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[Objective] Using Chrysanthemum morifolium HETAI, a characteristic medicinal and edible plant in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, as the material, to explore the growth characteristics and nutritional changes of leaves and inflorescences. [Method] The growth of leaves and floral organs from Chrysanthemum morifolium was measured in the field, and corresponding colorimetric methods were used to explore the content changes of effective components. [Result] The Chrysanthemum morifolium HETAI developed from young leaves to mature leaves for about 168 days, with significant morphological changes during the leaf development process. The mature leaves were oval shaped, feathered with shallow or deep cracks, and the leaf edges were round serrated with notches. The growth cycle of flower organs was about 55 days, and it lasted for about 20 days from the initial flowering period to the full-bloom period. The tongue shaped and tubular flower clusters were fully developed; the flower diameter could reach 4.67-4.89 cm. During the development of flower organs, the content of soluble proteins generally showed a downward trend, but the content of total flavonoids and soluble sugars continued to increase, both contents maintain high levels during the development stage of 3140 days. Combined with the growth characteristics of leaves and inflorescences, the initial flowering period and early peak flowering period (31-40 days) were the suitable harvest time for this variety of chrysanthemum. [Conclusion] This study provides a basis for the cultivation standards of advantageous varieties in the characteristic agriculture (Nanyao) science and technology park of Gaoyao District, Guangdong Province [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] The paper aimed to explore the function of the phosphoproteinase 1 (EbPP1) gene related to the number of leaves in Erigeron breviscapus, which lays the foundation for revealing the molecular mechanisms of E. breviscapus leaf number and flowering time. [Method) The EbPP1 gene from the leaves of E. breviscapus was cloned and constructed into the plant overexpression vector RP101. The dip- ping flower method was used to infect newly bolted Arabidopsis thaliana plants for heterologous expression, several T1, T2 and T, generations of A. thaliana positive plants were obtained through screening. Finally, the number of leaves and flowering time of T3 generation positive plants were counted. The expression level of EbPPI was detected by RT-qPCR, and the endogenous hormone content of A. thaliana plants was measured. [Result] The full-length EbPP1 gene was successfully cloned and overexpression vector RP101-GFP EbPP1 was constructed for this gene, cloned stable genetic transformation had been achieved in A. thaliana, and 24 positive EbPPI transgenic plants were obtained in the T3 generation. Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis was performed on the T3 generation positive plants, and RT-qPCR results showed that the EbPP1 gene was overexpressed in the transgenic A. thaliana, with its expression level increasing from 1.034 in the wild type to 136.33; Transgenic A. thaliana exhibited phenotypic characteristics of increased leaf number and delayed flowering time; Quantitative determination of endogenous hormone content in plants by LC-MS showed that the content of various hormones such as indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and gibberellin-24 (GA24) in T3 transgenic A. thaliana were significantly higher than that in the wild type, with the precursor substance of growth hormone L-tryptophan (TRP) being particularly significant, reaching three times that of the wild type. [Conclusion] Suc- cessfully, the heterologously EbPPI gene is expressed in A. thaliana plants. Compared with wild A. thaliana plants, transgenic A. thaliana plants have an increased number of leaves, increase its expression of EbPPI gene, and increase endogenous hormone content. Based on the above results, it is suggested that EbPP1 may affect the number of leaves and flowering time of E. breviscapus by regulating plant hormone levels. The study lays the foundation for further analyzing the mechanisms related to the development of leaf number and flowering molecular mechanisms of E. breviscapus, and also provides a certain genetic basis for the breeding of high-quality E. breviscapus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment employed response surface methodology to optimize the process of biphasic synergistic ultrasound-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from loquat leaves. The study investigated the effects of the ethanol volume fraction, ultrasound temperature, ultrasound time, potassium dihydrogen phosphate dosage, and ultrasound power on the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid from loquat leaves by the biphasic synergistic ultrasound-assisted extraction were an ethanol volume fraction of 61%, ultrasound temperature of 61 °C, ultrasound time of 25 minutes, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate dosage of 4.6 g. