The concentration range was 0.05-2μg/L, and the linear correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999. The sample weight was 0.2g, method detection limit was 0.285μg/kg, and relative standard deviation was 7.3%-15.3%. For domestic solid sampling-cold AAS, the sample was determined by direct injection without chemical digestion. The carrier gas flow was 180mL/min, pyrolysis process was conducted for 60s at 700℃. The concentration range was determined to be 0.05-5ng, and the linear correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999. The sample weight was 0.1g, method detection limit was 0.046μg/kg, and relative standard deviation was 1.3%-4.2%. CONCLUSIONS The solid sampling-cold AAS was found to be more effective than dual-channel AFS in terms of operation, detection limit, and stability. It is more suitable for the determination of trace mercury in rocks.

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Na+ ⁃ K+ ⁃ 2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) which plays an important role in the dynamic balance of Cl- ions, is one of the cation⁃chloride cotransporter. It is a membrane protein that transferred the mediates Na+ , K+ and Cl- . The expression quantity or activity of NKCC1 changes with the changes in physiological and pathological conditions, thereby regulating the intracellular concentration of Cl- and the excitability of neurons. This article reviews the NKCC1's expression and regulation mode of activity as well as the effects of NKCC1 in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and the effects in the treatment, aiming at providing theoretical clues for the relevant future studies. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2021.03.016

Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) is emerging as a useful quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis. In this work, a hybrid method combining complex-based and magnitude-based water-fat separation was proposed to provide accurate measurements of liver PDFF. Clinical experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the method proposed. The results demonstrated that PDFF results obtained with the proposed method had excellent correlation and agreement with those calculated from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is useful for rapid and robust liver fat quantification. MR spectra of liver can be acquired in a single breath-hold with the high-speed multi-echo stimulated echo acquisition mode, from which T2-corrected liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) can be derived. However, the widespread application of this method is hampered by the cumbersome post-processing procedures for the spectroscopy data. In this work, an automated algorithm for liver fat quantification from multi-echo spectroscopy data was developed. The feasibility and accuracy of the algorithm were evaluated with fat-water phantoms experiments and human liver experiments. The results demonstrated excellent correlation and agreement between the PDFF measurements with the proposed algorithm and those obtained with the jMRUI software.

The X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) method was adapted for the determination of 10 major elements, such as silicon, aluminum, calcium and magnesium, in different types of rocks. The calibration curves were determined from 28 different types of rock standards which were fused into glass beads. The matrix effect was calibrated by using empirical factors. This method was used for determining the 10 major elements of samples from GeoPT proficiency testing. The 23 types of rock samples were analyzed over 15 years and the results indicate that this method is most effective in determining SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and CaO with the obtained|Z| < 2 for all samples. This method is also suitable for determining MgO, MnO, TiO2 and Na2O although each element has only one suspect result in different samples with the obtained|Z|>2, which was caused by the matrix difference between samples and standard samples in measuring the lower content elements. When the content of TFe2O3 is higher than 1.00% and P2O5 between 0.08% and 0.80%, the results can match expectations (the obtained|Z| < 2). To sum up, the developed XRF method has long term stability and is effective, which can match the expectation of applied geochemistry laboratories for determination of 10 major elements in different types of rock samples.

For Impulse Radio Ultra-Wide Band (IR-UWB) radar, the time jitter transforms the static clutters to dynamic clutters. Thus, strong residue exists and false alarms form after traditional direct current suppression. The effect of the time-domain jitter on the life detection capacity is analyzed, and then the phenomenon that the relative time delays between the coupling echoes can reflect the time jitter is pointed out. Based on the coupling echo, a method of time jitter suppression is proposed. Experimental data demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively suppress the residue of strong static clutter, and further improve the life-detection capacity.

The topology modeling of the social network is propitious to understanding the transmission process of information and the topology characteristic of the real friendship network.Considering the directed characteristic of information spread,the dynamic process of information dissemination was simulated,and moreover,the weighted directed topology model in order to well emulate the topology structure of the social network was constructed.Simulation results show the degree and strength distribution as well as the correlation between degree and strength of the network generate by the topology model embody obvious power-law characteristic,and meanwhile,through analyzing the clustering coefficient,coreness and Gini coefficient of the network,the generated network has the characteristics of clustering,layer and heterogeneity which are shown in the real friendship network is verified.

A new temporal based target detection algorithm was presented by using static background elimination to deal with the drawback of large scale data processing and real-time implementation in temporal filtering.Firstly,a uniform model was developed based on the temporal behavior of different types of pixels.And the parameter of the model was estimated by introducing least square method.Using the new model,static background pixels could be eliminated.Secondly,a minimum filer was designed to obtain the baseline of the temporal profile.Finally,the deviation of the temporal profile and its baseline was analyzed,which led to a detection criterion.Since the target signal was well preserved during the static background elimination and large sale tracking data was eliminated,the method could have higher speed and computational efficiency.Experiments with real image sequences have proved the validity of the new approach.

