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In pocket switched network,how to make effective balance between the message delivery ratio and transmis-sion delay is a problem to be solved.A community-based PSN routing algorithm,named BridgingCom,is proposed.It uses local community detection method with aging mechanism and introduces the bridging centrality as the basis of for-warding decisions.The algorithm combines the analysis of node centrality with the structure of social mobile network,makes full use of the community relationship and activeness of nodes in PSN.Simulation results show that BridgingCom routing algorithm has better performance in the message delivery ratio and message average delay compared to a number of previously proposed algorithms.

To establish the quantitative analysis multi-components with a single-marker(QAMS) method for six components and fingerprint of standard decoction of Gastrodiae Rhizoma, verify the accuracy and feasibility of the method, and evaluate the quality of standard decoction. Based on UPLC with gastrodin as the internal standard, relative correction factors of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, parishin E, parishin B, parishin C, parishin A and gastrodin were determined by investigating the column temperature, flow rate, chromatographic columns and multi-point concentration correction. The total contents in 18 batches of standard decoction of Gastrodiae Rhizoma and the similarity were determined to calculate the similarity. The results of standard curve method, external standard one-point method and quantitative analysis multi-components with a single-marker(QAMS) were compared, and the results showed that there was no significant difference among these three methods. By analyzing the results of standard decoctions from different origins, it can be seen that the quality of Gastrodia standard decoctions derived from Anhui and Yunnan was better, followed by Shaanxi and Hubei, and relatively poor in Gansu, with similarities all above 0.90 in the fingerprints. Therefore, the QAMS method that can measure the contents of gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, parishin E, parishin B, parishin C and parishin A in standard decoction of Gastrodiae Rhizoma combined with fingerprint is accurate, feasible and fast, which can be used to evaluate the quality of standard decoction of Gastrodiae Rhizoma, and also provide a reference for the research on the quality standards of raw materials for Gastrodiae Rhizoma prepared slices and alike.

Objective: To establish a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection of Cryptosporidium ., Methods: Based on Cryptosporidium -specific 18S rRNA selected as the target gene to be detected, and the primer sequences and fluorescent probes designed using the software Amplfix, and a fluorescent RAA assay was established and optimized. The fluorescent RAA assay was performed to detect 18S RNA target sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copies, genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts at various concentrations, and genomic DNA extracted from various numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts to assess the sensitivity of the assay, and to detect genomic DNA extracted from Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, Schistosoma japonicum eggs, Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Clonorchis sinensis eggs, Salmonella and Shigella to determine the specificity of the assay., Results: A fluorescent RAA assay was successfully established, which was effective to amplify the specific 18S RNA gene fragments of Cryptosporidium within 20 min at 39 ℃. The lowest limits of the fluorescent RAA assay were 10 2 copies/μL for detection of 18S RNA target sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copies, 1 pg/μL for detection of genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts at various concentrations, and one Cryptosporidium oocyst/μL for detection of genomic DNA extracted from various numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the fluorescent RAA assay was all negative for detection of genomic DNA from G. lamblia cysts, S. japonicum eggs, A. lumbricoides eggs, C. sinensis eggs, Salmonella and Shigella., Conclusions: A novel fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific to detect genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts.

Objective: To understand the endemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis through the surveillance in a national surveillance site of Jurong City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures., Methods: According to the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme (2014 Edition) , the surveillance of schistosome infection in Oncomelania hupensis snails, residents and livestock was performed in the Kongqing Village, a national surveillance site of Jurong City, from 2015 to 2017., Results: The areas with snails were 0, 0, and 0.63 hm 2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively; the average densities of living snails were 0, 0, and 0.19 snails/0.1 m 2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively. No schistosome-infected snails were found. The positive rates of blood tests for schistosomiasis in the local residents were 7.72%, 7.45% and 3.45%, and the positive rates of blood tests in the floating population were 4.90%, 3.47% and 0.97% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. No positives were found in the schistosome etiology detection in the crowd and livestock., Conclusions: The effect of schistosomiasis prevention and control is obvious in Jurong City, but O. hupensis snails are still of recurrence. Therefore, the monitoring and control efforts should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis prevention and control.

Objective: To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the targeted strategy of malaria elimination., Methods: The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2016 were collected from China's Routine Diseases Surveillance Information System (CRDSIS)., Results: Totally, 239 imported malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2017, and the cases decreased by 22.40% compared to 308 cases in 2015. Except 2 malaria case caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all imported. Among them, there were 163 falciparum malaria cases, 21 vivax malaria cases, 11 quartan malaria cases, 43 ovale malaria cases, and 1 mixed infection case ( Plasmodium falciparum and P. ovale ). The numbers of imported cases of Nantong (39 cases, 16.32%), Suzhou (26 cases, 10.88%), Taizhou (25 cases, 10.46%), Huai'an (24 cases, 10.04%), and Lianyungang (22 cases, 9.21%) ranked in the top 5 cities across Jiangsu Province, the malaria cases in the five cities accounted for 56.90% (136/239). The infection source areas of the imported malaria cases included Africa (225 cases), Asia (8 cases), Oceania (2 cases), and South America (2 cases)., Conclusions: Jiangsu Province has no local malaria cases for 6 consecutive years. Despite the imported cases in 2017 decreased some-what compared to that in 2016, it is still necessary to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases and improve malaria diagnosis and treatment in the whole province.

Recently, the global malaria control has achieved remarkable results, and the epidemic map of malaria has gradually shrinked. However, in the past two years, the number of malaria deaths remained at a high level, and the incidence of malaria has even risen, leading to the stagnant of malaria elimination. The main reasons include lacking of the well monitoring and response system, sensitivity declining of antimalarial drugs, the spread of insecticide resistance, and the reduction of financial support. This paper introduces the progress and challenges of global malaria elimination, summarizes the current strategies and major interventions, and provides the corresponding response.