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 1.53%, which closely matched the predicted value. The study indicates that the biphasic synergistic ultrasound-assisted extraction is an effective and stable method for extracting chlorogenic acid from loquat leaves, providing valuable insights for the resource development of loquat leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the method of walnut leaf substrate development through the study of acid-base pretreatment and pile rot fermentation of walnut leaves, different concentrations of oxalic acid and ammonia solution were used to treat walnut leaves at different times, and the gray correlation method was used to select the appropriate pretreatment conditions in combination with the physical and chemical properties of walnut leaves after treatment. Thereafter, 2 groups of tests, with pretreatment (A) and without pretreatment (B), were set up to add different amounts of rhamnolipids for fermentation of walnut leaves, and the degree of fermentation, decay of walnut leaves and substrate safety were judged by temperature, T value, heavy metal content and seed germination index. The results showed that the weighted correlation of treatment with 0.5% ammonia solution for 2.0 h was 0.739, which was higher than other alkali solution treatments, and the pH of the treated walnut leaves was 6.61, which was more suitable for later fermentation and was a suitable acid-base pretreatment condition for walnut leaves. During the fermentation process, the highest temperature of the pile reached 62.28 °C, and the high temperature above 50 °C was maintained for 6 d. After fermentation, the T value (the ratio of carbon and nitrogen ratio of materials before and after fermentation) was within the range of 0.36~0.58, all of which were less than 0.6. The germination index of substrate leaching solution of B0 treatment was greater than 70%, while the remaining treatments were more than 80%, and the heavy metal content of the substrate all met the standard requirements, indicating that the walnut leaves of each treatment were fermented rotting, the substrate was safe and usable. The treatment with 0.3% rhamnolipid had the lowest T value, whose germination index was higher than 85%, and the effect of heap rotting was better than other treatments. To sum up, the key technology of walnut leaf substrate was to add 0.3% rhamnolipid for fermentation after pretreatment with 0.5% ammonia for 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】The present paper aimed to study VdActin7 gene expression pattern in different tissues of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight.【Method】The cDNA and DNA of VdActin7 gene were successfully cloned by PCR technique based on the transcriptome database of 3 generations of V. dunalianum. The expression of VdActin7 gene in young leaves, mature leaves, flower buds, flowers, green fruits, red fruits, green fruit stems and red fruit stems of V. dunalianum was further detected and analyzed using qRT-PCR technique. 【Result】The full length of VdActin7 gene and cDNA were 1657 and 1387 bp, respectively, which contained 3 introns, namely, intron1 of 93 bp, intron2 of 89 bp and intron3 of 88 bp. It had an open reading frame length of 1134 bp, encoding 377 amino acids. The protein VdActin7 with a relative molecular weight of 41.70 KD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.31, was a stable hydrophilic protein, without signal peptide and transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VdActin7 was closest to V. ashei Actin7, which also belonged to the Vaccinium family. The codon usage bias analysis of the VdActin7 gene showed that GC contents of codon(GC) and 3rd nucleotide in codon GC3s were 48.2% and 44.1%, respectively, the effective number of codon(ENC) was 49.28%, a total of high-frequency codons was 31. The codon bias was similar to that of Ziziphus, both with the strongest bias for CUU, followed by GUU, and the bias for CUU was significantly stronger in V. dunalianum(3.43) than that in Ziziphus(2.57). qRT-PCR analysis showed that the VdActin7 gene expression showed obvious tissue specificity, with the highest in young leaves while lower expression in mature leaves and flowers, meanwhile no detectable expression or no expression in fruits, suggesting that the VdActin7 gene might play an important role in the development of young leaves. 【Conclusion】In the paper, we reported the Actin7 gene sequence and its characteristics in V. dunalianum for the first time, and found that the VdActin7 gene had tissue expression specificity. This laid the foundation for further study of VdActin7 gene function, expression regulation and mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a class of serine/threonine protein kinases that play important roles in plant growth and development, response to stress, and hormone signal transduction. In this study, the SiMAPK3 gene, which was the highest protein homology to AtMAPK3 in Arabidopsis, was cloned from the foxtail millet variety Yugu 1. The physicochemical properties, structure and function of SiMAPK3 protein were systematically analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The expressions of SiMAPK3 gene in different tissues and different abiotic stress in the early shooting stage of the foxtail millet was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the open reading frame of SiMAPK3 gene was 1 128 bp, encoding a deduced protein of 376 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 43 427.85 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.46. The SiMAPK3 in the foxtail millet was a hydrophilic extramembrane protein without signal peptide. Its secondary structure included 44.27% α helix, 14.67% β sheet, 5.07% extended chain and 36.00% random coil. SiMAPK3 amino acid 44-328 contained a Pkinase conserved domain, belonging to the MAPK protein kinase family. The tertiary structure of SiMAPK3 had high similarity with Arabidopsis MAPK protein, SiMAPK3 contained 11 serines, 8 threonines, 4 tyrosines and a large number of potential phosphorylation sites. Protein structural analysis showed that it had a conserved PKinase domain. RT-qPCR analysis showed that SiMAPK3 was expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of foxtail millet in the early shooting stage, and