The experiment was to investigate the effect of phytosterol formula on growth performance, immune function, nutrient apparent digestibility and intestinal microflora of piglets. The results showed that the feeding phytosterol formula increased the average daily gain of piglets by 14.73%, and reduced diarrhea rate by 62.21%. The serum test found that growth hormone in serum increased by 18.59%, total protein increased by 13.07%, immunoglobulin G increased by 42.70%, and TNF-α decreased by 24.49%. The apparent digestibility rate of dry matter, crude fat and crude protein was improved and the intestinal microbes was significantly boosted. The experiment indicates that the phytosterol formula significantly improves the immune function of piglets and growth performance, which can be potentially used as an antibiotics replacement products in feed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) which plays an important role in the dynamic balance of Cl ions, is one of the cation-chloride cotransporter. It is a membrane protein that transferred the mediates Na+, K+ and Cl-. The expression quantity or activity of NKCC1 changes with the changes in physiological and pathological conditions, thereby regulating the intracellular concentration of Cl- and the excitability of neurons. This article reviews the NKCC1's expression and regulation mode of activity as well as the effects of NKCC1 in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and the effects in the treatment, aiming at providing theoretical clues for the relevant future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automatic direct aiming control method is proposed for self-propelled indirect aiming artillery. The proposed method can be used to make a self-propelled artillery directly aim at the fixed and moving targets without the addition of any hardware configuration of fire control system. The control model and the rapid calculation method of trajectory are studied. The aiming error and system response time are analyzed. The method can significantly improve the rapid reaction ability and firing accuracy of artillery and the automation level of weapon system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences among the gun-target distances and directions calculated using the space geodetic coordinate system and the Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system are quantitatively analyzed, and the influences of BJS54 and CGCS2000 on distance calculation accuracy are also analyzed. The results show that, due to projection distortion, the gun-target distance error calculated using the Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system is up to 1‰, and the gun-target direction error is larger at a farther gun-target distance. When BJS54 and CGCS2000 are used to calculate the gun-target distance, the difference between the calculated results is less than the actual distance of 0. 05‰, which can be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of bone metabolic indexes for disease assessment and curative effect monitoring in multiple myeloma (MM) bone disease (MBD) patients with different blood separation results., Methods: A total of 134 newly diagnosed MM patients treated in Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM-Hebei were enrolled and divided into control group [119 cases, serum, colloid and red blood cell (RBC) from top to bottom of sample] and abnormal group (15 cases, serum, mixed layer of RBC and serum, colloid and RBC from top to bottom of sample) according to the results of blood separation. According to the imaging findings, MBD was classified into grade 0-4, grade 0-2 was mild, and grade 3-4 was severe. The MBD grade of patients in the two groups was analyzed. The curative effect of MBD patients after chemotherapy and the changes of blood separation results and bone metabolic indexes before and after treatment were evaluated. The correlation between β 2 -microglobulin (MG) and bone metabolic indexes was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis., Results: In the control group, there were 69 cases of grade 0-2 and 50 cases of grade 3-4, while in the abnormal group, there were 5 cases of grade 0-2 and 10 cases of grade 3-4, the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The serum β 2 -MG, β-CTX levels in abnormal group were both significantly higher than those in control group, while the levels of P1NP and osteocalcin (OC) were significantly lower (all P < 0.001). In the control group, there were 95 patients with ≥ partial response (PR) and the blood separation results were not changed, while 24 patients with 2 -MG of patients with efficacy ≥PR were significantly decreased but P1NP and OC increased in the control group (all P < 0.001), which was the same as abnoraml group (both P < 0.001, P < 0.01). There were no significant changes in the levels of all indexes in the two groups of patients with efficacy < PR ( P >0.05). Compared with before treatment, the levels of β-CTX and β 2 -MG in the control group with unchanged blood separation results were significantly decreased (both P < 0.001), while the levels of P1NP and OC were significantly increased ( P < 0.01, P < 0.001), and the level of each index in the patients transformed to abnormal blood separation result after treatment did not significantly change ( P >0.05); the levels of β-CTX and β 2 -MG in the abnormal group transformed to normal blood separation result were significantly decreased (both P < 0.01), while the levels of P1NP and OC were significantly increased ( P < 0.001, P < 0.01), and the level of each index in patients with unchanged blood separation results did not significantly change (P>0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum β 2 -MG was positively correlated with β-CTX ( r =0.709, P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with P1NP and OC ( r =-0.410, r =-0.412, both P < 0.001)., Conclusion: MBD patients with abnormal blood separation results have higher bone disease grade and poor prognosis, which is closely related to the significant increase of bone resorption index β-CTX level and decrease of bone formation index P1NP and OC levels, leading to more serious bone metabolic homeostasis disorder. The results of blood separation combined with the changes of bone metabolic indexes can be used as one of the comprehensive predictors of disease condition, efficacy monitoring and prognosis evaluation of MBD patients.