Objective: To analyze the results of samples testing of Jiangsu Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria diagnostic performance in this province., Methods: The samples of reported malaria cases in Jiangsu were collected by the provincial reference laboratory (PRL) in 2017. The microscopy and nucleic acid test were performed to confirm the infection of Plasmodium species of each case, while Plasmodium antigen tests (rapid diagnostic test, RDT) were performed as well. The detection results were analyzed among different areas and different species., Results: Totally 242 malaria cases were reported and the samples were collected by PRL in 2017. A total of 239 cases were confirmed Plasmodium infections, including 163 cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection, 21 cases of P. vivax infection, 11 cases of P. malariae infection, 43 cases of P. ovale infection, and 1 case of P. falciparum and P. ovale mixed-infection. The diagnostic coincidence rates of reported malaria case in 13 prefectures with districts were all > 80%, and the total coincidence rate was 88.8%. The species diagnostic coincidence rates of P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. malariae , and P. ovale were 98.8%, 57.1%, 63.6%, and 81.4% respectively, and the detection rates by RDT to those four species infections were 95.7%, 85.0%, 63.6% and 79.1% respectively., Conclusions: In 2017, the malaria diagnostic quality of medical technicians is generally high in Jiangsu Province. However, the diagnostic capacity is slightly different among different regions, and the ability to identify non- P. falciparum parasites remains to be improved. RDT is not ideal for the detection of non- P. falciparum infection. In the current stage of malaria elimination, the malaria diagnostic capacity of technicians in all the sectors should be strengthened and maintained.

Objective: To investigate the malaria rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) - related knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) of primary healthcare professionals in Jiangsu Province and analyze the corresponding influencing factors., Methods: Four cities in Jiangsu Province were selected as the study sites by the typical sampling method to conduct a survey for the RDT related KAP and work satisfaction of primary healthcare professionals, and the multiple logistic regression model was used to explore the relevant influencing factors., Results: Totally 1 150 questionnaires were issued and 949 valid questionnaires were collected with the recovery rate of 82.52%. The valid questionnaires included 453 questionnaires from laboratory technicians, 466 from clinicians, and 30 from malaria prevention and control workers. Totally 83.98% of the surveyed professionals had a low mastering level of essential RDT-related knowledge. A total of 52.17% of the surveyed laboratory technicians recognized that the application of RDT technology could effectively improve the current primary-level microscopy work, and the degree of recognition of RDT technological advantage in the laboratory technicians was higher than that in the clinicians. Totally 79.25% of the surveyed laboratory technicians regarded themselves to be capable of conducting the standardized RDT operation, and 84.55% of the surveyed clinicians regarded themselves to be capable of conducting the qualified malaria clinical diagnostic practice. The key influencing factors of RDT-related KAP of primary healthcare professionals included the laboratory technicians' gender, educational level, employer's institutional level, professional title, and working years, and the employer's institutional level of clinicians., Conclusions: The primary healthcare professionals in Jiangsu Province exhibita good acceptability towards RDT technology. However, their essential knowledge on RDT remains to be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a specific training and educational system for primary healthcare professionals to better guarantee the advantageous impact of RDT technology on the consolidation of the malaria elimination work achievements.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation effect of the optimization strategy for the use and management of malaria rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) technology in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the empirical evidence and suggestions for promoting the standardized use of RDT technology., Methods: Questionnaire surveys of primary-level health professionals' RDT-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and work satisfaction were conducted in 4 pilot cities in Jiangsu Province before and after the intervention., Results: After the implementation of the intervention, 13.9% of surveyed laboratory technicians, 21.9% of surveyed clinicians and 4.1% of surveyed staff of the centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) had significant improvements in RDT-related knowledge. About 10.9% of the surveyed laboratory technicians and 25.6% of the surveyed CDC staff improved their attitudes toward RDT technology. About 38.4% of the surveyed laboratory technicians and 10.0% of the surveyed clinicians improved the standardized use of RDT technology. All types of primary-level health professionals had high evaluation in the satisfaction and effectiveness of the optimization strategy. However, the evaluation of the surveyed clinicians was slightly lower than that of the laboratory technicians and CDC staff., Conclusions: The optimization strategy in this project can effectively improve the knowledge, attitude and behavior of all types of primary-level health professionals and help to promote the standardized use of RDT technology.

With the long-term and widespread application of antimalarial drugs, Plasmodium falciparum has gradually produced resistance to antimalarial drugs. At present, there are more researches on the molecular markers of P. falciparum drug resistance, while less attention has been paid to the molecular markers of non- P. falciparum drug resistance. In order to provide the reference for rational drug use in clinical treatment and reference for molecular monitoring of antimalarial drug sensitivity of non- P. falciparum , this paper reviews the researches on the common molecular markers related to non -P. falciparum drug resistance.

Objective: To analyze the vector surveillance results during the stage of malaria elimination, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the local transmission risk of imported malaria and carrying out the surveillance work after malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province., Methods: From 2011 to 2017, the mosquito population was monitored and human biting rates were calculated by the half overnight human baiting trapping method and overnight lamp trapping method in 7 surveillance sites from June to October. The insecticide resistance level was tested by the force contact method recommended by WHO., Results: A total of 5 106 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured by the half over-night human baiting trapping method in the 7 sites from 2011 to 2017, and all the mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles sinensis . The annual human biting rates were 1.075, 0.786, 1.057, 0.787, 0.790, 1.797 and 1.185 mosquitoes/ (human·hour), respectively. Totally 28 186 Anopheles mosquitoes were caught by the overnight lamp trapping method, and all the mosquitoes were An. sinensis . The densities of Anopheles mosquitoes were 57.950, 50.932, 14.800, 4.405, 58.070, 72.406, and 17.145 mosquitoes/ (night·lamp), respectively. In 2012, the resistance indexes of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, DDT and malathion were at R level in Jiangsu Province., Conclusions: The major vector is An. sinensis and no An. anthropophagus is found in Jiangsu Province. An. sinensis has a high level of resistance to deltamethrin, DDT and malathion.

