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In this paper, bioreactor was used to simulate the municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation process of landfill, tracing and testing trash methanogenic process and characteristics of leachate during anaerobic digestion, exploring the relationship between the two processes, aiming to screen out the indicators that can predict the methane production process of anaerobic digestion. The results observed at the end of 250 days prevailed that the cumulative biogas production was 1 850.38 L. The MSW anaerobic digestion gas production rate exponentially declines, measured values were basically consistent with the curve fitting with 0.78 of correlation coefficient. The nonlinear regression of the biogas production rates and digestion time showed that Scholl Canyon model fitted the results well, and the biogas production rate constants and waste gas potential were 0.0149 d−1 and 66.36 L/kg, respectively. Determination of leachate characteristics showed that the peaks of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in leachate appeared two times, which corresponded to the hydrolysis of sugar and protein in MSW. The concentration of TN in leachate continued to increase, showing the trend of nitrogen accumulation. The pH value, total organic carbon/total nitrogen (TOC/TN), acetic acid/valeric acid (HAc/HVa) of leachate changed in the system of methane production process, which has some instructions for stability. At the initial stage of methane production from digestive system, the pH value of leachate stabilized at 5.77-5.91. During the peak of methanogenic period, the pH value of leachate rapidly rose to its peak. In the late stage of methane production, the pH value continued to decrease and was less than 5.8. When the TOC/TN value of leachate was larger than 11, the anaerobic fermentation system was stable and methanogenic was normal. However, when TOC/TN value of leachate was lower than 11, the fermentation system was unstable due to ammonia accumulation, biogas production was small. The concentration of volatile fatty acids in leachate was HBu>HAc>HPr>HVa during the test period. The synthesis and transformation of valerate in waste anaerobic digestion process was relatively active. The HAc/HVa ratio changed greatly and had a significant inflection point, which was corresponding to the initial stage of methane production by anaerobic digestion. In addition, this paper also studied the leachate samples from different reaction periods (hydrolytic acidification A (50th day), methane production peak B(190th day), methane production end C(250th)), and solid samples at end-state MSW and cover were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing for microbial community assessment. Cluster tree analysis showed that MSW samples and leachate samples were relatively close in microbial species and abundance with close genetic relationship, and the longer the reaction period, the higher the similarity. The lack of Nitrospira in the anaerobic digestion system led to the interruption of ammonia nitrogen/nitrate/nitrite cycle, which caused environmental degradation and was not conducive to system gas production. The cover layer was the main site of nitrification. The cover layer can be used as a biochemical reaction active layer, which can promote methane production in the anaerobic digestion system. The ammonia poisoning inhibited the activity of methanogenic bacteria, which was the main reason for the decrease of methane production capacity of the anaerobic digestion system. The inoculation of Nitrospira biological bacteria in the phase of MSW oxygen consumption can strengthen the NH3-N nitrification reaction at the initial stage of waste fermentation, reduce the accumulation of ammonia in the late digestive system and enhance the stability of the MSW anaerobic digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]