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旨在低成本制备零反式、低饱和人造奶油基料油，以高油酸葵花籽油和棕榈硬脂为原料油，采用国内外9种脂肪酶为催化剂催化酯交换制备人造奶油基料油，以固体脂肪含量（SFC）和滑动熔点为考察指标，筛选出一种经济且高效的脂肪酶，采用单因素实验和响应面法优化其酶促酯交换的反应条件，并对比酶促酯交换反应前后油脂的脂肪酸组成、甘三酯（TAG）组成以及热力学性质。结果表明：国产毕赤酵母菌脂肪酶价格低廉且催化活性高；酶促酯交换最优工艺条件为酶添加量17%、反应时间 28 min、反应温度48 ℃；在最优条件下进行10倍放大实验，其5、25 ℃时的SFC分别为22.35%、11.67%；与酯交换前相比，酯交换产物的脂肪酸组成无显著变化，TAG由U3和S3型向S2U和SU2型转化，酯交换率为76.40%，中间熔点的TAG含量增加，高熔点和低熔点TAG含量降低，熔化所需热量减少，利口爽滑感更强。因此，国产毕赤酵母菌脂肪酶价格低廉，适宜作为酶促酯交换制备零反式、低饱和人造奶油基料油的催化剂。Aiming to prepare zero trans and low saturated margarine base oil at low cost, using high oleic acid sunflower seed oil and palm stearin as raw materials, 9 lipases from domestic and foreign as catalysts, margarine base oil was prepared by transesterification, and an economical and efficient lipase based on solid fat content (SFC) and sliding melting point as inspection indicators was selected. Then single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize the reaction conditions of enzymatic transesterification with the selected lipase as catalyst, and the fatty acid composition, triglyceride(TAG) composition, and thermodynamic properties of the base oil before and after enzymatic transesterification were compared. The results showed that the domestic Pichia pastoris lipase was inexpensive and had high catalytic activity. The optimal conditions for enzymatic transesterification were enzyme addition amount 17%, reaction time 28 min and reaction temperature 48 ℃. The base oil was prepared by 10× magnification experiment under the optimal conditions, and its SFC at 5 ℃ and 25 ℃ were 22.35% and 11.67%, respectively. Compared with the oil before transesterification, the fatty acid composition of transesterification products had no significant change, TAG transformed from U3 and S3 to S2U and SU2, the transesterification rate was 76.40%, the content of TAG at middle melting point increased, the content of TAG at high melting point and low melting point decreased, the heat for melting decreased, and the taste was smoother. Therefore, domestic Pichia pastoris lipase is inexpensive and suitable as a catalyst for the preparation of margarine base oil by enzymatic transesterification.