Investigating the relationship of soil aggregate stability with the organic carbon in the aggregate and its response to land use change is conducive to the estimation of soil carbon sink potential, improvement of rocky desertification, and rational land use in karst areas of Southwest China. In order to explore the effects of land use change on the composition and stability of soil aggregate stability as well as the content of aggregate organic carbon, the soil (0-30 cm) of five land use types (secondary forest, pomelo forest, paddy field, pepper forest, and dry land) was selected as the research object. The characteristics and correlation of soil aggregate components and organic carbon under different land use patterns were obtained, and the contribution of soil aggregates to the change in organic carbon after land use change was calculated. The results showed that the macroaggregates in the surface soil (0-15 cm) of the secondary forest, pomelo forest, and paddy field were 63.32%, 52.38%, and 47.77%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of dry land (23.70%), as was also seen in the lower layer (15-30 cm). The geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in the secondary forest, pomelo forest, and paddy field were significantly higher than those in dry land. In the surface soil, the organic carbon of the secondary forest and paddy field was significantly higher than that of other land use patterns. By contrast, in the lower soil layer, only the organic carbon of the paddy field was significantly higher than that of the others. Under different land use patterns, the organic carbon content of aggregates followed the same order of macroaggregates &gt; microaggregates &gt; silt and clay, indicating that macroaggregates allowed soil organic carbon to accumulate, whereas silt and clay did the opposite. According to correlation analysis, the content of soil macroaggregates was significantly positively correlated with GMD, MWD, and soil aggregate organic carbon, suggesting that the increase in soil macroaggregates could improve the stability of soil aggregates and store more soil organic carbon. Further, as land use change may have significantly affected the soil aggregate, moderate development of forestry and paddy cultivation is suggested to improve the soil carbon sequestration potential in the karst area of Southwest China.

The composition of soil organic carbon and its stability mechanism are the key to understanding the terrestrial carbon sink capacity. The stability of soil organic carbon in a karst ecosystem greatly affects the soil carbon fixation capacity. In order to understand the impact of human activities on the stability of soil organic carbon in karst areas, the karst valley area of Zhongliang Mountain in Chongqing was selected as an example, and soil samples of four typical land use modes (mixed forest, bamboo forest, grassland, and cultivated land) were collected in layers to analyze the total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC). The distribution characteristics of light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), and recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC) were analyzed quantitatively by using a structural equation model to provide basic data for soil carbon sink assessment and soil quality protection in karst areas. The results showed that the organic carbon components under different land use patterns in karst areas had obvious surface accumulation, and the content of organic carbon components in the surface layer was 1.2 times that in the bottom layer. Except for LFOC, the content of other organic carbon components was the highest in the mixed forest, followed by that in the bamboo forest and wasteland, with the lowest in cultivated land. Mixed forest ω (TOC) content was the highest, 42.5 g·kg -1 , followed by that of bamboo forest (36.6 g·kg -1 ) and grassland (18.7 g·kg -1 ), and cultivated land content was the lowest, 13.4 g·kg -1 . The soil organic carbon content of cultivated land was 68.5%, 63.5%, and 28.3% lower than that of mixed forest, bamboo forest, and grassland, respectively. Mixed forest had the highest content of ω (HFOC), 21 g·kg -1 , followed by those of bamboo forest (20.9 g·kg -1 ), grassland (18.2 g·kg -1 ), and cultivated land (13.5 g·kg -1 ). The mixed forest ω (LOC) content was the highest, 16.3 g·kg -1 , followed by those of bamboo forest (14.9 g·kg -1 ), grassland (11.5 g·kg -1 ), and cultivated land (5.3 g·kg -1 ). Mixed forest ω (ROC) content was the highest, 25.7 g·kg -1 , followed by those of bamboo forest (21.6 g·kg -1 ), grassland (15.9 g·kg -1 ), and cultivated land (10.3 g·kg -1 ). The bamboo forest land ω (LFOC) content was 15.9 g·kg -1 , followed by those of mixed forest (13.9 g·kg -1 ), grassland (7.3 g·kg -1 ), and cultivated land (4.9 g·kg -1 ). The recalcitrant organic carbon index (ROCI) was used to indicate the stability of soil organic carbon. The variation range of ROCI was 33.9%-64.5%, of which the highest was mixed forest (64.5%-66.3%), and the lowest was cultivated land (33.8%-39.6%). The ROCI of mixed forest, bamboo forest, and grassland were 1.8 times, 1.6 times, and 1.4 times that of cultivated land, respectively. Karst area ω (inert organic carbon) content and ROCI showed that human agricultural activities caused the reduction in soil organic carbon content and the destruction of soil physical structure, resulting in the accelerated decomposition and turnover rate of soil organic matter. The most important factor affecting soil stability in karst areas was soil pH. Tillage activities caused soil pH to rise, reduced soil microbial activity, and were not conducive to the accumulation of the inert organic carbon and soil organic carbon pool in the soil.