its expression level was the highest in leaves, which was about 25 times that in roots. SiMAPK3 responded to low temperature (4℃), high salt (300 mmol/L NaCl), drought and ABA (200 μmol/L) and JA (200 μmol/L) and other stresses. After 12 h of low temperature, the expression of SiMAPK3 was up-regulated 16-fold, and after 3 h of high-salt, the expression of SiMAPK3 was up-regulated 8-fold. The cloning and functional analysis of the SiMAPK3 gene provide an important basis for further analysis of the leaves development and the signal transduction in response to low temperature and high salt in foxtail millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on leaf development and photosynthetic characteristics of Salvia miltiorrhiza in different understory habitats can provide a theoretical basis for better implementation of understory combined management. This study analyzed the leaf phenotypic and photosynthetic characteristics of S. miltiorrhiza in three habitats of Pinus massoniana plantations: edge (LY), canopy gap (LX), and understory (LN). Based on the results, the leaf length and width, petiole length, leaf circumference, and specific leaf area of S. miltiorrhiza were ranked as LX＞LY＞LN. The chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll (Chl t), and carotenoid (Car) contents of S. miltiorrhiza were ranked as LY＞LN＞LX, with significant differences. Diurnal variation of the net photosynthesis rates (Pn) in the S. miltiorrhiza leaves in LX and LY display double-peak curves with the apparent siesta phenomenon, mainly due to a stomatal limitation that was not observed in LN. Lower light compensation point(Lcp), higher light saturation point(Lsp), lower dark respiration rate (Rd), higher daily average (Pn), and higher maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pmax) of S. miltiorrhiza in LX indicate that S. miltiorrhiza had a wider ecological amplitude to light in LX than that in the other habitats. These results suggest that LX has a higher concentration of organic matter, making it a more suitable habitat for S. miltiorrhiza [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of biochar in the loess arid area has important theoretical value for improving the rhizosphere nutrient environment, optimizing the research on regulation mechanism of millet root construction and biomass allocation, in this study, Jingu 21 was taken as the research object, under potted simulation conditions, five treatments including 3 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer (3N, control), 5 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer(5N), 10 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer(10N), 5 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 10 g/kg of biochar(5N10M), and 10 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 20 g/kg of biochar(10N20M) were set. The effects of different biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizers on the root construction, the physiological function in the leaves, and biomass accumulation of millet were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that compared with the control, the root length and total root surface area of millet treated with 5N10M were significantly increased by 94.17% and 71.25%, respectively, while the root length and total root surface area of 10N20M were significantly decreased by 38.72% and 31.01%, respectively, compared with 5N10M. Appropriate combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers had regulation mechanism of the morphological development of millet roots, and there was an optimal ratio threshold. Compared with CK, the photosynthetic rate of leaves at jointing stage, booting stage, heading stage, and filling stage of 5N10M treatment increased by 95.40%, 85.25%, 79.23%, and 61.97% respectively, and the photosynthetic function of leaves was significantly improved, and the water use efficiency of leaves was significantly increased by 2.23%-13.98%. Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer could effectively regulate the accumulation and allocation of biomass in roots, stems, and leaves of millet. On the heading stage and filling stage, the dry weight of plant under 5N10M treatment was significantly increased by 11.86% and 24.15% compared with that under 5N treatment, and the dry weight of plant under 10N20M treatment was increased by 9.43% and 23.43% compared with that under 10N treatment. To sum up, reasonable combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the root surface area and root length of millet, promote the absorption of nitrogen by leaves, improve the level of leaf development and function, and the chlorophyll content of combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer was more stable, which was beneficial to the formation of millet photosynthetic products and the optimal allocation of biomass. 5 g/kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 10 g/kg of biochar had a good regulatory effect on the accumulation of plant biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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NRAMP(natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins), which can transport metal ions such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, plays an essential role in response to heavy metal stress in plant. To better understand the characteristics of the ScNRAMP gene family, bioinformatics methods were employed to identify and comprehensively analyze ScNRAMP gene family which includes protein physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-acting elements, conserved motif, domain and evolutionary relationships. The results were as follows: A total of 29 ScNRAMP genes were identified in the Saccharum