Background Earlier studies have investigated the association between overweight/obesity and an elevated risk of breast cancer in women. However, some studies have found that it may not be scientifically accurate to solely analyze the association between overweight/obesity and breast cancer in women for overweight/obesity can be classified into different metabolic phenotypes. The current findings on the association of different metabolic phenotypes with breast cancer remain inconsistent. Objective To prospectively analyze the associations of different metabolic obesity phenotypes with the risk of breast cancer in women. Methods In this prospective cohort study, female employees (n=23 406) of Kailuan Group who participated in physical examinations for the first time in Kailuan General Hospital and its 11 affiliated hospitals from 2006 to 2008 were selected as the study subjects and received questionnaire investigation, physical examination and laboratory tests. The study subjects were divided into the four groups based on the types of metabolic syndrome and BMI, including metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) group (n=12 739), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) group (n=1 060), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO) group (n=6 394), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO) group (n=3 213). The subjects were followed up, with the first physical examination attended as the starting point, and new onset breast cancer, death, or the end of follow-up time (2020-12-31) as the endpoints. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the association of the four groups with the risk of breast cancer. Results During an average follow-up of (13.26±1.85) years, with 353 new cases of breast cancer and an incidence density of 11.38 cases per 10 000 person-years in the total population. The incidence cases in the MHNW, MUNW, MHO, and MUO groups were 154, 21, 113, and 65, respectively, with the incidence density of 9.08, 15.37, 13.27, and 15.49 per 10 000 person-years, and the cumulative incidence of 1.22%, 2.01%, 1.67%, and 1.93%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis, after adjusting for confounders, showed that compared with the MHNW group, the risk of breast cancer was increased by 42% (HR=1.42, 95%CI=1.11-1.82) and 59% (HR=1.59, 95%CI=1.17-2.17) in the MHO group and MUO group, respectively. Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed that compared to the MHNW group, the MUO group was associated with a 69% increase in risk of premenopausal breast cancer (HR=1.69, 95%CI=1.01-2.83). The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was increased by 85% (HR=1.85, 95%CI=1.09-3.14), 50% (HR=1.50, 95%CI=1.06-2.13), and 55% (HR=1.55, 95%CI=1.05-2.28) for the MUNW, MHO, and MUO groups, respectively, compared to the MHNW group. Conclusion Overweight/obesity is a risk factor for female breast cancer, and overweight/obesity with metabolic abnormalities further increases the risk of breast cancer. Additionally, normal weight postmenopausal women who are metabolically unhealthy may be at an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited in clinical application due to its low sensitivity. Hyperpolarization technology overcomes this limitation by enhancing molecular MRI signal. At present, ［1-13C］pyruvate is the most important hyperpolarized biological probe, which is widely used in hyperpolarized MRI research. In this study, an efficient two-step sequence of nucleophilic addition reaction and ozonation reaction for synthesis of ［1-13C］pyruvate from 13CO2 was developed, with the yield of 71.5%, and the chemical purity was above 98%. Furthermore, the ozonation reaction was optimized to furnish the one-pot synthesis of ［1-13C］pyruvate in 70.5% yield, and the chemical purity was above 98%. The synthesis of ［1-13C］pyruvate provides a basis for the development of magnetic resonance imaging research.

Motor imagery (MI), an important application of brain-computer interface (BCI), is critical for sports rehabilitation. Since the spatial position of electrodes is not Euclidean, accurate classification of MI is extremely challenging. Existing methods only consider the information of a single dimension or two dimensions in electroence-phalogram (EEG) signals, and cannot fully capture the inherent features of EEG signals in three dimensions of temporal, spectral and spatial. Meanwhile, dynamic correlations of EEG in each dimension affect the robustness of classification. To solve above problems, a novel model, named attention-based multi-dimensional feature graph convolutional network (AMFGCN), is proposed. Firstly, to model non-Euclidean spatial positions of electrodes and fully show spatial correlation between electrodes, a dedicated graph structure is designed. Secondly, a dual-branch framework of time-space and frequency-space dimensions is proposed, simultaneously decoding EEG signals from temporal, spectral and spatial domains. Thirdly, via fusing attention mechanisms into graph convolution and temporal/ spectral convolution, temporal, spectral and spatial correlations are then dynamically captured respectively. Experiments on four public BCI datasets illustrate superior performance of AMFGCN, which outperforms state-of-the-art competitive methods.

