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To explore the effects of N fertilizer rates on seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed, field experiments were carried out in Wuxue County, Hubei Province during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The experiments were set at five nitrogen application levels of 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N hm-2. Rapeseed yield, N concentration, and rapeseed quality indexes were measured at maturity stage. The results showed that N application significantly increased rapeseed yield and N content. Compared with the zero N application, the average yield increase after N application was 1548 kg N hm-2, and the average yield increase rate was up to 32.9%. Within the range of N application rate of 0--270 kg N hm-2, rapeseed yield increased significantly with the application of N fertilizer. If N application was continued, rapeseed yield did not change significantly or had a downward trend. N application mainly improved rapeseed yield by increasing the number of pods per plant. N application significantly increased protein content in rapeseed. When the N application rate was 270 kg N hm-2, the protein content was the highest. N application significantly reduced the seed oil content. For every 100 kg N hm-2 increase in nitrogen application, the seed oil content decreased by 1.6%. With the increase of N fertilizer application rate, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid, and saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) increased, while linoleic acid decreased in rapeseed. Rapeseed quality decreased as a whole. In conclusion, to pursue high-quality edible oil and take into account rapeseed yield, the application rate of N fertilizer was 180 kg N hm-2. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer was 270 kg N hm-2 when rapeseed yield and rapeseed cake were taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to reduce oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) yield loss subjected to waterlogging in the Yangtze River Basin under simplified fertilization background. How to alleviate the waterlogging loss by way of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application was studied. Three factors, including different N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg N/hm²), N sources (controlled release urea and common urea) and water managements (waterlogging at seedling stage and normal drainage), were set in a field experiment. Yield and agronomy efficiency of oilseed rape at varying N rates were investigated, to identify effects of waterlogging at seedling on oilseed rape with different N fertilizer rates and their responses with controlled release urea one-off application (CRU1) and common urea split application (U4), respectively. Results showed that oilseed rape yield increased with the increase rate of N fertilizer application, plateaued at 240 kg N/hm². Yield of CRU1 were higher than that of U4 at 60-180 kg N/hm², but similar at 240-300 kg N/hm². N fertilizer application increased plant population density at harvest (PPDh), pod number per plant and seed number per plant, which resulted greater oilseed rape yield. Waterlogging at seedling stage decreased oil-seed rape yield by 1.1%-41.9%. The yield loss increased as N rates added, then decreased as CRU1 and U4 added to 120 and 180 kg N/hm², respectively. The largest yield loss of CRU1 and U4 were 29.8% and 41.9%, respectively. In case of waterlogging, PPDh decreased significantly (with decrease of 29.4-45.0%), but pod number per plant increased at the N rate of 0-60 kg N/hm². When N rate was at 120-180 kg N/hm², both PPDh and pod number per plant decreased by 19.5-33.7% and 1.4-17.7% once subjected to waterlogging, respectively. While as N rate was more than180 kg N/hm², both the PPDh and pod number per plant decrease was reduced (with the decrease of 5-30.9% and 3.6-9.5%, respectively). Yield losses induced by waterlogging of CRU1 were larger than that of U4 at same N rate. Waterlogging at seedling stage decreased N agronomy efficiency by 8.4-51.9%. Generally, the agronomy efficiency decrease with sufficient N supply (240-300 kg N/hm²) was less than that of insufficient N supply treatments (120-180 kg N/hm²), and CRU1 (with the average agronomy efficiency decrease of 36.5%) had greater agronomy efficiency decrease relative to U4 treatments (with the average agronomy efficiency decrease of 17.3%)). In a word, waterlogging at seedling stage had greater impact on direct-sown winter oilseed rape yield with CRU1 application relative to U4. In the area with low indigenous N supply capacity, available N topdressing with appropriate rate after waterlogging can alleviate the yield loss and ensure the high production of oilseed rape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the nutrient limiting factors for a practical fertilization proposal on direct - sowing oilseed rape in Guizhou Province, fertilization field experiments were conducted using cultivar Youyan 599 (Brassica napus L.) in main rapeseed planting area of Guizhou during 2011 - 2012. Results showed that compared to no fertilization treatment (CK), seed yield of direct - sowing oilseed rape significantly increased when fertilizers were applied. Among them, NPKB treatment had the best performance with the average yield of 2189kg/hm². While compared to NPKB treatment, yield outputs decreased to 961, 342, 295 and 184kg/hm² in PKB (without N), NKB (without P), NPB (without K), and NPK (without B) treatments, respectively. It indicated that the nutrient limiting factors were ranked as N > P > K > B. Compared to farmers' fertilization practices (FFP ) treatment, NPKB treatment increased the application rate, but the production was improved significantly by 430kg/hm². Nutrient accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency were also significantly improved. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient accumulation (corresponding fertilizer use efficiency) increased 28.6 kg/hm² (13.5%), 9.6 kg/hm² (3.3%), 71.4 kg/hm² (23.9%) compared to FFP . As for economic profits, the revenue of NPKB treatment was increased by 1 109 yuan/hm2 compared to FFP. It suggested that the yield, nutrients accumulation and profits could be significantly improved by a combination of balanced fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field trial was conducted in Dangyang City to compare the yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency of 2 japonica rice varieties ( Zhongdao 1 and Huaidao 5) in the hilly land of central Hubei Province ( single-cropping indica rice area) under different N levels. The results showed that the grain yield of the treatments with N were increased averagely by 2 179 kg/hm² and 3 209 kg/hm², and the increase rates were 45.6% and 53.5%, respectively. Linear and platform correlations had been shown between yield and N fertilizer amount. The platform yields of "Zhongdao 1" and "Huaidao 5" were 7 517 kg/hm² and 10 234 kg/hm², respectively. The most suitable N application amount were 221.0 kg/hm² and 235.5 kg/hm², respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, the N uptakes by these 2 japonica rice varieties were averagely increased 58.7 kg/hm² and 71.8 kg/hm², and the increase rates were 80.9% and 85.2%. When the N application amount was 248 kg/hm², the N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic efficiency (NAE), N contribution rate (NCR) and partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) of the 2 varieties were 29.4% and 37.6%, 10.6 kg/kg and 18.0 kg/kg, 35.4% and 42.6%, 29.8 kg/kg and 42.3 kg/kg. The result of comprehensive analysis believed that " Huaidao 5" could get a higher yield and high N use efficiency when planted in the hilly land of central Hubei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials in two sites were conducted to study the effect of special fertilizer for rapeseed on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient recovery efficiency. Results showed that application of multi - nutrient and long - effect special fertilizer for rapeseed promoted growth significantly. Plant height, stem diameter, SPAD value, branch number and dry weight of individual plant increased by 30. 