spontaneum genome; These 29 genes were unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes, and contained 6 to 10 conserved motifs; The encoded proteins were all unstable proteins with no signal peptides and the subcellular locations were all on the plasma membrane; The number of membranes ranged from 6 to 12, and the secondary structure was composed of α-helix and random coils as the main components; Moreover, cis-acting elements analysis suggested that ScNRAMP may be involved in regulation of stress and development by involving in phytohormone metabolism; The tissue-specific analysis based on RNA-seq transcriptomics expression data of Saccharum spontaneum, showed that spatiotemporal expression of 29 ScNRAMP genes in the leaves and stems of sugarcane at different development stages; Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 29 ScNRAMP genes can be divided into three subfamilies (I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ). This study can be useful to better understand the ScNRAMP gene family and provide significant candidate genes that respond to the stress of heavy metals in sugarcane for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study aimed to explore the molecular characteristics and the expression regulation pattern of STR gene（CsSTR） in tea plant（Camellia sinensis）, so as to lay the foundation for further functional analysis of CsSTR gene and for mining the medicinal value of tea. 【Method】By employing the RACE technology, CsSTR1 gene was cloned. The physicochemical properties, protein structure, subcellular localization and phylogenetic relationship of CsSTR1 protein were studied by the methods of bioinformatics. Expression pattern of CsSTR1 gene was analyzed by qPCR. 【Result】The full length of CsSTR1 cDNA was 1382 bp, containing 92 bp 5′ UTR, 159 bp 3′ UTR, 1131 bp CDS. The CsSTR1 protein had 376 aa, with the molecular weight being 41.5 kD, the theoretical isoelectric point being 6.36, the instability index being 29.74, the aliphatic index being 88.94, and the grand average of hydropathicity being-0.077. Subcelluar analysis revealed that the CsSTR1 protein was localized in vacuole. The proportions of random coil, extended strand, α-helix and β-turn in the secondary structure of CsSTR1 protein were 42.82%, 29.79%, 16.76%, and 10.64%, respectively. The three-dimensional structure of CsSTR1 protein displayed as six-bladed β-propeller. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between CsSTR1 and rice OsSTRL2 protein. qPCR results showed that CsSTR1 gene was expressed in various organs of tea plant, with higher expression levels in buds, the first leaf, the second leaf and the third leaf, with lower expression levels in flowers and fruits. Up-regulation of CsSTR1 gene was seen under low temperature, PEG simulated drought stress, MeJA and SA treatments; Expression of CsSTR1 gene was down-regulated by ABA after 24-48 hours of the treatment. 【Conclusion】The results suggest that CsSTR1 has an important role in both the buds and leaves development of tea plant and defense response to adversity stress, MeJA, SA and ABA can regulate the CsSTR1 gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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UDP-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase（3 GT） is one of the important catalytic enzymes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. To study the function of 3 GT in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Magnolia liliflora, M. liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao’ was employed as materials. Primers were designed based on the 3GT sequence obtained from the transcriptome database of M. liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao’, and the structural gene Ml3GT1 in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was cloned by RT-PCR（reverse transcription-PCR）, and its bioinformatics and expression pattern were analyzed. The results were as follows:（1） The cDNA sequence length of Ml3GT1 was 1 863 bp, and the open reading frame was 1 374 bp, encoding 457 amino acid residues. The relative molecular weight of Ml3 GT1 was 49.37 kDa, and its isoelectric point was 6.04.（2） The deduced amino acid sequence of Ml3GT1 contains a conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase signature sequence（PSPG box）.（3） Results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that Ml3 GT1 protein was closely relative to 3 GT proteins from Freesia hybrida, Petunia × hybrida, and Ipomoea batatas.（4） Results of fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR） revealed that Ml3GT1 has spatio-temporal specificity, with the highest expression level in flowers, the lower expression level in young leaves and old leaves, and little expression in roots and stems; With the development of flowers, the expression level of Ml3GT1 gene decreased first, then increased, and showed the highest expression level at the fully-flowering period. These results suggest that Ml3GT1 may be involved in flavonoid 3-O-glycosylation. This study will lay a foundation for the flower and color breeding of Magnolia plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the morphogenesis mechanism of leaf primordium differentiation, we used Liriodendron tulipifera to clone 2 001 bp upstream region of LtAGO1 CDS as the promoter by RT-PCR and RACE technology and predicted its function, and we also used real-time PCR to investigate expression patterns in Liriodendron, obtained the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana of ProAGO1∷GUS by resistance screening and DNA dentification, and then monitored phenotype and GUS histochemical staining. The results were as follows:（1） The LtAGO1 gene included an open reading frame for 3 300 bp, encoding 1 100 amino acid, the molecular weight was 122.14 kD and theoretical isoelectric point（pI） was 9.36.