Objective: To understand the quality of production of blood slides and laboratory personnel's ability to microscopically examine Plasmodium at Jiangsu Province clinic inspection stations at all levels, so as to provide the evidence for the construction of malaria diagnostic laboratories and the evaluation of malaria elimination effect., Methods: After the reexamination of the negative blood slides of the examination stations of the malaria center in each county (district), the negative blood slides of the outpatient inspection station in the district and all the positive blood slides of the direct report of the network from 2011 to 2017, the staining and cleanliness of the blood smears, microscopic examination results and the coincidence rate of positive blood species were comprehensively analyzed., Results: A total of 19 109 checked blood samples were examined. The qualified rates of blood preparation, dyeing and cleanliness were 87.5%, 89.3% and 87.6%, respectively. The quality of reexamined blood slides in different years showed statistically significant difference (all P < 0.05), by using chi-square trend test, and there was a trend of increasing year by year. There was a significant difference in the quality of the reexamined blood slides among the different cities with districts ( P < 0.05). In addition, there were 1 860 blood samples from 2012 to 2017, and the total coincidence rate was 87.4% and the coincidence rate of positive blood smear examinations was 98.9%. The species coincidence rates of Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium malariae , Plasmodium ovale and mixed infection were 95.4%, 33.3%, 56.0%, 76.5% and 9.1%, respectively ( P < 0.05). The total coincidence rates of blood smear reexaminations in different years were 85.0%, 90.1%, 86.0%, 85.3%, 90.0% and 87.6% from 2012 to 2017, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The quality of blood slides at the primary clinic inspection stations in Jiangsu Province conforms to the standard established by the provincial malaria reference laboratory; however, the ability of Plasmodium species identification is insufficient and needs to be improved.

There were vivax malaria, falciparum malaria, and malariae malaria epidemic in Jiangsu Province, and vivax malaria was the dominant disease. Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus were malaria-transmitted vectors. Since the founding of People's Republic of China, there have been two major malaria outbreaks in Jiangsu Province, when the highest annual malaria incidence reached up to 24.95%. According to prevention and control principles of "adjusting measures to local conditions, giving different guidance to different categories and highlighting key points", during the epidemic outbreak stage, the largescale malaria prevention and control measures were implemented for all the residents who were target population in Jiangsu malaria-endemic areas. During the basic eradication stage, the targeted prevention and control measures had been carried out according to the different epidemic features to gradually consolidate the achievement of prevention and control in Jiangsu Province. In the malaria elimination stage, Jiangsu Province focused on controlling of the source of infection and malaria surveillance. According to the "1-3-7 targeted elimination" work model, the management of infectious sources and investigation and disposal of foci were carried out for each epidemic focus to block the malaria transmission. By the end of 2017, there had been no indigenous malaria cases for the six consecutive years in Jiangsu Province. All the 13 cities have passed the assessment of malaria elimination of Jiangsu Province. Although Jiangsu Province has achieved the goal of malaria elimination, it is urgent and necessary to maintain and improve malaria surveillance capabilities to prevent malaria reintroduction.

Objective: To establish a systemized malaria biobank with well-rounded epidemiologic data and a computer-aid management system, thus to provide qualified sources for malaria elimination and human malaria research., Methods: The malaria biobank was based on the platform of Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases. The blood smear samples, dried blood samples, whole blood samples and parasite strains isolated from patients (from both local and imported cases) were collected since 2011 according to a standardized operational procedure. The biobank management software was applied to input of the epidemiological data and samples, and the quality of samples was monitored regularly., Results: A standard malaria biobank was established. The Information Management System was applied to input, storage and output of samples. Totally 99.42% (2 223/2 236) of the blood smear samples, 92.58% (2 070/2 236) of the dried blood samples, 94.50% (2 113/2 236) of whole blood, and 2.06% (46/2 236) of the isolated stains in 2 236 reported cases were included in the malaria biobank in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2017. Based on the malaria biobank, 99.42% (2 223/2 236) of the blood smears and 82.74% (1 850/2 236) of DNA (from dried blood and whole blood samples) from malaria patients in Jiangsu Province were re-checked. Moreover, the samples in the malaria biobank were used in the studies of the mechanism of parasite drug resistance, malaria molecular epidemiology, and diagnosis technology development and evaluation., Conclusions: The establishment of malaria biobank provides a guarantee for malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province and also provides a qualified resource for malaria research.