The experiment was to investigate the effect of adding compound enzyme peptides in low protein diet on growth performance, slaughter performance and odor in excreta of broilers. A total of 390 one-day-old Hubbard broilers were randomly divided into five groups, with six replicates in each group and 13 broilers in each replicate. Broilers in normal protein group (NP group) were fed with a basal diet (crude protein levels in early, middle and late periods were 22%, 20% and 19%, respectively), while broilers in low protein group (LP group) were fed with a low protein amino acid balance diet (crude protein levels in early, middle and late periods were 19%, 17% and 16%, respectively). The other experimental groups were supplemented with 0.2% (group I), 0.4% (group II) and 0.6% (group III) enzyme mycopeptide complex preparations on basis of LP group diet, respectively. The results showed that compared with NP group, the ammonia concentration at 14, 35, 42 d, indoles content and skocyanin content of broilers in LP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with LP group, ammonia concentration in excreta of broilers in group I, group II and group III at 14 d was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Group III had the best economic benefit, and its profit was 3.09% higher than that of LP group and 8.98% higher than that of NP group. The European benefit index was 15.47% higher than that in LP group and 5.63% higher than that in NP group. The experiment indicates that adding proper amount of enzyme peptides compound preparation in low protein diet can reduce feed to gain ratio, the content of smelly substances in excreta and environmental pollution to a certain extent, and the appropriate dosage is 0.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education expenditure of a novice is a necessary cost of the healthcare system, which can deteriorate the shortage of nurses. The turnover rate of the novice in an operation room of a medical center in Taiwan was 55%. The investigation of this shortcoming revealed the following reasons: 1. stress from the workload, 2. unable to catch up to the work progress, 3. inconsistency in the tutoring skills of preceptors, 4. the frequency of preceptors in changing shifts, 5. preceptors working under pressure, and 6. impractical design of learning profile. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to reduce the turnover rate of new recruits in the operating room during the trial period. We implemented the following strategies: hold symposiums of the novice; redesign the educational program for the novice; periodic events for the surgical specialist education programs; demonstration and reverse demonstrations of surgical techniques; conduct a positive mindset camp for preceptors to improve their energy; regularly conduct clinical preceptors consensus conference; hiring of more certificated preceptors; fixed working shifts; provide stress relief programs; and revise the learning passport for the novice. After the implementation of the program, the turnover rate of novices in the operating room fell to 16.7%, thus achieving the purpose of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure wave velocity equation for water-oil emulsion flow with gas hydrate in pipeline transportation systems was established in view of gas hydrate phase transition, compressibility of oil phase, influence of angular frequency, virtual mass force and system temperature and pressure. The results show that the gas hydrate has great influences on the pressure wave velocity of the water-oil system during pipeline transportation. In the gas hydrate decomposition region, the emergence of gas increases the compressibility of the system significantly. As a result, the pressure wave velocity falls rapidly. In the gas hydrate formation region, the compressibility of the system decreases, while the pressure wave velocity rises on the contrary. The pressure, temperature, oil-water ratio, density of oil phase, and pipe diameter all have distinct impact on the pressure wave velocity. The pressure wave velocity shows a falling tendency with the decrease of oil-water ratio, pipe diameter and temperature. A rising tendency of the pressure wave velocity occurs with the increase of pressure and density of oil phase. The pressure and temperature have effects on the hydrate decomposition rate, in turn influence the pressure wave velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hanshan was an enigmatic figure of the Tang Dynasty who originally possessed the image of a poor scholar or a noble, unsullied person. In the Song Dynasty, Hanshan came to be included in Chan Buddhist lineages, where he was depicted either as a mad Chan sage or as an avatar of "Manjusri." How and why did he attain these two identities and have his image transformed during the Song? How