（2）Amino acid sequence analysis showed that LtAGO1 consisted of Gly-rich-AGO1 and Piwi conserved domains of AGO family. Phylogenetic trees revealed that LtAGO1 was closed to Cinnamomum micranthum（RWR84608.1） in evolutional relationship.（3）The specific tissue expression analysis demonstrated that the expression order was stamen>floral bud>petal>calyx>leaf>pistil>leaf bud>stem among tissues, the expression order was leaf bud sprouting stage >young leaf stage>senescence stage >mature stage among stages, it was highly expressed in the leaf margin of Liriodendron L., and LtAGO1 gene expression in leaf tooth sinus was higher than that in leaf tooth tip of Liriodendron tulipifera.（4）The transgenic strains leaf polarity of the medio-lateral and proximo-distal axis were absent with serrated leaf margin and double petal flower. It was found that GUS staining was stably detected at the tip of leaf bud of transgenic seedlings, and higher GUS activity was observed at newly differentiated petioles. ProAGO1 promoter drove GUS gene to accumulate specifically in the vascular bundle of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf, flower, pod and stem, and GUS activity intensity order was leaf tip bud> flower>vascular bundle among tissues, which was in accordance with the real-time PCR results. Therefore, the LtAGO1 gene is predominantly expressed in apical meristem and is regulated by various pathways during the development of leaf and flower. The results provide a theoretical basis for further functional research of the LtAGO1 gene in Liriodendron tulipifera and regulation mechanism of leaf shape development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the difference of physiological and biochemical characteristics of spring shoots and the change rule of different endogenous hormones in Polygala fallax. The growth dynamics of spring shoots were monitored, and the contents of abscisic acid(ABA), auxin(IAA), gibberellin(GA), ethylene(ETH)and zeatin nucleoside(ZR)were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)change. The results were as follows:(1)The growth and development of the spring shoots of P. fallax could be divided into rapid growth period(0-12 d), growth transition period(16-20 d)and slow growth period(24-32 d).(2)The contents of endogenous hormones ABA, GA, ETH and ZR in slow growth period were significantly higher than those in rapid growth period and growth transition period, and the difference of IAA contents in each period was small.(3)The spring shoot length, bottom leaf length and width were negatively correlated with ABA, GA, ETH and ZR contents in the rapid growth period, and were significantly correlated with ZR content, and positively correlated with IAA content; In the growth transition period, each index was positively correlated with GA, ETH and ZR contents, and was significantly correlated with GA content, but negatively correlated with ABA content; During the slow growth period, each index was positively correlated with the contents of five endogenous hormones, and was significantly correlated with the contents of IAA and ZR. The results provide a theoretical basis for the use of exogenous hormones to regulate the spring shoot extraction and growth of P. fallax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Cloning and analyzing the function of rice leaf fusion gene LF1 (Leaf Fusion 1) were intended to lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of rice leaf development. [Methods] lf1 was a leaf fusion mutant obtained by tissue culture of rice variety‘02428’. The rice leaf fusion mutant lf1 and indica rice variety‘N22’were used to construct a genetic segregation population, and finely map lf1. The candidate genes of LF1 were determined by resequencing analysis and verified by knocking out experiment, and the expression pattern of LF1 and the protein subcellular location were further analyzed. [Results]lf1 was primarily located in the region between molecular markers InDel6-6 and RM30 on chromosome 6 using 10 mutant individuals and 10 normal individuals selected from lf 1/N22 F2 population. Further, lf1 was finely mapped in the range of about 3.2 Mb between the molecular markers InDel6-6 and RM6818 by 256 extreme individuals and increasing the density of molecular markers. Compared with wild type‘02428’,nine genes showed sequence differences in lf1 at the fine mapping interval. Among of them, six genes were encoding transposons, one was annotated as expressing protein gene, and another one was a NAC transcription factor gene Os06 g0344900. A 33 bp deletion in the first exon of Os06 g0344900 resulted in a deletion of 11 amino acids in lf1 compared with the wild type‘02428’. Then, Os06 g0344900 was identified as the candidate gene for LF1. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, four different type knockout lines of Os06 g0344900 were obtained. Similarly with lf1 mutant, all knockout lines displayed leaf fused phenotype. These results indicated that Os06 g0344900 was the target gene of LF1. Further, qRT-PCR analysis showed that LF1 were constitutively expressed in various tissues, and relatively higher in the young spikes. The subcellular location showed that LF1 was located in the nucleus. [Conclusions]The leaf fusion phenotype of rice mutant lf1 is caused by the mutation of Os06 g0344900 on chromosome 6. The cloning and preliminary functional analysis of this gene lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of rice leaf development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the effects of low temperature and weak light on the morphological characteristics of cucumber leaves, which provided a theoretical basis for monitoring the growth environment of greenhouse cucumber crops. [Method] The effects of low temperature and low light stress on the leaf area, dry matter quality and other morphological characters of cucumber by soilless cultivation experiment in greenhouse with 'Biyu 3' as tested materials were studied, and the change rules of leaf area and dry matter quality of different leaf order with low temperature and weak light stress were discussed. [Result] Low temperature and weak light stress led to different degrees of decline in leaf area and dry matter mass. Among them, the leaf area of the middle and lower parts of the plant decreased significantly (the maximum decrease rate was 40. 