Objective: To analyze the situation of malaria elimination, identify the current main challenges and difficulties of maintaining the achievements of malaria elimination, and find out feasible solutions in Jiangsu Province., Methods: Through randomized grouping, the subject discussion and questionnaires were conducted by malaria control staffs from centers for diseases control and prevention of 13 cities of Jiangsu Province and Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases. The basic characteristics of participants and the effect of the discussion were analyzed through questionnaires., Results: Twenty-seven professional participants were randomly divided into 3 groups. Totally 27 questionnaires were released and 24 valid questionnaires were retrieved. Among the 24 participants, 79.1% (19/24) of them were with mid-level and senior professional titles, and 66.7% (16/24) of them had worked for more than 10 years. Before the group discussion, only 16.7% (4/24) of the participants were aware of the current main challenges and difficulties in Jiangsu Province. After the discussion, 87.5% (21/24) of them thought the discussion increased their understanding of the challenges and difficulties. Through the subject discussion, the expert group summarized the current challenges and difficulties as well as the solutions in malaria prevention in Jiangsu Province in 4 aspects, namely the management guarantee of prevention work, diagnosis and treatment of the cases, field epidemiological investigation and others. Finally, a framework about these discussion results was established., Conclusions: During the post-stage of malaria elimination, Jiangsu Province still faced many challenges and difficulties, such as management guarantee, case diagnosis and treatment, epidemiology survey and focus disposals, and malaria surveillance sustainability. The feasible solutions of these challenges may provide examples for other provinces and regions which are undergoing malaria elimination or in post-stage of malaria elimination.

Objective: To assess the influence of glycolytic pathway on the proportion and numbers of regulatory T cells during Schistosoma japonicum infection., Methods: A S. japonicum -infected mouse model was established, and C57/BL6 male mice infected with S. japonicum were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) or PBS for 6 times, and then the cells from spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) to detect the percentage of Glut1 + CD4 + T cells and Treg cells., Results: The proportions of Glut1 + CD4 + T cells in the spleen (43.58%±2.50% vs. 21.15%±0.96%; t = 8.834, P < 0.01) and mesenteric LNs (38.97%±1.97% vs. 28.40%±2.11%; t = 3.662, P < 0.05) were higher in the normal mice than those in the infected mice, and the percentages of Treg cells in the spleen (6.83%±0.21% vs. 13.30%±0.35%; t = 15.65, P < 0.01) and LNs (8.26%±0.15% vs. 14.37%±0.44%; t = 13.14, P < 0.01) were lower in the normal mice than those in the infected mice. In addition, the proportions of Treg cells in the spleen (15.50%±0.76% vs. 13.07%±0.15%; t = 3.130, P < 0.05) and LNs (17.00% ±0.41% vs. 13.83%±0.18%; t = 6.947, P < 0.01) were higher in the infected mice injected intraperitoneally with 2DG than those in the infected mice injected intraperitoneally with PBS., Conclusions: Glycolytic pathway inhibits Treg differentiation in the spleen and mesenteric LNs of S. japonicum -infected mice.

Objective: To explore the expression characteristics of cytochrome P450 (CYP) candidate genes (CYP6M3, CYP6Y1, CYP6P5, CYP4H14, CYP4G17, CYP12F16) in Anopheles sinensis ., Methods: The samples were collected from different developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes (females and males) ), and different tissues (salivary glands, malpighian tubes, midguts, ovaries, and fat bodies) of An. sinensis and the female adult mosquitoes exposed by different insecticide doses (0, 1.25, 3.75, 6.25, 12.5 μg/bottle) and time points (0, 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes), then the total RNA was extracted. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) assay was used to analyze the relative expressions of six CYP genes in An. sinensis at different developmental stages, tissues and different insecticide exposure doses and time., Results: The expressions of CYP6M3 and CYP6Y1 in the male adult mosquitoes were the highest, the expression of CYP6M3 gene in the males was 35.1 times higher than that in the females, the expression of CYP6Y1 in the males was 61.4 times higher than that in the females; the expression level of CYP4H14 in the larvae was the lowest, the expression of CYP4H14 in the females was 22.5 times higher than that in the fourth instar larvae. The expressions of candidate CYP genes in different tissues of An. sinensis were significantly different, the expression of CYP6M3 in the malpighian tubule was 38.9 times higher than that in the ovary, the expression of CYP6Y1 in the fatbody was 9.1 times higher than that in the ovary, the expression of CYP4G17 was 4.6 times higher than that in the ovary, and the expression of CYP12F16 was 4.4 times higher thanthat in the ovary. The exposure to different insecticide doses and time showed some induction effects in the expressions of candidate CYP genes, which affected the expressions of candidate CYP genes in An. sinensis ., Conclusions: The expression of candidate CYP genes varies significantly in different developmental stages and various tissues of An. sinensis , and exposure to deltamethrin at various doses and time points affects CYP genes expression in An. sinensis .

Objective: To analyze the working conditions and evaluate the effectiveness of blood smear examinations in fever patients after the start of national malaria elimination program (NMEP), and explore the suitable strategy for malaria diagnosis and surveillance in NMEP, so as to provide the evidence for the development and adaptation of malaria elimination strategies and measures in Jiangsu Province., Methods: The data of malaria epidemic situation reported by network, fever patients' blood test tables, and epidemiological surveys of malaria cases were collected and statistically analyzed by SPSS 16.0 in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2016., Results: A total of 2 367 cases of malaria cases were reported from 2010 to 2016. Among the 3 691 188 person-times of fever patients tested, there were 2 252 positives (0.06%). The number of blood tests of fever patients decreased from 742 900 in 2010 to 277 000 in 2016. At the same time, the positive rate increased from 0.04% in 2010 to 0.16% in 2016. The positive rate of blood tests of fever patients in 2016 was significantly higher than that in 2010 ( χ 2 = 161.61, P < 0.01). From 2010 to 2016 in Jiangsu province, the centers for disease control and prevention of cities and counties, that completed the blood review within 3 days, deleted 273 negative cases. In 2010, the centers for disease control and prevention of cities and counties deleted 61 negative cases, but in 2016, the centers deleted only 14 negative cases, and the negative rate of blood review in 2010 was significantly higher than that in 2016 ( χ 2 = 22.99, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: A large number of blood smear examinations have been tested in fever patients in Jiangsu Province. It not only conforms to the strong monitoring system requirements issued by World Health Organization (WHO) in malaria elimination, but also provides the evidence for no local malaria case in Jiangsu since 2012.