Ginkgo biloba Extract( GBE50) Dispersible Tablets is a new standardized prescription,which is widely used in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However,there are still many problems in its clinical application.Rational and safe use of GBE50 Dispersible Tablets is pivotal to the medication safety and clinical prognosis of patients. This consensus has been jointly formulated by clinical experts of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and followed the Manual for the Clinical Experts Consensus of Chinese Patent Medicine published by the China Association of Chinese Medicine. The present study identified clinical problems based on clinical investigation,searched the research papers according to PICO clinical problems,carried out evidence evaluation,classification,and recommendation by GRADE system,and reached the expert consensus with nominal group technique. The consensus combines evidence with expert experience. Sufficient evidence of clinical problems corresponds to &quot; recommendations&quot;,while insufficient evidence to &quot; suggestions&quot;. Safety issues of GBE50 Dispersible Tablets,such as indications,usage and dosage,and medication for special populations,are defined to improve clinical efficacy,promote rational medication,and reduce drug risks. This consensus needs to be revised based on emerging clinical issues and evidencebased updates in practical applications in the future.

Studying the evolution of secondary inorganic aerosols, which are important components of PM 2.5 , is crucial to improving our understanding about the air pollution in big cities. This study investigates the evolution and factors of secondary inorganic aerosols based on two pollution incidences in Nanjing in June 2014. A significant characteristic of air pollution complex with the coexistence of higher concentrations of both PM 2.5 and ozone is observed. In the earlier stage of the pollution episode, ozone concentrations were high, which could exceed 250, triggering a stronger oxidation in the atmosphere and a higher production potential of nitric acid that leads to the quick production of nitrate. In the later period of the pollution episode, relative humidity played an essential role. An increase in relative humidity would result in a sharp decrease in the theoretical product of the partial pressures of NH 3 and HNO 3 , especially when relative humidity exceeds the mutual deliquesce relative humidity that makes it easier to form nitrate. The difference in the theoretical and observational partial pressure product could characterize the evolution of nitrate perfectly.

To investigate the influence of Anxin granules combined with tirofiban on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Patients after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). One hundred and twenty AMI patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. The patients in the two groups were all given Tirofiban 30mins before PCI . The treatment group was added Anxin granules 30 mins before and after PCI. Tissue factor (TF) and von willebrand factor (vWF) were tested at 6 hours after operation. Syndromatology alteration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and bleeding complications were observed at 4 weeks after operation. Both TF and vWF at 6 hours after operation of the treatment group was lower than the control group significantly (P < 0.01), while the condition of myocardial ischemia at 90 mins after operation of the treatment group was better than control group with significance. The syndromatology alteration of TCM especially spontaneous perspiration and hypodynamia of the treatment group were improved significantly compared to control group 4 weeks after operation. All patients in both groups had no bleeding complications and thrombopenia. The study suggests that Anxin granules combined with tirofiba can improve the clinical efficacy and the endothelial function of AMI patients after PCI with no increase in bleeding events.

To reduce artificial auxiliary works in oil spills detection process, an automatic oil spill detection method based on adaptive matched filter is presented. Firstly, the characteristics of reflectance spectral signature of C-H bond in oil spill are analyzed. And an oil spill spectral signature extraction model is designed by using the spectral feature of C-H bond. It is then used to obtain the reference spectral signature for the following oil spill detection step. Secondly, the characteristics of reflectance spectral signature of sea water, clouds, and oil spill are compared. The bands which have large difference in reflectance spectral signatures of the sea water, clouds, and oil spill are selected. By using these bands, the sea water pixels are segmented. And the background parameters are then calculated. Finally, the classical adaptive matched filter from target detection algorithms is improved and introduced for oil spill detection. The proposed method is applied to the real airborne visible infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral image captured during the deepwater horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico for oil spill detection. The results show that the proposed method has, high efficiency, does not need artificial auxiliary work, and can be used for automatic detection of marine oil spill.

To explore novel non-opioid analgesic agents, 16 compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. YX0611-1 was treated as the leading compound. The results of mice writhing model and hot plate model showed that compounds 2, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 15 had obvious analgesic activities in vivo. The test of affinity to mu, delta, kappa receptor displayed that active compounds didn't act on opioid receptor. The results of preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic tests showed that compound 7 had better safety and pharmacokinetic properties than that of YX0611-1, and it deserved further development.