3 %), while the dry matter mass of the middle and upper leaves of the plant decreased significantly ( the maximum decrease rate was 20. 6 %). Under mild and moderate low temperature stress (10 - 20 °C), the leaf area near the middle part of the plant was significantly larger than that at both ends of the plant. However, severe low temperature stress (5 - 10 °C) had little effect on the morphological changes of different leaf orders, and there was no significant difference between them. Leaf area changed greatly with leaf order under low light stress, while leaf dry matter mass changed little with leaf order when PPFD was constant. [Conclusion] Low temperature and weak light stress had a great effect on the morphology of the middle and lower leaves of cucumber plants. Mild low temperature stress not only did not affect the morphological development of cucumber leaves, but also was conducive to the photosynthetic production and assimilate transformation of the middle leaves of cucumber plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been clarified that GeBP transcription factor regulates the growth and development of plant epidermal hair and participates in the control of plant leaf development. The bioinformatics methods were used to identify the GeBP gene family in the whole Glycin max(soybean)genome, and from physicochemical properties of amino acids, as well as gene structure, physical distribution of chromosomes, phylogenetic tree, and multiple sequence comparison, the functional domain, tissues expression and other basic characteristics of GmGeBP gene family were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)A total of nine members of GmGeBP transcription factor gene family were identified, of which only two genes contained introns and all had only one intron, indicating that the gene structure of the family members is relatively simple but stable.(2)The molecular weights of GmGeBPs were 39.65-49.24 kD, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 4.65-9.08; these members were basically acidic amino acids, which were hydrophilic and unstable proteins.(3)The chromosome physical distribution showed that nine genes were unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes, two GeBP genes on chromosome 10 and 20 respectively, and one gene on chromosome 3, 5, 13, 15 and 19, respectively.(4)The phylogenetic analysis showed that GeBP members of Glycin max and Arabidopsis thaliana were closely related, clustered into four branches respectively, but far away from Oryza sativa.(5)The analysis of domains showed that all the nine GmGeBP members contained DUF573 domain, which was probably the domain interacting with cis-acting elements of target genes in GeBP transcription factors.(6)By analyzing the expression of GmGeBP transcription factor gene family, we found that the expressions of different genes in different tissues were different, with a certain specificity. The analysis and identification of GmGeBP transcription factor gene family provide the theoretical basis for further studying the molecular role of Glycin max epidermal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to reveal the regulation function of lncRNA on the chimeric character formation and development of the leaf of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus, Hiseq2500 sequencing and SMRT the third-generation full-length transcriptome sequencing were applyed to identify lncRNA of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 6 018 lncRNA were identified, containing 3 298 intergenic lncRNA, 870 antisense lncRNA, 717 intron lncRNA and 1 109 sense lncRNA, which were greatly improved compared with the second-generation information.(2)Structural analysis showed that the overall expression level of lncRNA was lower than that of mRNA. The transcript length distribution of lncRNA in the range of 400-1 200 nt was higher than that of mRNA, while in the range > 1 600 nt, the proportion of lncRNA distribution was significantly lower than that of mRNA. The number of exons in lncRNA was generally less than that of mRNA, and the open reading frame was also shorter in length than that of mRNA.(3)For analysis of differential expression, 1 710 differentially expressed lncRNA were identified during the development of complete green and complete white leaves.(4)Target gene prediction results showed that 5 441 lncRNA were predicted target genes by Cis action, and 1 544 lncRNA were predicted target genes by Trans action.