Objective: To investigate the role of TIGIT signal in Th1/Th2 balance in the process of Schistosoma japonicum infection., Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum , and normal uninfected mice served as the controls. The percentages of TIGIT + cells, Ki67 + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT + cells, Ki67 + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT - cells, IFN-γ + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT + cells, IFN-γ + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT - cells, IL-4 + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT + cells and IL-4 + CD3 + CD4 + TIGIT - cells were evaluated in mouse spleen by flow cytometry., Results: The proportion of TIGIT + CD4 + T cells was higher in the spleen of S. japonicum -infected mice than in the normal uninfected mice (29.30%±0.70% vs. 3.09%±0.50%; t = 8.834, P < 0.01) . However, no significant difference in the percentages of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells between the infection group and normal controls (3.61%±0.26% vs. 3.58%±0.16%; t = 0.108, P > 0.05), and no significant difference was detected in the percentages of TIGIT + cells in non-T cells between the infection group and controls (1.86%±0.19% vs.1.37%±0.17%; t = 1.931, P > 0.05) . In addition, the proportion of Ki67 in the TIGIT + cells was higher than that in the TIGIT - cells (17.03%±0.64% vs. 6.59%±0.37%; t = 14.09, P < 0.01) . The Th2/Th1 ratio was higher in the TIGIT + CD4 + T cells than in the TIGIT - CD4 + T cells (39.28%±3.75% vs. 11.79%±1.64%; t = 6.721, P < 0.01) ., Conclusions: The TIGIT signaling may be involved in the development of Th2 responses in the mice infected with S. japonicum .

Objective: To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2016, so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting the strategy and measures for malaria elimination., Methods: The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2016 were collected from China's Routine Diseases Surveillance Information System (CRD-SIS) and analyzed statistically., Results: Totally, 308 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2016, and the cases decreased by 23.95% compared to 405 malaria cases in 2015. Except for 1 malaria case that was caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all imported. Among the 308 cases, 237 were infected with Plasmodium falciparum , 11 were infected with P. vivax , 8 were infected with P. malariae , 51 were infected with P. ovale , and 1 was mixed infection. Among all the cities in Jiangsu Province, the numbers of imported cases of Nantong (53 cases), Huai'an (41 cases), Taizhou (40 cases), Lianyungang (36 cases) and Yangzhou (29 cases) ranked in the top 5, and the total malaria cases in the five cities accounted for 64.61%., Conclusions: There were no local malaria cases in Jiangsu Province for 5 consecutive years up to 2016. Although the imported cases decreased slightly compared to those in 2015, we still should strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases as well as improve malaria diagnosis and treatment abilities for related personnel at all levels of medical institutions. Also we should focus on the Plasmodium check, focus survey and disposal to realize the aim of malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province in time.

Objective: To explore the possible mechanisms by which Schistosoma japonicum heat shock protein 60 (SjH-SP60) enhances CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cell (Treg) immunosuppressive function., Methods: An in vitro method was used to investigate the effect of SjHSP60 on Treg immunosuppressive activity. Co-cultures in transwells and in vitro suppression assay were performed to investigate how SjHSP60 enhanced the immunosuppressive function of Tregs. Intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry was used to detect Treg-expressing IL-10 and TGF-β, and flow cytometry was also used to analyze the expressions of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in Tregs., Results: SjHSP60 enhanced the immunosuppressive function of Tregs. Soluble cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β mediated inhibitory activity of SjHSP60-triggered Tregs. SjHSP60 induced significant increases in both IL-10 and TGF-β expressions of Tregs. Further investigation showed significant increased Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in SjHSP60-trggered Tregs., Conclusions: SjHSP60 enhances Treg immunosuppressive function by promoting the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β, possibly due to SjHSP60-mediated induction of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in Tregs.

Mosquito is a vector of many infectious diseases, and it is recognized a leading killer of human in the world. After the Belt and Road Initiative launches, more are countries involved and the international communication and cooperation are significantly growing in China. Therefore, the risk of imported infectious diseases is increasing as well, some mosquito-borne diseases which have been well controlled or seldom seen in China, will be more risky to cause locally transmission from imported cases and become the threat to people's health in China. This paper reviews the risk of major imported mosquito borne-diseases to China, and discusses the control strategy as well, so as to provide the suggestion for entry-exit inspection and control of imported mosquito-borne diseases in China.

Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2015, so as to provide the evidence for malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2015 were collected from China's routine diseases surveillance information system. Results Totally 405 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2015, and the cases increased by 14.08% compared with those in 2014. All the malaria cases were imported, and 5 cases (1.23%) were from Southeast Asia and 400 (98.77%) were from 25 African countries or regions. The imported malaria cases were reported in 13 cities across Jiangsu Province, where Taizhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Huaian and Yangzhou cities accounted for 68.64% of all the cases in the province. Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases (JIPD) reference lab checked all the cases and classified 299 falciparum malaria cases, 13 vivax malaria cases, 18 quartan malaria cases, 71 ovale malaria cases, and 4 mixed Plasmodium infection cases. Conclusions In Jiangsu Province, there are no local malaria cases for 4 consecutive years, but the imported cases are on the rise. Compared to 2014, the imported vivax cases increased significantly in 2015. It should be the key points to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases, improve malaria diagnosis and treatment abilities for all levels of medical institutions, and promote the abilities of Plasmodium check, and focus survey and disposal of all Center for Disease Control (CDC) staffs across Jiangsu Province.