did he come to possess status and religious significance in Chan Buddhist lineages? Based on a review of Chan Buddhist literature, this paper asserts that Hanshan was gradually categorized as a "mad sage," a wild figure in the laymen's world, in order to reflect the religious meaning of madness. In addition, the paper explores both the intrinsic meaning as well as the religious and cultural causes influencing the development of the appellation "Hanshan Manjusri." It attempts to explain the establishment of a connection between Hanshan and Manjusri by examining their corresponding spiritual characteristics. In short, the interpretation of Hanshan as a mad sage with a playful attitude towards life represents an alternative characterization that reflects the everyday practices of Chan Buddhists. Although Hanshan is a sage, he acts like an ordinary person and he practices Buddhism in a natural manner in order to transform others. Hanshan's intrinsic innocence corresponds to the pureness of Manjusri. They both possess vigor and intelligence. The external madness of Hanshan and the internal acuity of Manjusri demonstrate the non-duality of phenomena and the nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Song-Yuan dynasties, Chan masters began to summarize and reinterpret koans 公案, producing literary forms such as songgu (頌古 verses praising old cases) and pingchang (評唱 critical retorts). More Zen literature, Chinese were composed for the koan known as“Zhaozhou sees through an old woman 趙州勘 婆＂than any other koan, which has been continually cited, used as a retort, and reinterpreted by later generations of Chan masters. Even though the contextual dialogue was discarded, the openness to interpretation of the koan itself enabled later Chan masters and disciples to use it to create new dialogues and perspectives. This article primarily aims to investigate the dissemination of this koan, ways in which it was explained, and its reception and application by Chan masters during the Song and Yuan dynasties, in order to observe how later Chan masters entered into the semantic or spatio-temporal context of their lineage masters’ koan dialogues through commentarial activities and participated in the development of the meaning of koans, thus unearthing their profound, unique, and creative interpretations of koans of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of β3-adrenoceptors(β3-AR) inhibitor SR 59230A on MicroRNAs expression in rat myocardium with chronic heart failure and the related mechanisms., Methods: One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operated group(40)and chronic heart failure(CHF)group(60). Coronary artery ligation was used to induce CHF. Then the rats in CHF group were further randomly divided into CHF control group and CHF+SR 59230A group (CHF+SR). Rats in the sham group were divided into sham control group and sham+SR 59230A group (Sham+SR). The rats in Sham+SR group and CHF+SR group were treated with 1 ml SR 59230A(85 mmoL/L in 0.9% saline)twice a day for seven weeks by intraperitoneal injection, while the rats in control groups were injected with the same amount of saline for seven weeks separately. miScript miRNA PCR Arrays were used to determine the expression profile of MicroRNAs. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the distribution of the related proteins in the heart tissue sections. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of nuclear factor-kappaB(NF-κB),p53 and p53-Phospho-Serine 15 in the heart., Results: ①After in vivo blockade of β3-AR by SR 59230A, there were 18MicroRNAs down-regulated in sham control group and CHF control group. Within them, 6 MicroRNAs were related to NF-κB signaling pathway, they were miR-125b-5p,miR-143-3p,miR-145-5p,miR-26a-5p,miR-30a-5p and miR-320-5p. ②Slides from the heart tissue showed that NF-κB was distributed both in nucleus and cytoplasm, while p53 in cytoplasm was more than that in nucleus in heart tissue sections. The expressions of NF-κB and p53 were higher in the CHF control group than those in the sham control group( P <0.05), but were lower in CHF+SR group than those in CHF control group( P <0.05),while they were elevated in Sham+SR group compared to the sham control group( P <0.05). ③ Compared with the sham control group, the protein expression of NF-κB p65 was increased significantly in the CHF control group ( P <0.05). After treated with SR59230A in vivo ,the protein expressions of NF-κB and p53-Phospho-Serine 15 were decreased significantly in CHF rats( P <0.05),while the protein expressions of NF-κB, p53 and p53-Phospho-Serine 15 proteins were increased in the sham rats ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Blocking of β3-AR improved the damaged heart in CHF rats; β3-AR caused the change of MicroRNAs expression, and it related to NF-κB signal pathway.