(5)Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of target genes revealed that the target genes of differentially expressed lncRNA mainly act on metabolic activities and signal transduction of leaves as enzyme proteins, and were closely related to leaf color formation, photosynthesis and leaf growth. The lncRNA information identified in this paper and, as well as the analysis of its structure and functions, provide the data basis for the study of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of lncRNA in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus and other plants in Bromeliaceae. The identified differentially expression of lncRNA plays an important role in the chimeric character formation and development of leaf of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Metarhizium spp. is one kind of entomopathgenic fungi widely used and mostly studied in China and all over the world. Besides hosting to kill the target insects, some Metarhizium spp. strains can colonize in plant root and promote growth of host plant. Different Metarhizium spp. strains promoting the growth ability of host plant is explored to lay the foundation for funher developing new fungi preparations integrated with insect killing and plant growth promotion. [Method] Corn, a major food crop in Guizhou Province, is taken as test material. The colonization ability of different source of Metarhizium spp. strain in corn root and promotion ability of plant growth are de- tected to screen Metarhizium spp. strains with increase effect for corn growth. [ Result] Metarhizium spp. including M. robertsii ( Mr2575, Mr23 and Mrl046), M. anisopliae ( Ma808, Ma932 and Ma939), M. brunneum ( Mb820, Mbl187 and Mb2974) and M. acridum ( Mac324) can colonize maize root. And the colonization ability of Mac324 and Mbl 187 is the weakest. Other Metarhizium spp. strains can promote nutrient growth of host corn plant significantly. Strain Mb820 and Ma939 increase leaf development of corn seedlings by a maximum of 42. 8%, Mr23 increases the growth of corn stalk by a maximum of 15. 7%. All tested strains have no effect on seed germination and seedling leaf chlorophyll synthesis of corn. [Conclusion] Strain Mr23, Ma939 and Mb820 have the better ability to promote the growth of host plant, which can be used as candidate strains to funher conduct toxicity test, thereby screening Metarhizium spp. bio-control strains integrated better insect killing and plant growth promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bletilla striata has a very low natural reproduction rate, and tissue culture is one of the main ways of its seedling reproduction. In order to explore an efficient artificial light environment for improving the quality of B. striata and shortening its seedling time, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of B. striata seedlings under different light qualities were studied. The results were as follows: Increasing the proportion of blue light(2R1B1G)in the background of red and blue light was conducive to promoting the growth and biomass accumulation of B. striata, and its bulb size was positively correlated with the proportion of red light; The chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic rate were significantly increased and the development of roots and leaves were accelerated when adding 25% green light(2R1B1G)in the background of red and blue light. All these results indicate that plant height, bult diameter, chlorophyll concent, Pn and root development are all the best under 2R1B1G treatment. Therefore, the light quality 2R1B1G is recommended as the best light quality recipe for the seedlings of B. striata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: [Objectives] The paper aimed to study the expression pattern of YUCCA family gene BrYUCCA5.1 in heading and non-heading Chinese cabbage and explore its function during the leaf development of Chinese cabbage. [Methods] To gain insightful information of the putative YUCCA protein, the phylogenetic relationship, conserved domain and its chemical prope1iies were conducted by bioinformatics analysis software. Quantitative real-time PCR( RT-qPCR) was performed to explore the expression level of BrYUCCA5.1 gene in different segments of heading Chinese cabbage W30, non-heading Chinese cabbage 082 and its F2 generation. Turnip yellow mosaic virus( TYMV )-derived virus induced gene silencing( VIGS) technology was employed to knock down the expression of BrYUCCA5.1 gene in non-heading Chinese cabbage 082,and study the function of this gene. [Results] The protein encoded by BrYUCCA5.1 gene of heading cabbage had high homology with Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea, Brassica nap us and Raphanus sativus. The core regions showed high conservation with structures of FMO-like protein. Compared with other individual non-heading plants,BrYUCCA5.1was highly expressed in the middle and basal region of the leaves in heading Chinese cabbage W30,as well as the middle region of F2 generation. Using VIGS technology to silence BrYUCCA5.1 of non-heading Chinese cabbage, the silencing efficiency reached 84%. Compared with the control group, Br YUCCA5.1-pTY susceptible plants showed symptoms of virus infection on the leaves of a large area, the leaves curled and shrunk, and the :morphology was teleaxialization. [ Conclusions]BrYUCCA5.1gene pmiicipated in the regulation of leaf development of cabbage and played important role in the development of leaf bulbs of heading Chinese cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Persimmon Lannin is an imporLanL food funcLional componenL，which is widely used in food indusLry，medicine and oLher fields. Therefore，Lhe sLudy on persimmon Lannin biological producLion paLLern has iLs significance Lo Lhe industry application. ‘ Gongcheng5 persimmon is the unique cultivar in Guangxi, this cultivar is a typical astringent type which means it has high level tannin content. In the present study, took ‘ Gongcheng， persimmon was taken as experiment material, to reveal the changes of soluble tannin comp)onent content in fruits and leaves at the growth and development periods. Soluble tannin contents in the flesh, peels and leaves of persimmon fruits