Objective: To design and develop an online training and evaluation system for parasitic pathogen recognition., Methods: The system was based on a Parasitic Diseases Specimen Image Digitization Construction Database by using MYSQL 5.0 as the system of database development software, and PHP 5 as the interface development language. It was mainly used for online training and evaluation of parasitic pathology diagnostic techniques., Results: The system interface was designed simple, flexible, and easy to operate for medical staff. It enabled full day and 24 hours accessible to online training study and evaluation. Thus, the system broke the time and space constraints of the traditional training models., Conclusions: The system provides a shared platform for the professional training of parasitic diseases, and a reference for other training tasks.

Objective To understand the integrated ability of parasitic disease prevention and control of professional personnel of Jiangsu Province through the contest. Methods Totally 56 players from the whole province were selected, and all the players participated in the contest. The theory knowledge and skill scores were collected and the statistical analyses were conducted. Results The average theoretical score of the participants was 88.86±15.56 and the passing rate was 91.1%. The average skill operating score was 69.16±16.01 and the passing rate was 67.9%. The average Plasmodium microscopy score was 16.54±8.09 and the passing rate was 50%. The average helminth egg microscopy score was 34.27±10.66 and the passing rate was 67.9%. There were statistical differences among the age groups and different levels of schistosomiasis endemic situation ( F = 5.10, 6.39, both P < 0.01). The theoretical knowledge including schistosomiasis, malaria, hydatid disease and others and the score rates were 91.07%, 90.94%, 85.83% and 90.93%, respectively. The hydatid disease score rate was lower ( χ 2 = 19.17, P < 0.01). The radar chart displayed that the score rates of tabletting and microscopy test in Kato-Katz film production, malaria blood film production and microscopy test were all low. Conclusion In Jiangsu Province, the participants have higher score in the theory test. However, they have lower skill test score, especially in the parasite species identification. The operational skills still need to be strengthened for center for disease control (CDC) participants.

Objective: To understand the population, density, seasonal fluctuation and nocturnal pattern of malaria vectors in Jiangsu Province, thus to provide evidences for malaria elimination in this province., Methods: Seven counties (cities, districts) were selected as the monitoring sites for malaria vectors in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2015. The mosquitoes were captured by human bait trapping in bed nets and mosquito-lured lamp overnight, and the seasonal fluctuation and nocturnal pattern of malaria vectors were observed., Results: A total of 11 041 Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes were captured by the mosquito-lured lamps in 7 counties of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2015, and no An. anthropophagous was found. Among all the 7 monitoring sites, the number of An. sinensis captured in Sihong County was the most (6 742 mosquitoes), while that in Xuyu County was the least (34 mosquitoes). During this period, the density peaks of An. sinensis were the first half of July, the first half of August and the second half of July. A total of 2 421 An. sinensis were collected in 7 monitoring sites from 2013 to 2015 by human bait trapping in bed nets overnight. Among all the 7 monitoring sites, the captured number of An. sinensis in Sihong County was the most (1 085 mosquitoes), while that in Ganyu County was the least (13 mosquitoes). The nocturnal peak of An. sinensis was from 19：00 to 20：00 and 525 An. sinensis mosquitoes were captured during this period of time, which accounted for 21.68% of the total. Hereafter, the captured number of An. sinensis reduced over time., Conclusions: The density of An. sinensis mosquitoes is still high in individual areas in Jiangsu Province, so the epidemic and vector monitoring still should be strengthened to prevent the local transmission of imported malaria.

Objective: To analyze the channels of going abroad of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the evidence for the control of imported malaria and health intervention for high-risk population., Methods: The data of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2015 were collected and the channels of going abroad were analyzed. The Quantum GIS 1.7.4 software was applied to map., Results: Totally 405 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2015, and the cases increased by 14.1% compared with those in 2014. All the patients were migrant workers. The migrant workers were mostly sent abroad by construction companies [43.21% (175/405)]. The dispatching companies were mainly concentrated in Taizhou, Lianyungang, Zhenjiang and Yangzhou cities, accounting for 6.17% (25/405), 3.21% (13/405), 2.72% (11/405) and 2.22% (9/405), respectively. Totally 176 (43.46%) patients returned to China having accompanied workers, and 1.21% (9/745) of accompanied workers were found having symptoms of malaria later., Conclusions: It is difficult to monitor malaria in overseas migrant works in Jiangsu Province. The channels of going abroad of migrant workers are various and complicated, formulating the main difficulty and challenge of imported malaria control.

Chinese scientist Tu You-you won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015, due to her outstanding contribution to the discovery of antimalarial drug artemisinin. The discovery of artemisinin is a great breakthrough using modern pharmaceutical technology to excavate ancient Chinese traditional medicine resources, based on government's coordination mechanisms. This article analyzes the research and development status of the current global antiparasitic products, as well as China's needs and strengths in related areas. The authors propose that China should take the advantage of government financing and research capacity to strengthen the research and development of antiparasitic products, so as to contribute more to improving global health equity.

Objective: To analyze the enzyme kinetics of active ingredient of Buddleja lindleyana (AIBL) against Oncomelania hupensis , the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum ., Methods: O . hupensis snails were placed in 1 000 ml of 3.55 mg/L AIBL solution for 24, 48 h and 72 h, respectively, and the enzyme kinetics of alanine aminotransferase (GPT) was determined by Reitman-Frankel assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by the chemical inhibition lactic acid substrate method, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) by the disodium phenyl phosphate colorimetric method, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and malate dehydrogenas (MDH) by ELISA, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) by the phenazine methyl sulfate reaction method (PMS) in the soft tissues of O. hupensis before and after AIBL treatment., Results: Following exposure to 3.55 mg/L AIBL solution for 24 h, the GPT, LDH, and AKP activities significantly improved in the soft tissues of O. hupensis , while the SDH and MDH activities were significantly lowered in the head-foot and liver. However, AIBL treatment did not cause significant effect on AChE activity in O. hupensis ., Conclusions: AIBL causes significant damages to O. hupensis liver and can efficiently act on anaerobic and aerobic respiration loci, which will hinder energy metabolism, and cause inadequate energy supply in cells used for normal secretion, eventually leading to O. hupensis death.