Objective: To explore whether targeting phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) can enhance the sensitivity of BRAF V600E mutation melanoma cells to vemurafenib., Methods: The methods of cell biology, molecular biology and pharmacology(MTT assay, Western blot, FCM, Colongenic assay) were used in this study., Results: ① Silencing of PGK1 expression increased the efficacy of vemurafenib in melanoma cells, as evidenced by greater killing in the tumor cells subjected to combined treatment of vemurafenib with siPGK1; ②The mechanism of enhanced sensitivity of melanoma cells to vemurafenib was associated with activation of apoptotic signaling pathway., Conclusions: Targeting of PGK1 may represent a novel strategy of sensitizing melanoma cells to vemurafinib.

Objective: To explore the effects of SR59230A on the tension and microRNA (miRNA) expression of rat thoracic aorta., Methods: Forty-four SD rats were used in the experiment. Twenty-four rats were used to observe the effect of SR on the tension of thoracic aortic rings. Another 20 rats were randomly divided into control ( n =10) and SR group( n =10). Rats in SR group were injected SR intraperitoneally,and in control group were given 0.9% of saline. After 5 weeks, the blood pressure of all rats were measured. Then the tension to NA and the expression of miRNA of thoracic aorta rings were measured., Results: (1) The tension of thoracic aortic rings responding to 30 mmol/LKCl were increased by pretreatment of SR ( P <0.05); (2) After 5 weeks injection of SR, systolic pressure was increased ( P <0.05); (3) The tension in SR group was increased in presence of 1 μ mol/L and 10 μ mol/L of NA ( P <0.05, P <0.01). (4) After 5 weeks of SR in vivo application,18 miRNA were down-regulated, 7 of them had statistical significance, they were rno-miR-143-3p, rno-miR-29b-3p, rno-miR-31a-5p, rno-let-7b-5p, rno-miR-214-3p, rno-miR-222-3p and rno-miR-352; 11 miRNA were up-regulated, 4 of them had statistical significance, they were rno-miR-206-3p、rno-miR-223-3p、rno-miR-342-3p and rno-miR-499-5p respectively., Conclusions: SR59230A increased the tension of rat thoracic aorta. In vivo administration of SR led to increase of systolic pressure of rat,down-regulation of rno-miR-143-3p、rno-miR-29b-3p、rno-miR-31a-5p、rno-let-7b-5p、rno-miR-214-3p、rno-miR-222-3p、rno-miR-352 and up-regulation of rno-miR-206-3p、rno-miR-223-3p、rno-miR-342-3p and rno-miR-499-5p.

Objective: To compare the variations of cardiovascular responses and vascular angiotensin II (AngII) in hypertensive patients during tracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) versus direct laryngoscope (DLS)., Methods: A total of 120 hypertensive patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups, i.e.intubating laryngeal mask airway (Group I) and direct laryngoscope (Group D).Variations of invasive arterial blood pressure and angiotensin II were compared between two groups before and after intubation., Results: The variations of cardiovascular responses and vascular angiotensin II (AngII) during tracheal intubation used of ILMA (T4) and DLS (T4) in an instant, tracheal intubation were immediately accomplished in two groups (T5). The variations of group I were significantly lower than those of group D (P < 0.05). And statistical significance existed between two groups., Conclusion: Tracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) can significantly reduce violent cardiovascular reactions and avoid cardiovascular accidents.

Objective: To introduce the outcomes of tracheal resection with primary end to end anastomosis for benign cervical tracheal stenosis, and to discuss the strategy for prevention of surgical complications., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 12 patients diagnosed as benign cervical tracheal stenosis from October 2009 to June 2012. Laryngo-tracheal endoscopic examination and computed tomography (CT) were used to assess the degree of stenosis, the grade of inflammation and edema of the subglottis and trachea, and the extent of stenosis and the remaining linear amount of normal airway. The Meyer and Cotton grading system was used to categorise the clinical severity of the stenoses. All patients underwent tracheal resection with primary end to end anastomosis., Results: The length of cervical tracheal stenosis ranged from 2.3 to 4.1 cm. Grade II stenosis was present in three patients, Grade III stenosis was present in seven patients and grade IV stenosis in two patients. Successful extubation was achieved in all 12 cases. After surgery, temporary hoarseness occurred in 1 patient (8.3%); unilateral pulmonary atelectasis with pleural effusion occurred in 1 patient (8.3%); subcutaneous emphysema with infection occurred in 1 patient (8.3%); mild dysphagia occurred in 3 patients (25.0%); a slight deepening of the tone of voice occurred in 5 patients (41.7%), granulation tissue growth near the suture occurred in 3 patients (25.0%), and suture dehiscence did not occur in any patient. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 38 months, no patient developed restenosis., Conclusions: It presents a high success rate and good functional result of tracheal resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis. Therefore, it is an effective and reliable approach for the management of benign cervical tracheal stenosis. To avoid complications, the preoperative assessment, patients selection and postoperative management should be emphasized.

