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In order to improve the disadvantages of the existing variable step size LMS (least mean square) algorithm in terms of performance, this paper proposed an improved variable step size adaptive harmonic detection algorithm. The algorithm was based on the original hyperbolic tangent function and introduced factor T(n) that contained the input signal, tracked the changes of input signal, in order to analyze the performance of the algorithm to improve its anti-jamming capability. And it added compensation term to ensure the algorithm convergence speed. At the same time it replaced the fixed step size range restriction of step iterative formula by dynamic change restriction, which made the step change tend to be smoother and steady-state misadjustment was relatively small. Finally, it used normalization method to update weight formula to improve the dynamic range of the input signal. The results of simulation show that the new algorithm compares to the existing variable step harmonic detection algorithm improves greatly in terms of convergence speed, tracking capability, anti-interference ability, stable error. It is a feasible, effective, and has certain engineering application value algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]