Objective: To study the influence of sex on the generation and function of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the process of Schistosoma japonicum infection., Methods: Totally 50 schistosomiasis patients were selected in the endemic areas of Chizhou City, Anhui Province, and totally 50 healthy people were selected in the non-endemic areas of Chizhou City as the controls. The peripheral bloods were collected from the above study subjects, and the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from male/female schistosomiasis japonica patients or healthy controls were collected into the sodium heparin tubes and purified by Ficoll-paque plus density gradient centrifugation. Then, the percentages of total Tfh cell, ICOS + Tfh cells, and PD-1 + Tfh cells in the schistosomiasis male/female patients or healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry., Results: Compared with the male and female healthy controls, the frequency of the total Tfh cells ( U male = 149.0, U female = 39.5, both P < 0.01), the percentages of PD-1+ Tfh cells ( t male = 5.9, t female = 7.7, both P < 0.01) and ICOS+ Tfh cells ( t male = 3.2, t female = 5.9, both P < 0.01) of the male and female patients with schistosomiasis increased, all the differences were statistically significant. The further analysis showed that the percentage of total Tfh cells ( U = 187.5, P < 0.05), ICOS + Tfh cells ( t = 3.2, P < 0.05), and PD-1 + Tfh cells ( t = 3.0, P < 0.05) of the female patients were markedly higher than those of the male patients, all the differences were also statistically significant., Conclusions: Sex may be a crucial role in the generation and function of Tfh cells in the process of Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Objective: To evaluate the Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit (Pf-LDH/Pan -pLDH) for detecting Plasmodium ovale and analyze the influence of parasitaemia, concentration and polymorphism of pLDH on the performances., Methods: A total of 100 blood samples from P. ovale patients confirmed by PCR were detected with the Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit according to the manufacturers'instructions. The parasitaemia was determined by the microscopic examination. The concentration of pLDH was measured by ELISA tests. The LDH gene of P. ovale was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The influence of these three factors on the positive rate was analyzed., Results: The overall positive rate of Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit was 70.0% (70/100). The positive rate was 27.3% for the samples with parasitaemia ≤ 500 parasites/μl and reached 75.0%-75.4% when parasitaemia > 500 parasites/μl. The positive rate was 6.7% for samples with a low pLDH concentration ( A values ≤ 0.100) and reached 95.1%-100% at a high pLDH concentration ( A values > 0.100). The results of sequence analysis indicated that all the samples could be divided into 2 types, P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri . The gene homology of LDH between 2 types was 97%. There were 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (s) (SNPs) between 2 types, while only 3 SNPs were non-synonymous mutations. The homology of LDH amino acid sequences between 2 types was 99%; only 3 amino acids were different. The positive rates for P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri were 73.1% (38/52) and 66.7% (32/48) respectively; there was no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit (Pf-LDH/Pan-pLDH) performs better than most of the similar products for the detection of P. ovale , and the positive rates are closely related to the parasitaemia and concentration of pLDH, while no related to the polymorphism of pLDH gene.

Objective: To understand the demands of African students on the China-Africa malaria prevention training programs as well as explore further suggestions on the student selection and course content design., Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted, and all the students who attended in the malaria prevention training courses in 2014 and 2015 were included. The Chi-square test was conducted to analyse the correlations between professional backgrounds, work statues and training needs., Results: A total of 161 individuals were sampled eventually. These participants were trained in either English (58.4%) or French (41.6%). Most of the participants were male (69.3%), the major of them were mainly clinical technology specialty (40.0%), and most of them worked in malaria area within 10 years (56.4%). Moreover, 48.2% of the participants used more than 76% of total work time on malaria control, and more than 80% worked in national or provincial/municipal level. The working areas of these participants were focused on clinical field (41.4%) and official field (29.9%), and only a few of them were from research positions (11.9%). The most needed course content in malaria training was strategy and epidemiology knowledge for malaria prevention and control (65.5%), while clinical workers were most needed to be trained (39.2%). The participants who came from French speaking countries preferred strategy training ( χ 2 = 12.528, P < 0.01), and those worked in the national level were aslo more likely to choose strategies training course ( χ 2 = 10.508, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Currently, the China-Africa malaria prevention training programs could basically satisfy African students'needs. However, more aimed courses should be designed according to their professional backgrounds, national situation, work experiences on malaria control, and institutional levels.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to promote osteoblast differentiation., Methods: Different concentrations of CGRP (0, 10, 30, 100 ng · mL⁻¹) were added to mouse osteoblasts in vitro. The mRNA and protein expression levels of both NLRP3 and IL-1β were examined using Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of IL-1β protein and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The osteogenic differentiation of mouse osteoblasts was identified through alizarin red staining., Results: The protein and mRNA expression levels of both NLRP3 and IL-1β significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing CGRP concentration. Moreover, the contents of intracellular ROS gradually decreased (P<0.05). The osteogenic differentiation of the osteoblasts was more enhanced in the group treated with 100 ng · mL⁻¹ CGRP than in the empty group (0 ng · mL⁻¹ CGRP)., Conclusion: CGRP promotes osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors.

