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To explore the therapeutic effect of metformin combined with single high-dose radiotherapy in mice with non-small cell lung cancer and the mechanism involved. In vitro cell test: the cytotoxicity of metformin under different oxygen and glucose contents was evaluated using cell survival curves. In vivo xenograft tumor test: NSCLC-A549 cells were injected into mice, which were then divided into the following five groups: control group, metformin group, single high-dose radiotherapy group, metformin 1 h before radiotherapy group, and metformin 24 h after radiotherapy group. Growth of the tumor was evaluated in each group, and the blood flow and histology of the tumor tissues were analyzed. According to the in vitro test results, metformin was the most cytotoxic under hypoxic and low-glucose conditions. The in vivo results showed that the tumor volume was the smallest in the mouse groups administered metformin 1 h before high-dose radiotherapy and 24 h after radiotherapy ((0.47±0.12) cm3 and (0.49±0.21) cm3, respectively). Blood flow analysis showed that single high-dose radiotherapy destroyed the micro-vessels of tumor tissue and reduced the perfusion of oxygen and glucose. Histological analysis revealed that cells in hypoxic and hypoglycemic area of the tumor tissue center were preferentially killed by metformin, whereas there were viable cells in the surrounding well perfused areas. Metformin combined with single high-dose radiotherapy enhanced the toxicity by changing tumor cell metabolism. These results provide theoretical and data support for the future use of metformin combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy.

The term maturity value (M) can be physically defined as the equivalent heating time (min) that is required for when culinary quality reaches a degree of being cooked properly at a specific reference temperature. The M value is a dynamic function which describes the change of the food quality being fully cooked and characterizes the degree of being fully cooked in cuisine. The termination maturity value (MT) is the M value reached at the time of being fully cooked. "Huohou" can be dynamically defined as the culinary operation minimizing the over-heated value when culinary quality reaches being fully cooked. Theoretic analysis and numerical simulation were studied in previous literature; however, whether the MT value exists or not, or whether its value is steady and merely relates to dynamic parameters and thermal history, has not been verified by experiments until now. As a result, it was necessary to measure MT value and its z value and analyze the influence factors under designed experimental conditions. A method to measure the MT value was established for the selected samples—pork loin. As the judgment of being fully cooked is subjective, sensory evaluation was used in cuisine. Firstly, samples with specific M values determined by the system of data acquisition and analysis on heat transfer and kinetics were prepared under different experimental conditions, i.e. size, shape, initial temperature, temperature and type of heating medium. In addition, a selection method of sensory evaluation difference tests was used to confirm the degree of being fully cooked in samples according to color, odor and texture, respectively. Under these conditions, the corresponding MT of color, odor and texture were regarded as the average M of being fully cooked samples. Based on the color, odor and texture weight given by experts, an integrated MT was acquired by the weighted average. Finally, a set of MT was obtained in the light of a different z value under the same experimental conditions. A corresponding z was the reasonable zM of cuisine being fully cooked when this set of MT standard deviation was minimum. The results indicated that an average IMT of A and B of pork loin were 0.51 and 0.31 min respectively, and MT values were proven to be invariable under different sizes, shapes, initial temperatures, temperatures and type of heating mediums, and could only be determined only by different pork loins. Since the zM value of M represents the sensitive degree of being fully cooked to heating; the lower the zM value, the easier being fully cooked is to be reached. The zM of meat cuisine M value was close to 10℃, which was inferred, approximately, from experimental results and the z value range of protein denaturation. For the same sourced pork lion, center points had different thermal histories and being fully cooked time had the same cooked quality when samples reached the same center MT. The above experimental result has provided evidence for the M value theory. M value is merely related to thermal history and zM; therefore, it can be widely used in cuisines especially suitable for the engineered calculated process of food being fully cooked. The above-mentioned results conformed to the definition of the MT value and the relevant parameters scope. To prove the M value theory thoroughly, much more in-depth and widespread experiments will be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the incidence trends and characteristics of lymphoma in Beijing, 1998-2010., Methods: Total of 9 763 new cases diagnosed as lymphoma in 1998-2010 were extracted from the population-based database of Beijing Cancer Registry, covering population of 151 601 066 person-years. Incidence, age-adjusted incidence, cumulative incidence, truncated incidence and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated. The gender-specific, age-specific and pathology-specific incidence trends were analyzed., Result: The incidence rate of lymphoma was 6.48/100 000 (9 763/150 720 187) during the period of 1998-2010, increased from 3.78/100 000 (410/10 850 626) in 1998 to 8.88/100 000 (1 111/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 136.17% (APC = 5.21%, P < 0.05). The incidence rate of Hodgkin lymphoma increased from 0.25/100 000 (27/10 850 626) in 1998 to 0.47/100 000 (59/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 88.00% (APC = 4.33%, P < 0.05). The incidence rate of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was increased from 2.89/100 000 (314/10 850 626) in 1998 to 5.93/100 000 (742/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 105.19% (APC = 4.19%, P < 0.05) . During the period of 1998-2010, the incidence of lymphoma was 7.78/100 000 (7 125/91 621 898) in urban areas and 4.47/100 000 (2 638/59 098 289) in rural areas, 7.40/100 000 (5 632/76 121 672) in males and 5.54/100 000 (4 131/74 598 518) in females., Conclusion: The incidence of lymphoma keeps increasing in 1998-2010, and the incidence was higher in males than females, urban areas than rural areas. The incidence patterns of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were different.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the combined method of liposuction and semicircular periareolar incision glandular organ partial resection in the treatment of gynecomastia., Methods: From June 2004 to June 2006, 40 patients, aged 11-41 years old, were treated, with no-nodule (n = 10), nodule (n = 22) and female-breast-like with nodules (n = 8). Three patients were unilateral and 37 ones were bilateral. The levels of serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, testosterone and cortisol were normal in 38 patients, while in the other 2 patients, the levels of serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol were higher than normal, and the testosterone level was lower. Liposuction alone was performed in 10 no-nodule patients (lipo-type), and combined liposuction and semicircular periareolar incision glandular organ partial resection were conducted in the other 30 patients (lipo-glandular type). RESULTS; Except for 2 cases in which hematoma and a small amount of effusion were found on the first and second day postoperatively and then obtained healing by first intention right after hematoma removal in time, all the other patients incisions obtained healing by first intention. Nipple numbness occurred in 3 cases on the first day postoperatively and no special treatment was conducted. There was still nipple hypesthesia in these 3 cases after 6-month follow-up. There were no complications such as hematoma, effusion, nipple and mammary areola necrosis, and nipple hypesthesia in other patients. All the 40 patients were followed up for 6-24 months (13 months on average). They were satisfied with their chest figures and no recurrence was observed., Conclusion: The combined method of liposuction and semicircular periareolar incision glandular organ partial resection in the treatment of gynecomastia has many advantages, such as safe, micro-scars, natural and beautiflhl male breast figures as well as high patients' satisfaction.