Objective: To determine the role of toll like receptor-4 signal pathways activation in ischemia-reperfusion injury of island skin flap., Methods: A totol of 50 adult male SD rats were randomized into 3 groups: sham-operated group (n=10), ischemia/reperfusion group (n=20) and TLR4 inhibitor-eritoran tetrasodium (E5564)-treated group (n=20). The inguinal island skin flaps models were set up. A bolus of E5564 (5 mg/kg) was infused intravenously 60 min before reper fusionm. TLR4 binding activity in flap tissue was analyzed at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h of reperfusion by immunohistochemical technique and flaps were assessed histologically at 6 h of reperfusion. The viability of flaps was assessed 7 days postoperatively., Results: Exprerssion TLR4 in skin flap tissue was significantly increased in I/R group, compared with E5564-treated group. Immunohistochemical exam showed TLR4 mainly expressed in skin flap vessel wall and PMN membrane. Marked neutrophil infiltration and edema was observed in I/R group, while less neutrophil infiltration was observed in E5564-treated group. In the E5564-treated group, the survival of flaps was (80.31 +/- 11.63)%, which was significantly greater than that in the I/R group (51.70 +/- 7.62)% (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: After ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, the expression of TLR4 increased in the skin flap tissue with excessive neutrophil infiltration. Administration of E5564 can significantly improve flap survival by regulating the early activation of TLR4 and suppressing neutrophil infiltration within the flap.

Compounds with serotonin reuptake inhibition/5-HT(1A) dual activity were used to build 3D pharmacophore model as a training molecules by Discover Studio. Based on the model, 8 novel aryl piperazine benzo[b][1,4] oxazine derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Biological evaluation illustrated that compounds VI(1) and VI(7) showed potent functional activities at both 5-HT transporter and 5-HT(1A) receptor, which can be used as lead compounds to guide future research of design and synthesis of potent novel compounds.

Aim: To observe the immunization effect to HBsAg by B7-H1 protein vaccine in transgenic mice, and to explore new methods for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B., Methods: After the joint immunization in HBV transgenic mice with different doses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and B7-H1 protein, the anti-B7-H1 antibody titors, Th1 type of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) from the spleen cells of mice, the number of the T cells secreting IFN-γ and the number of the mice lymphocyte proliferation were measrued by ELISA, ELISPOT and MTT technique respectively, to compare the immune effect of different immune methods and regimen., Results: The immune plans were completed successfully. The anti-B7-H1 antibody was detected in the fifth week after immunization with B7-H1 vaccine, at the same time no obvious difference of antibodies titors between groups were found. IL-2 and the number of T cells secreting IFN-γ were significantly reduced(P<0.05)in joint immunization group with B7-H1 protein and HBsAg, but no difference in other immune tests, such as IFN-γ, lymphocyte proliferation., Conclusion: A lower doses of HBsAg can cause the secretion of Th1 type of cytokines and lymphocyte proliferation. B7-H1 protein vaccines have a better immunogetic effect for HBV transgenic mice, but can notupregulate the immune response to HBsAg.

Fecundity trait in sheep is regulated by some major genes. Among them, BMPR-IB, BMP-15, and GDF-9 are most distinguishing. The mutant FecB of BMPR-IB has multiplicative effects on ovulation. GDF-9's mutants FecGH, FecI, and BMP-15's mutants FecXI, FecXH, FecXG, FecXB, FecXL, and FecXR increase ovulation rate in the heterozygote but result in sterile phenotypes in the homozygote, while GDF-9's mutant, FecGE, only increases ovulation rate in the homozygote. In addition, Woodlands and Lacaune are known as inheritable major genes. Woodlands gene is an X-linked maternally imprinted gene, and Lacaune is similar to FecB with a multiplicative effect on ovulation rate. The size of the effect of one copy of a mutation on ovulation rate ranges from an extra 0.4 ovulations for the woodlands mutation to an extra 1.5 ovulations for the BMPR-IB and Lacaune mutation. Investigation into these genes will not only help to select breeds with high fertility, but also give a chance to further elucidate the mechanism involved in the phenomenon. This review summaries the source, location, phenotype, and mechanism of the major genes in all breeds of sheep.