Objective: To explore the expression of γδ T cells in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its potential significance in pathogenesis., Methods: γδ T cell expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (Envision method). From polyps (25 CRS patients with nasal polyps, CRSwNP), inferior turbinate mucosa (13 CRS patients without nasal polyps, CRSsNP), and 16 inferior turbinate mucosa from patients with deviation of nasal septum served as control. The infiltration of eosinophils in eosinophilic CRSwNP was observed by HE staining. The differences of expression of γδ T cells between each groups were compared, meanwhile the relationship between γδ T cells and eosinophils were analyzed. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the data., Results: The positive range of γδ T cells in CRSwNP group and CRSsNP group was 88.0% and 84.6%, respectively, both higher than 37.5% in control group (χ(2) = 13.413, P < 0.01, χ(2) = 6.564, P < 0.05, respectively), CRSwNP group had no statistical significance compared with CRSsNP group (χ(2) = 0.086, P > 0.05). The expression of γδ T cells in CRSwNP group was stronger than CRSsNP group and control group (U = 596, P < 0.01, U = 296, P < 0.01, respectively); CRSsNP group was stronger than control group (U = 216, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between γδ T cells and eosinophils (r = 0.579, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The expression of γδ T cells was increased in nasal mucosa of CRS. γδ T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS.

Objective: To study the radiobiological characteristic of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1 and CNE2 and the changes in expression MRN (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) complex in the cell lines exposed to irradiation., Methods: CNE1 and CNE2 were irradiated by a linear accelerator. Radiobiological characteristics were detected by colony assay and MTT assay. MRN complex expression were examined by Western blot., Results: Surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2), quasi-threshold Dose (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) of CNE1 were 0.56, 1.449 Gy and 1.480 Gy; SF2, Dq, and Do of CNE2 were 0.44, 0.776 Gy and 1.685 Gy, respectively. Survival fraction of CNE1 at the day 6 after 4 Gy irradiation was 0.59 and that of CNE2 was 0.79 when compared with control, with the up-regulated expressions of Rad50 in CNE1 and Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 in CNE2 (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: CNE1 and CNE2 were sensitive to radiation, but there were radioresistance cells in CNE2. The expressions of some components of MRN complex were up-regulated to repair DNA lesions induced by radiation.

Objective: To investigate the distribution and projective feature of cat olivocochlear neurons., Methods: Eleven adult cats were divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group of eight cats was injected of 1% cholera toxin B (CTB) to the left cochlea, while injected of 5% fluoro gold (FG) to the right cochlea. The control group of three cats was injected of saline to bilateral cochlea. After a survival time of 7 days, serial frozen sections were cut in the cat brainstem. All the sections were processed by immunofluorescent procedure for CTB and FG, and the labeled olivocochlear neurons were observed by fluorescent microscope., Results: In the experimental group, the mean total of olivocochlear neurons labeled by CTB and FG was 3210 +/- 168, including lateral olivocochlear neurons (LOC, 2298 +/- 120) and medial olivocochlear neurons (MOC, 913 +/- 64). The labeled neurons were divided into three different types according to their feature of projection: neurons which only projected to the ipsilateral cochlea, neurons which only projected to the contralateral cochlea, and double-labeled neurons which projected both to the ipsilateral and contralateral cochlea, but the double-labeled neurons comprised 3.9% and 15.1% in the LOC and MOC system respectively. No labeled neurons were found in the control group., Conclusions: There are three types of neurons in the cat olivocochlear system. The neurons which projected to the bilateral cochlea may distribute both in the LOC and MOC system.

Objective: To investigate the distribution and morphology of olivocochlear neurons of superior olivary complex in cats., Methods: Eight adult cats were divided into 2 groups randomly. Cholera toxin B subunit was injected to the left cochlea and fluoro-gold was injected to the right cochlea in the experimental group (n=5). Saline was injected to bilateral cochlea in the control group (n=3). Brainstem tissue was sectioned serially. All of the sections were immunohistochemically treated with ABC and stained with DAB, and then the labelled olivocochlear neurons were observed., Results: The labelled olivocochlear neurons in the experimental group were 2 518 in total. Of them, the number of lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons was 1 738 (69.0%), mainly located in the middle of the pons, predominantly projected ipsilaterally. The total of medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons was 780 (31%), mainly located in dorsomedial periolivary nucleus, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, mainly distributed in the rostral extent of the pons, predominantly projected contralaterally., Conclusion: In the distribution of olivocochlear neurons in cats, LOC neurons mainly project to the ipsilateral. While the projection of MOC neurons is predominantly contralateral, the distribution of MOC neurons is more adjacent to the rostral extent of the pons than LOC neurons.