Objective: To explore the effects of tissue expansion on the anastomoses and the survival of the axial pattern flap with a crossing area supply so as to improve the survival of crossing area axial pattern flap and to provide a new idea for the development of original crossing area axial flap., Methods: The experiment included two parts. Experiment A was divided into expansion group and control group. Square flaps were randomly designed on own control bilaterally in each animal with a boundary of midline. Experiment B was divided into expansion group and delay group. The flaps were also randomly designed on own control bilaterally. Angiographic analysis and gross survival observation were carried on., Results: Experiment A: Angiography showed that there were abundant anastomoses with big caliber between deep iliac circumflex artery and superior epigastric artery in expansion group and there were only 3-4 anastomoses in control group. Experiment B: Angiography showed that there were abundant anastomoses with big caliber in expansion group and there were two arterial systems with relatively less anastomoses and smaller caliber in delay group. The survival rates in expansion group was significantly higher than that in the control group (90.16% +/- 3.61% vs 72.67% +/- 5.35%) in experiment A, and in experiment B the survival rate was 92.08% +/- 3.30% in the expansion group and 80.79% +/- 4.52% in the delay group, showing significant difference (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Expansion prefabrication can and improve the survival of the crossing area supply axial pattern flap. The mechanism is the bridging effect.

Objective: To present a method for quantifying the anastomosis between two vessels based on angiograpy and provide a theoretical basis for vascular study in skin flap., Methods: Ten bilateral skin flaps of 20 cm x 20 cm based on deep iliac circumflex vessels were elevated from the abdominal wall including musculus rectus abdominis and deep superior epigastric vessels in 5 minipigs which were 100-115 cm in length and 25-35 kg in weight. One side was inserted an expander under the panniculus carnosus and was expanded regularly with 30-40 ml isotonic Na chloride injection (expanded group) and the other was unexpanded group which were without any treatment. A X-ray image of the flap vessles was obtained after a gelatin-lead oxide mixture was carotid arterially injected and 24 hours of cryopreservation of the body. Three parallel lines with equal interval perpendicular to long axis of the two vessels were designed at the communication area. Vessel anastomosis quantifying was determined by counting the number of marks derived from the intersections of the lines and the vessels and statistical analysis was carried out., Results: The mark of intersection in expanded group (81.20+/-10.33) was more than that in unexpanded group (22.40+/-5.41), showing significant difference (P<0.01)., Conclusion: The method for quantifying vessel anastomosis in skin flap is simple, reliable, and easy-to-perform. The principles of this procedure may also be applied to other experimental and clinical studies.