Objective: To establish a new animal model of osteonecrosis of the femoral head(ONFH) with improved consistency and incidence of femoral head collapse for studies on the mechanism of osteonecrosis. and on the assessment of treatment effectiveness., Methods: Twenty adult male emus were used. Guide instrumentation was constructed to position the customized probe just articularly and at the proximal part of the femoral head. An alternating focal liquid nitrogen freezing and radiofrequency heating was applied. At 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after surgery, hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Before the emus were sacrificed, barium sulfate was infused to lower extremities for microangiography. The femoral samples were scanned by micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and evaluated histologically., Results: No bird demonstrated signs of infection or died unexpectedly. Hip MRI showed changes massive edema at the 4th week, increasingly localized abnormal signals at the 8th'" week, and femoral head collapse at the 12'h week. Micro-CT scans and histological images at the 16th week showed human-like osteonecrotic changes with impaired local blood supply. Bone mineral density of the collapsed head was (380. 31 + 28. 12) mg/cm3 and trabecular spaces were (0. 86 ±0.32) mm; both were significantly lower than those in the control side, which were (415.75 41.28) mg/cm3 and (1. 17 ± 0. 17) mm, respectively (P < 0. 05). Bone volume fraction of the collapsed head was(47.28 ± 17. 14)% and trabecular thickness was (506. 17 ± 220. 58) p.m; both were significantly higher than those at control side, which were (30. 92 ± 4. 01)% and (325. 50 ±44. 53) pm, respectively (P <0. 05). The microangiography at the 16th week showed that vessel volume fraction was (0. 315 ± 0. 055)% , which was significantly higher than the collapsed side [ (0. 142 ± 0. 059)% ] (P <0. 05)., Conclusions: The emu model of fem-oral head osteonecrosis was successfully established using focal alternating cooling and heating insults. The models, with improved consistency and incidence of femoral head collapse, can be used in studies on the mechanism of osteonecrosis and on the assessment of treatment effectiveness.

Objective: To explore the sensitivity of new activated clotting time (ACT) reagent for laboratory monitoring of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)., Methods: Blood samples were collected from 30 healthy volunteers and different doses of LMWH (dalteparin) added. The dalteparin concentration of final blood samples was 0.1 - 1.8 U/ml. ACT and clot rate (CR) were measured with traditional reagent kaolin and new reagent magbar. Linear regression analysis was performed and a regression equation established between different dalteparin concentrations and their corresponding ACT and CR values., Results: With rising dalteparin concentrations, the ACT values became gradually extended and the CR values were gradually reduced by both kaolin and magbar. Analysis of dose-response curves was obtained in vitro. And an excellent linear relationship was observed between the ACT and dalteparin concentrations for two reagents (P < 0.01). An exponential relationship was observed between the CR and dalteparin concentrations (P < 0.01). Differences in slope of regression curves of ACT were observed with the tested reagents (magbar 1097.6 s/U vs kaolin 59.3 s/U, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: This in vitro study has shown that the sensitivity of new ACT test reagent (magbar) is good for laboratory monitoring of dalteparin. The new reagent magbar may be used for bedside monitoring of anticoagulant activity of LMWH.

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment of adult congenital bronchoesophageal fistula., Methods: Eleven cases of adult congenital bronchoesophageal fistula that were diagnosed and surgically treated between May 1990 and August 2010 had been reviewed. There were 7 male and 4 female patients, ranging in age from 28 to 66 years (mean 48.7 years). The chief clinical presentation included coughing and sputum in 10 cases, recurrent bouts of coughing after drinking liquid food in 6 cases, hemoptysis in 6 cases, low fever in 4 cases, chest pain in 3 cases. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis ranged from 5 to 36 years (mean 16.8 years). The diagnosis of bronchoesophageal fistula was confirmed most by esophagography. Associated diseased lung was resected in all patients (lobectomy in 10 cases and pneumonectomy in 1 case). The operation included right thoracotomy in 7 cases and left thoracotomy in 4 cases. The fistula was completely resected in 10 cases. The tract was simply divided and the end was sutured in 1 case., Results: The postoperative course was uneventful in 10 patients who were discharged from hospital 10 to 18 d after operation. One patient suffered from esophageal fistula and received second operation. Regular follow-up was conducted on all 11 patients, proving that 3-year survival rate was 11/11 and 5-year survival rate was 9/11., Conclusion: Persistence of congenital bronchoesophageal fistula into adulthood is rare. The main symptom is nonspecific coughing and bouts of coughing after drinking liquid food. The most useful diagnostic method is the esophagography. Even though it is benign disease, life-threatening complications might occur and it must be treated surgically as soon as the diagnosis is established.

Aim: To investigate the levels of interleukin (IL)-21 in CD4(+);T cells of peripheral blood from the different types of patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and elucidate its role in the hepatitis B pathogenesis., Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patients infected with HBV and healthy individuals were stimulated with or without PMA coupled with ionomycin. The levels of IL-21 in CD4(+) T cells and Th17 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry., Results: PMA and ionomycin induced the expression of IL-21, and IL-21 was mainly produced by CD4(+); T cells, but IL-17A(+) IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells were not detected. The frequencies of IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in the patients of acute hepatitis B and chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers were higher than in healthy controls and severe chronic hepatitis B patients; there were no remarkable differences in the proportion of Th17 cells among the different groups of patients. Furthermore, the proportion of IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells correlated with Th17 cells in all groups except for the acute hepatitis B patients., Conclusion: IL-21 levels, which correlated with Th17 cells, were different in CD4(+);T cells from the different types of patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The results showed that IL-21 may play a role in the hepatitis B pathogenesis.