Objective: To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of the comprehensive measures that focused on beachland smoothing and tillage cultivation in Tieban Marshland, Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River., Methods: From 2011 to 2015, before and after the comprehensive control, the Oncomelania hupensis snail situations in Tieban Marshland were investigated in spring annually, and the residents aged 6-65 years in Huayuan Community which was next to the marshland were examined to understand their schistosome infection status. In late July, 2014, the sentinel mouse surveillance was carried out. Moreover, the economic effectiveness of comprehensive development was evaluated., Results: The schistosome infection rates of residents in 2011 (before the comprehensive control), 2012 (after the comprehensive control), and 2013 were 0.72% (3/414), 0.37% (2/536) and 0.31% (1/326), respectively, and no schistosomiasis patients were found in 2014 and 2015. The snail area, the occurrence rate of frames with snails, and the average density of living snails in Tieban Marshland in 2005 decreased by 22.18%, 97.83% and 98.25%, respectively compared to those in 2011, and no schistosome infected snails were found. No positive mice were found in the sentinel mouse surveillance. The annual net income of Tieban Marshland increased by 233.33% compared to that before the comprehensive development., Conclusions: The endemic situation of schistosomiasis and snail situation declined significantly after the comprehensive development in Tieban Marshland, and the economic and social benefits are significant.

Objective: This work lays the foundation for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion. A digital dental cast is acquired through grating projection, and model features are measured through reverse engineering., Methods: The grating projection system controlled by a computer was projected onto the surface of a normal dental model. Three-dimensional contour data were obtained through multi-angle shooting. A three-dimensional model was constructed, and the model features were analyzed by using reverse engineering. The digital model was compared with the plaster model to determine the accuracy of the measurement system., Results: The structure of three-dimensional reconstruction model was clear. The digital models of two measurements exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05). When digital and plaster models were measured, we found that the crown length and arch width were not statistically different (P > 0.05), whereas the difference between the crown width and arch length was statistically significant (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The reconstruction of a digital model by using the grating projection technique and reverse engineering can be used for dental model measurement in clinic al and scientific research and can provide a scientific method for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion.

Objective: To observe the development and breeding of Anopheles anthropophagus in Jiangsu Province under different temperatures, so as to provide theoretical evidence for malaria epidemiology research and vector control., Methods: Anopheles anthropophagus was maintained under different temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 degrees C in cultivator, and the development of egg stage, larva, pupal stage and reproductive and vegetative cycle were observed. Then the time of entire developmental cycle of Anopheles anthropophagus at different temperatures was calculated., Results: Anopheles anthropophagus could not complete its entire life cycle under the temperature of 16 degrees C, and it took 30.68, 23.31, 15.46, 13.60 and 12.41 d to finish its life cycle at the temperatures of 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 degrees C, respectively., Conclusions: In the temperature range of 16 to 31 degrees C, the developmental cycle of Anopheles anthropophagus in Jiangsu Province will be shortened when the temperature goes up, but whether the result can be extrapolated to other regions still needs to be verified.

To explore the inheritable character in essential hypertension and to evaluate the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations of the D-loop region in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the entire genome of the D-loop region from the hypertensive and the normotensive (20 cases, each) was amplified using 3 pairs of overlapping primers and followed by sequencing. We reconstructed the Neighbor-Joining tree and analyzed the mtDNA variations in the D-loop region. The results exhibited that one clustering branch harbored some hypertensive, who had significantly higher frequency and density of mtDNA variations (both P<0.01), especially the polymorphisms of np152T->C, np182C->T, np189A->G, np247G->A, np16187C->T, np16189T->C, np16264C->T, np16270C->T and np16311T->C. This study suggested that there was an aggregative phenomenon in some hypertensive. The genotypes of np152C, np182T, np247A, np16187T, np16189C, np16264T, np16270T and np16311C may be potential genetic markers for susceptibility to hypertension.

Background: To detect the somatic mutations in complete mitochondrial genome and to investigate the role of mtDNA mutation in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer., Methods: DNA were extracted from sixteen lung cancer and corresponding normal tissues. The entire mitochondrial genome was amplified with 32 pairs of overlapping primers. mtDNA mutations were screened by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. mtDNA fragments showing different banding patterns between tumor and paracancerous tissues were sequenced to identify the exact mutations. The common 4 977 bp deletion was also analyzed in all sixteen tumor tissues as well as the matched paracancerous samples by PCR., Results: Ten out of sixteen (62.5%) tumor tissues showed a total of 29 mutations. Half (5/10) of tumors with somatic mutation presented one mutation and the rests had multiple ones. Out of 29 mutations, 17 (58.62%) were in D-loop region, 2 (6.90%) in rRNA and 10 (34.48%) in mRNA. Among 10 mRNA mutations, 7 were silence and 3 were missense mutations. Five out of twenty-nine alterations were heteroplasmic to heteroplasmic change, one was homoplasmic to heteroplasmic and the remains (23/29, 79.3%) were homoplasmic to homoplasmic change. There were five common deletions found, two in tumor tissues and three in paracancerous tissues. There was no mitochondrial microsatellite instability, except for the short deletion or insertion in np303-309., Conclusions: The high incidence of mtDNA mutations found in patients with lung cancer suggests that mtDNA alterations might play an important role in tumorigenesis of lung cancer. Further studies should be needed to determine the pathological effects of somatic mtDNA mutations in lung cancer.

Objective: To develop a new method of discriminating Lapis Micae Aureus and Lapis Chloriti., Methods: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectrometry., Results: There were obvious differences between the FTIR spectrometry of Lapis Micae Aureus and Lapis Chloriti from different sources., Conclusion: FTIR technique provided a method for the quality control and discrimination of Lapis Micae Aureus and Lapis Chloriti.