Objective: To investigate the relationship of volatile sulphur compounds((VSC)levels in periodontal pockets with severity of periodontitis, and the impact of VSC on the result of initial periodontal therapy., Methods: Twenty-five patients with chronic periodontitis(CP)(13 males and 12 females with average age of 35) were included in this study. Clinical periodontal parameters, plaque index, probing depth(PD), attachment loss(AL), and bleeding on probing(BOP) were recorded before and 3 months after the initial therapy. VSC levels were measured with a portable monitor in a digital score ranging from 0.0 to 5.0. All of 5 054 sites for 840 teeth were included in this study., Result: Before treatment the percentage of VSC-positive sites was 17.1%, 52.3% and 86.0% for shallow (PD<3 mm), moderate(PD 4-6 mm) and deep (PD>7 mm) pocket, respectively (P<0.001). In most VSC-positive sites the VSC levels were<1.0. Percentage of sites with a high VSC levels was significantly different among three groups (P<0.01). All clinical parameters in VSC-negative sites were reduced significantly following the initial therapy. The reduction of PD and AL in VSC-positive sites by treatment was less marked than that in VSC-negative sites., Conclusion: VSC in periodontal pockets may be a potential indicator for detecting severity of CP and a useful predictor for therapeutic success.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between periodontal conditions, serum level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and delivery outcomes in pregnant women with a diagnosis of threatened premature labor(TPL)., Methods: Eighty systemically healthy pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The case group was composed of 40 pregnant women hospitalized with the diagnosis of TPL (TPL group) and the control group was composed of 40 normal pregnant women (Non-TPL group). Periodontal examinations included assessments of plaque index (PLI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and the percent of periodontitis sites (PD >3 mm, CAL > or =2 mm). The serum level of IL-1beta was determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays., Results: (1) Fourteen of forty subjects of TPL group delivered premature labor infants (TPL-TB group), and twenty-six subjects delivered natural labor infants (TPL-PB group). No infants were delivered as premature labor infants in non-TPL group. There were significant differences in gestational age at delivery, birth weight, PLI, percentage of periodontitis sites and IL-1beta levels between the non-TPL group and TPL group or between the TPL-TB group and TPL-PB group (P < 0.05). (Significant negative correlation were observed between the gestational age at delivery and percentage of periodontitis sites as well as serum IL-1beta levels (P < 0.05). And significant positive correlation were observed between percentage of periodontitis site and serum IL-1beta levels (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Periodontal inflammation might be one of the pathogenesis of preterm birth.

Purpose: To evaluate the associations between periodontal conditions and delivery outcomes in pregnant women with a diagnosis of threatened premature labor (TPL)., Methods: Eighty systemically healthy pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The case group was composed of 40 pregnant women hospitalized with the diagnosis of TPL and the control group was composed of 40 normal pregnant women. Periodontal examinations included assessments of plaque index (PLI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and the percentage of periodontitis sites (PD > 3 mm, CAL > or = 2mm). The serum level of IL-6 was determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA). The data were analyzed with SPSS11.0 software package for chi2 test, Student's t test and Pearson correlation analysis., Results: 40 subjects were clarified as TPL and 14 as TPL-PB. 26 TPL women subsequently delivered TB infants. No infants were delivered as PB in 40 subjects clarified as non-TPL. There were no significant differences in the mean ages and gestational age at examination between the non-TPL and TPL groups or between the TPL-TB, and TPL-PB groups. There were significant differences in gestational age at delivery and birth weight between the non-TPL and TPL groups or between the TPL-TB, and TPL-PB groups (P < 0.05). The mean PLI, percentage of periodontitis sites and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the TPL group than those of the non-TPL group. The mean PLI, BI, and percentage of periodontitis sites were significantly higher in the TPL-PB group than those of the TPL-TB group. Significant negative correlations were observed between the gestational age at delivery and percentage of periodontitis sites as well as BI (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Periodontal inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of preterm birth.