Objective: To explore the value of partial atrium or large blood vessel resection for the treatment of locally advanced lung cancer., Methods: Thirty-five patients with locally advanced lung cancer (T(4)N(0)-N(2)M(0)) underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy combined with intrapericardial vascular management or partial resection of the atrium. Of the 35 patients , 15 underwent left pneumonectomy combined with partial resection of the left atrium, 3 had pneumonectomy and partial resection of pulmonary artery trunk, 11 received right pneumonectomy and partial resection of the left atrium, 3 had middle and lower lobectomies and partial resection of the left atrium, and 3 underwent right upper lobectomy, partial resection of the superior vena cava and replacement of artificial blood vessel., Results: No death occurred in the 35 patients. Postoperative arrhythmia occurred in 4 cases and respiratory failure in 2 cases. The 1, 2, 3 and 4 year survival rates of the patients were 79.2% (19/24), 53.3% (8/15), 46.2% (6/13) and 36.4% (4/11), respectively. Pathologically, 27 patients had squamous carcinoma, 3 had adenocarcinoma, 3 had adenosquamous carcinoma and 2 had large cell carcinoma. In TNM staging, 6 were in T(4)N(0)M(0), 11 in T(4)N(1)M(0) and 18 in T(4)N(2)M(0)., Conclusion: Pneumonectomy or lobectomy combined with intrapericardial vascular management or partial resection of the atrium can enhance the possibility of radical resection of locally advanced lung cancer and increase the long term survival rate.

According to the characteristic of single-element detector and non-imaging spectroradiometer, a new imaging FTIR spectroradiometer system was developed for spectral data acquisition This system is composed of a spectroradiometer, a synchronous controller and a scanning device. Using the data interface of spectroradiometer, spectral radiometric calibration can be achieved for the system. The image resolution is 500 x 500 pixels, spectral range is 667-5000 cm(-1), spectral resolution is 1 cm(-1), and space Field of view is 150 degrees, Instant Field of View is 0.3 degrees. Experiments were held for actual data acquisition and data analysis was made. The analysis result indicates that the proposed system is adequate for non-realtime imaging spectral data acquisition

To explore novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor with antidepressant activity, a series of substituted aryl alkanol piperidine derivatives were designed and synthesized. All of them were new compounds, and their structures were confirmed with 1H NMR and HR-MS. The results showed that compounds 4, 5 and 8 displayed strong 5-HT, NA and DA reuptake inhibiting activities in vitro. Among the tested compounds, 4, 5 and 13 exhibited potent antidepressant activities in the mice forced swimming test. Compounds 4 and 5 have potent antidepressant activities and are worth further development.

A practical gas sensing system utilizing absorption spectrum scanning techniques was developed. Using the narrow-band transmission of a fiber tunable filter (TOF) and wavelength modulation technique, the so-called cross-sensing effects of the traditional spectrum absorption based gas sensor were reduced effectively and thus the target gas was detected sensitively and selectively. In order to reduce the effects of nonlinearity of TOF on the measurement results and improve the system stability in operation, the reflection spectrum of a reference FBG was monitored and employed to control the modulation region and center of TOF wavelength precisely. Moreover, a kind of weak signal detecting circuits was developed to detect the weak response signal of the system with high sensitivity. The properties of the proposed system were demonstrated experimentally by detection of acetylene. Approximate linear relationships between the system responses and the input acetylene concentrations were demonstrated by experiments. The minimum detectable acetylene of 5 x 10(-6), with signal-noise ratio of 3, was also achieved by experiments.

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of FBG sensing system, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm combined with reference FBGs array was applied to investigate the nonlinearity and hysteresis character of Fabry-Parot filter (FPF). A method of modeling the wavelength-voltage relationship of FPF online in each FPF scanning cycle was proposed in the present paper. The feature of particle swarm optimization algorithm such as fast convergence and simple implementation makes the process of modeling wavelength-voltage relationship of FPF be completed with low computing cost and high accuracy. With the set-up model, the absolute error in wavelength detection of FBG sensors was demonstrated by experiments to be as low as 0.03 nm. The structure of the system is compact and the proposed modeling approach has important meaning in FBG sensors system when FPF is used as wavelength demodulator.

To explore novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors with anti-tumor activity, on the basis of preliminary studies, sixteen N-(2-amino-4-pyridine) benzamide derivaties (class A) and sixteen N-(2-amino-3-pyridine) benzamide derivaties (class B) were designed and prepared, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS individually. The results showed that 30 target compounds except V-20 and V-21 had HDACs inhibitory activity and V -13, V -14, V -16 were equal to CI-994 at 200 micromol x L(-1) in vitro. Compounds V-30, V-31 and V-32 exhibited potent inhibitory activities on Hut78, Jurkat E6-1, A549, K562 and MDA-MB-435s.

