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As changes in the melting behavior of starch in the extruder affect the physical properties of the extrudate. exploring the melting behavior during starch extrusion is of great significant for the production of ideal thermoplastic starch-based materials. Effects of different extrusion temperatures (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 ℃) on the structure and physicochemical properties of corn starch were investigated. The results showed that under high temperature and mechanical shear, the starch granules were fragmented and the granule size was reduced. The hydrogen bonds within starch molecules were broken, which made starch easier to bind with water molecules, to improve the hydration properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS). As the temperature increased, the content of amylose increased, and the relative crystallinity (RC) and double-helix order (DO) decreased, indicating that the long-range and short-range ordered structures of corn starch were destroyed during heating. The high temperature treatment of the extruder reduced the enthalpy of TPS and destroyed the ability of starch paste to form a gel network. The samples had a weak gelation behavior, and the rigidity and elasticity were weakened. In conclusion, the temperature of twin-screw extrusion changed the starch particle structure, crystalline structure, hydration and rheological properties to different degrees. This study has provided theoretical basis and new ideas for extruding high quality thermoplastic starch materials.

Silver doped PAN-based hollow carbon nanofibers were prepared combining co-electrospinning with in situ reduction technique subsequently heat treatment to improve the electrochemical performances of carbon based supercapacitor electrodes. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performances of the resulted nanofiber were studied. The results show that the silver nanoparticles can be doped on the surface of hollow carbon nanofibers and the addition of silver favors the improvement of the electrochemical performances, exhibiting the enhanced reversibility of electrode reaction and the capacitance and the reduced charge transfer impedance.

Objective To summarize the causes, treatment and prognosis of severe epistaxis after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery. Methods and Results There were 12 patients with delayed severe epistaxis after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery from February 2007 to January 2018. Surgical methods included endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in 7 cases (7/12), DSA - assisted endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in one case (1/12), DSA - assisted superselective arterial embolization in 3 cases (3/12), and DSA - assisted superselective arterial embolization combined with endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in one case (1/12). Successful hemostasis occurred in 11 cases, and one case died. Patients were followed up for (17.21 ± 3.42) months without epistaxis recurrence. Conclusions Epistaxis mainly occurs over 7 to 14 d after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery. The choice of operation methods is related to the location of bleeding and responsible artery. Endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis is an effective method without serious complications. Patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysms can be cured by endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis plus arterial embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its special anatomical structures and immune pathophysiological mechanisms, brain damage repair is greatly different from damage repair of other systems. Secondary brain injury and inflammation are closely related. As a "double-edged sword", inflammation scavenges hazardous substances on the early stage of injury, but has side effects on normal brain tissue. The use of immunosuppressive therapy or hypothermia can inhibit immune injury, but the presence of reduced immunity may result in infection and tumorigenesis in the long term. Only reducing the autoimmune attack against brain tissue without affecting other immune capacity of the body will be optimized solution, and this paper will make a review on the research of immune tolerance in the treatment of brain injury with optimized program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermosetting polyimide PI nano -fibers based nonwoven membrane is prepared by electrospinning technique and followed by thermal imidization. The physical and mechanical properties of PI nano-fibers based nonwoven separators are tested and the electrochemical performance of the PI membrane for lithium ion battery at different charge cut-off voltage herein common voltage 4.2 V and higher 4.4 V is investigated. The results show that the average diameter of PI nano-fibers is as fine as 276 nm the porosity of PI nano-fibers based nonwoven separators is up to 92% and they exhibit better wettability for the polar electrolyte compared to the commercial Celgard 2400 membrane After 50 cycles at 0.2C/0.2C charge and discharge rate the capacity retention ratio of the cell assembled with PI nano-fibers based nonwoven separators at both voltage range is higher than 80% especially that of 4.4 V charge is up to 91.6% which are obviously superior to commercial Celgard 2400 membrane moreover the special capacity of PI separators fades slower than Celgard 2400 membrane with the increase of discharge rate at both situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 151 patients with hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage were divided into 2 groups based on different operation methods. One was combined treatment group including 68 patients, who accepted combined minimally invasive operation (transfrontal trepanation and drainage combined with transtemporal evacuation of hematoma) on the ultra - early stage of onset. Another was control group including 83 patients, who were treated by craniotomy evacuation of hematoma and decompressive craniectomy. Compared with control group, the short-term and long-term efficacy of combined treatment was not significantly different (P > 0.05, for all). However, the combined treatment group performed significantly much better than the control group on several aspects. Patients in combined treatment group had shorter revival time and lower incidence rate of electrolyte disturbance and hypoproteinemia, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Combined minimally invasive operation on the ultra-early stage is a safe and effective method in the treatment of basal ganglia hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]