at young period, expansion period, early mature period, mature period and late mature period were determined. Six tannin components such as gallic acid (GA) , gallocatechin (GC) , catechin (CA) , rutin (Rutin) , epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin (EC) in all samples were quantitatively analyzed by LC-MS. The results were as follows: Soluble tannin wrere rich in persimmon flesh and skin, and the content was the highest in the expansion period, reaching 21.93 and 18.41 mg * g 1 , then decreased significantly as fruit matured. The soluble tannin content in persimmon leaves was low, and there was no significant changes during the whole growth period. In addition, three tannin components like GA, GC and CA were detected in persimmon flesh, while GA content was significantly higher than other components. Five components such as GA, GC, CA, Rutin and EGC were detected in persimmon peels, while the content of CA was the highest, and EGC only had trace detection at young and expansion periods. All six tannin components were detected in persimmon leaves, among wrhich CA content wras markedly high during the wrhole growth period, however both EGC and EC wrere just detected in trace amounts. Therefore, more soluble tannin production wrould be found in persimmon fruits from young period to expansion period, the flesh contains a great quantity of GA and the peel contains a large amount of CA component. Persimmon leaves could produce abundant CA component in the whole growth period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】Biological control effects of Bacillus methylotrophicus strain bjq-a against on Siraitia grosvenorii leaf blight was tested to provide reference for green control of S. grosvenorii leaf blight and development of antibiological inoculant.【Method】The antagonism of bjq-a on Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum were studied via the plate confrontation test, the hyphae mixed fermentation cultivation test, the concave slide method and microscope examination. Mycelial morphology, mycelial growth inhibition rate and spore germination inhibition rate were detected.The control efficacy against S.cucurbitacearum on S. grosvenorii was analyzed by inoculation of leaves in vitro. By detecting the contents of protease,cellulase and chitinase in bjq-a fermentation liquid,the antibacterial mechanism of bjq-a was preliminarily studied.【Result】The results showed that bjq-a had obvious antagonistic activity against S. cucurbitacearum,after 30 days confront culture,the growth inhibition rate of bjq-a against S. cucurbitacearum was 62.5 %. 40 % and 20 % bjq-a fermentation liquid had strong antimicrobial effects,the growth inhibition rates were 99.5 % and 96.2 % respectively.50 % bjq-a fermentation could inhibit the spore germination with the inhibitory ratio of 90.5 %. Hyphae and spore treated by fermentation liquid of bjq-a were swelled and deformed. When 20 % bjq-a fermentation liquid was used to control S. grosvenorii leaf blight, the result showed that the onset time was delayed for 1 day,the incidence of diseases was reduced by 60.0 %,the enlargement of lesions was inhibited,and the inhibition rate was 82.2 %.The result of antibiosis mechanism indicated that strain bjq-a could produce protease,chitinase and cellulose, and was one of the mechanisms that produced antagonistic activity.【Conclusion】This study indicated that bjq-a with broad spectrum antifungal activity had brilliant control efficacy on S. grosvenorii leaf blight.The strain could be exploited so as to become effective biological agents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The quality of tobacco seedlings is the basis of high-quality and high-yield tohacco leaves, which directly affects the growth, yield, quality and quality of tobacco plants after transplanting. In order to cultivate a neat, strong, healthy, vigorous and stress-resistant tobacco seedling, the present paper aims to look for high-quality tobacco leaves. [Method]The new approach used Yunyan 99 as the material and three different light quality LED tubes as the light source, and set three levels of GA3 concentration, through greenhouse seedlings and field experiments to study the different qualities of light and gibberellin（GA3 ） treatment. Growth and development of the tobacco leaves and the changes in yield and quality of the toacco seedlings was observed. [Result]The resuns showed that supplemental illumination and spraying of appropriate concentration of GA3 could effectively increase the SPAD value of leaves, increase the photosynthesis of tobacco seedlings, enhance the root activity of tobacco seedlings, increase the absorption of nutrients and promote the growth of tobacco seedlings. The tobacco seedlings supplemented with light and sprayed with GA3 were transplanted to the field, and the growth period from the group to the bud stage was enhanced. The field appearance was uniform and the chemical quality of the leaves was improved. The yield, average price, output value, middle and upper, etc. of each treatment were improved. The proportion of smoke, the proportion of superior smoke, and the weight of single leaves all showed an increasing trend, and economic traits increased. Combination of blue light and 50 mg/L GA3 treatment resulted in best results. [Conclusion]Therefore, light and GA3 treatment of flue-cured tobacco can not only promote the growth of tobacco seedlings, but also improve the intrinsic quality and economic benefits of tobacco growing stage, and provide a simple and feasible technical means for improving the quality of tobacco seedlings and the quality of flue-cured tobacco in Luonan tobacco area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)