Objective: To evaluate the association between periodontal conditions and delivery outcomes in pregnant women with a diagnosis of threatened premature labor (TPL)., Methods: Eighty systemically healthy pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Forty of these were pregnant women hospitalized with the diagnosis of TPL, and 40 normal pregnant women served. TPL was control clarified as TPL-PB (14 women) and TPL-TB (26 women) based on the delivery outcomes. No infants were delivered as PB in the control with non-TPL. Periodontal examinations included assessments of plaque index (PLI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and the percentage of periodontitis sites (PD > 3 mm, CAL >or= 2 mm). The serum level of TNF-alpha was determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA)., Results: The mean PLI (0.94 +/- 0.05), percentage of periodontitis sites (2.93%) and TNF-alpha levels [14.81 ng/L (13.40 - 15.64 ng/L)] were significantly higher in the TPL group than in the non-TPL group [0.59 +/- 0.03, 1.32% and 11.47 ng/L (10.82 - 12.86) ng/L] (P < 0.001). The mean PLI (0.96 +/- 0.06), BI (2.99 +/- 0.14), percentage of periodontitis sites (3.61%) and TNF-alpha levels [18.35 ng/L (15.47 - 31.94) ng/L] were significantly higher in the TPL-PB group than in the TPL-TB group [0.66 +/- 0.04, 2.76 +/- 0.12, 2.25% and 13.70 ng/L (12.64 - 14.80 ng/L)]. Significant negative correlations were observed between the gestational age at delivery and percentage of periodontitis sites as well as serum TNF-alpha levels (P < 0.05). And significant positive correlations were observed between percentage of periodontitis site and serum TNF-alpha levels (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Periodontal inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of preterm birth.

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) is an effective inhibitor for hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) and serine protease Matriptase, and is involved in HGF/c-Met signaling pathway by regulating activities of HGFA and Matriptase. In an attempt to elucidate the roles HAI-1 play in tumor cell growth and migration, we subcloned full length cDNA of human HAI-1 into mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+), and transfected the construct into human colorectal cancer cell SW620. The expression of HAI-1 in transfected SW620 cells was demonstrated by Western blot. Growth curve determination, soft-agar colony formation assay, trans-membrane migration assay and wound-healing cell motility assay were used to evaluate the effects of over-expression of HAI-1 on cell growth and migration/motility. Both of the growth curve and soft-agar colony formation assays showed that there were no significant differences of growth of HAI-1-transfected cells when compared with the control groups. Trans-membrane migration assay and wound-healing motility assay showed significant inhibition of cell migration/motility ability by the over-expressed HAI-1. Our data suggest that over-expression of HAI-1 in SW620 cells has weak effect on cell growth in vitro, but can significantly inhibit cell migration/motility.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology is a powerful tool to knockdown gene expression in mammalian cells including genes of viral origin. To study the inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by combined siRNAs in vitro, HepG2 2.2.15, a human hepatoblastoma cell that constitutively produces HBV particles, was transfected with 12 siRNAs that were designed to target different regions on HBV genome. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the HBsAg and HBeAg levels in culture media, and HBV replication was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that HBV replication could be inhibited by treatment with these siRNAs in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of HBsAg was inhibited by 80% and 90% with 80 nmol/L single siRNA treatment and 20 nmol/L combined siRNAs treatment, respectively. HBeAg was inhibited by about 60% with single siRNA treatment, and the inhibition didn't increase much in the case of combined siRNAs treatment. HBV replication was inhibited by 90% with 80 nmol/L single siRNA treatment or 20 nmol/L combined siRNAs treatment. These data provide solid evidence for developing new approaches in HBV treatment with combined siRNAs.