A series of nitrogen-containing benzoheterocyclic derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antipsychotic activities. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological trials showed that most of the target compounds have high affinity with D2 and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Among the tested compounds, 20 exhibited the highest affinity and D2 partial agonist activity. In vivo studies showed 20 has potent antipsychotic activities on apomorphine mice model, which is a chance to find a better precursor of D2 partial agonist for further optimization.

Objective: To observe the changes in systemic hemodynamics and their relations to the concentrations of nitric oxide, endothelin, prostacyclin, and thromboxane A2 after portal cavity clamping and opening in portal hypertensive canines., Methods: Twelve canines were randomly divided into control group and model group, and partial ligation of the portal vein was performed in the model group. Portal cavity clamping and opening was performed 12 weeks later in the two groups. The hemodynamic parameters including cardiac output index (CI), heart rate (HR), mean artery blood pressure (MABP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arteriole wedge pressure (PAWP), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were measured during the operation. Samples were obtained from the central vein at 3 time points during the operation for measuring NO, ET, PGI2, and TXA2., Results: Portal vein ligation and portal cavity clamping produced obvious changes in the systemic circulation of the dogs, and the alteration was milder in the control group. After obstruction of the portal vein, the NO levels in systemic circulation in portal hypertensive dogs declined obviously, but gradually recovered the normal level after reperfusion., Conclusion: Systemic circulation undergoes significant alterations after portal vein obstruction, but its changes in portal hypertensive dogs are milder than those in the control group, the mechanism of which needs further investigation.

To explore novel histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitors with anti-tumor activity, MS-275, a HDACs inhibitor, was prepared and used as a lead compound to design new N-substituted benzamide derivatives. MS-275 and eleven target compounds were obtained, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS individually. The results showed that the activity of compound 9d was equal to MS-275 in HDACs inhibition tests in vitro and worthy of further investigation. Compound 5c, 5d and 9c displayed obvious dose-effect relationship, which possessed moderate HDACs inhibitory activities. Ten compounds except 9e had selective inhibitory activities on Hut78.

A series of aralkyl-ketone-4-piperidol derivatives were synthesized and tested for their analgesic activities. All of the novel 30 compounds were prepared from 4-piperidone and alpha-halo-aralkyl-ketone through five steps, including Boc protection, nucleophilic addition in presence of CeCl3/NaI catalyst, deprotection, condensation and salification. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HRMS. Preliminary in vivo pharmacological trials showed that most of the synthesized compounds revealed analgesic effects. Among the tested compounds, 8, 13 and 22 exhibited potent analgesic activities in both mice writhing and mice hot plate model. The three compounds have low affinity for mu, delta, kappa receptors, which is a chance to find a better precursor of non-opioid analgesic for further optimization.

Palladium colloid was obtained via laser ablation under 1064 nm excitation from an Nd:YAG laser in redistilled deionized water. The Pd colloid consisted of "chemically pure" Pd nanoparticles, which were free from extraneous ions or other chemicals since no chemical reaction was involved in the preparation. There was no characteristic peak in UV/Vis spectrum of Pd colloid in the region of 200-800 nm. Hence, in contrast to the Au and Ag nanoparticles, the average size and the size distribution of the Pd nanoparticles could not be estimated from their UV/Vis adsorption spectral features. After the laser ablation, one drop (50 microL) of Pd colloid was deposited on the aluminum plate and dried naturally to form the Pd island films. This method resulted in the formation of a rough surface with a large number of separated Pd islands 20 microm in diameter. According to the SEM measurement, Pd nanoparticles with the average diameter of approximately 200 nm formed Pd island films. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of Pd colloid and Pd island films was evaluated by using 4-mercaptopyridine (4MPY) as a probe molecule. The SERS study revealed that Pd island film was a highly efficient SERS-active substrate while there was no SERS signal observed from Pd colloid. The surface enhancement factor of Pd island films for 4MPY was estimated, which could reach values as high as 8. 7 X 10(4) under 632.8 nm excitation. This value was comparable with the largest value of 10(4) cited in the literature. The SERS spectra of 4MPY molecules adsorbed on Pd surface showed that 4MPY molecules probably tilted from the Pd nanoparticle surface-via sulphur. By contrast, SERS spectrum of 4MPY adsorbed on Ag island films was recorded and analysed. From SERS data it was inferred that 4MPY molecules assumed the standing up orientation on the silver nanoparticle surface. It could be concluded that the 4MPY molecules were more perpendicular to the silver nanoparticle surface than to the Pd nanoparticle surface.