1%, 72.7%, 162.2%, 31.0% and 130. 1% respectively, compared to that of no fertilizer control. Significant linear and platform correlations had been shown between yield and fertilizer quantity. Proper fertilizer increased yield significantly, for it promoted branch number and - number. Results also showed that dry matter and N, P2O5 and K2O uptake by rapeseed were all improved significantly after using the special fertilizer, although the nutrient recovery efficiency decreased gradually when fertilizer quantity increased. The average N, P2O5 and K2O recovery efficiency on two experimental sites were 37.0%, 33.5% and 75.6% respectively when fertilizer quantity was 1 125kg/hm2. It could be calculated that the appropriate quantity of multi - nutrient and long - effect special fertilizer for rapeseed was 1 200 to 1 275 kg/hm2 to target yield of 2 700 to 3 000kg/hm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to recommend fertilizer application for different rapeseed, the most popular 34 cultivars from Yangtze River area were planted in field at Shayang, Hubei province, with the same fertilization level (N210kg/hm2P2O5 45kg/hm2K2O 67. 5kg/hm2). The materials were divided into 4 types according to their nitrogen uptake and efficiency. Type A cultivars had both high uptake and utilization efficiency, type B had low uptake but high utilization efficiency, type C had high uptake but low utilization efficiency, and type D had both low uptake and utilization efficiency. Their agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and N accumulation were investigated. Results showed that type A had strong advantage on inflorescence length, pods on main inflorescence, first branch number and pods of first branches. The higher the nitrogen uptake efficiency, the more dry matter and nitrogen accumulated. The accumulated quantity of dry mass and nitrogen was shown as C (and A) > D (and B). More dry matter and nitrogen were distributed into seeds and less into seed coats in high nitrogen utilization efficiency type A and B. The seed yield and seed nitrogen accumulation were shown as A > B (and C) > D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of nitrogen ( N ) application rate on rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency in Hubei Province during 2007 to 2008. Compared to no N application, the yield of N treatments ( as 75, 150 and 225kg/hm2) increased 41.9%, 70.3% and 66.2% respectively. N content increased 9.1%, 14.2% and 13.1%, and total N absorbed by above ground parts increased 59.6%, 111.6% and 108.0% respectively. The results demonstrated that N application significant promoted growth, yield and N accumulation. With increased N application rate, N requirement for 100kg -seeds was increased, while N agronomic use efficiency (AUE), partial factor productivity (PFP) and apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) of rapeseed decreased significantly. Based on rapeseed yield and N use efficiency, the optimum N fertilizer application rate was 150kg/hm2 in Hubei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the expression of oleosin - bFGF fusion protein in plant oil body, polymerase chain reaction amplification was changed with plant codon usage. All these were used to construct a plant binary expression vector pl390 Ddprm-Dboil-bFGF, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana was conducted by floral dip. The results showed that bFGF gene integrated into Arabidopsis genome. The total protein of the T2 seeds were extracted for SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA and cell proliferation activity to further assess the oleosin - bFGF fusion protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of phosphorus (P) application rate on rapeseed yield and P fertilizer use efficiency in Hubei Province during 2007 -2008. Compared to the control with zero P application, the yield of P2O5 treatments (as 37. 5, 75. 0 and 112. 5kg/hm2, respectively) increased 24. 2% 42.9% and 43. 2% ,as well as the P content increased 10. 5%, 16. 7% and 27.1%, and total P absorbed by aboveground parts increased 36. 1% , 59.1% and 78.7% , respectively. The results indicated significant promotion of P application to growth, yield and P accumulation. With the increase of P application rate, the P required for 100kg seeds was increased, while the P agronomic use efficiency (AUE) , partial factor productivity (PFP) , apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) and physiological use efficiency (PUE) of rapeseed were decreased significantly. 75.0kg/hm2 of P fertilizer was the optimum to both yield and P use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The testis serves as the reproductive gland in male mammals, primarily tasked with the production of sperm and synthesis of androgens. A complex signaling network consisting of various cell types, including germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, supports the structure and maintains the function of the testis. Apart from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, various sex hormones and cytokines are also implicated in the regulation of testicular function. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) represents a crucial class of active cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation, induce tissue differentiation, and govern organ development. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of FGF regulating testicular development and spermatogenesis and maintaining male fertility.

The expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) recombinant fusion protein in Carthamus tinctorius was used to identify its effect on hair regrowth and wound repair system in mice, providing a basis for C. tinctorius as a plant bioreactor, and establishing a foundation for commercial applications of FGF9 fusion protein in hair regrowth and wound repair. The identified pOTBar-oleosin-rhFGF9 plasmid was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 by freeze-thaw method, and the oleosin-rhFGF9 gene was transformed into safflower leaves by A. tumefaciens mediated method. Transgenic safflower seedlings were then obtained by tissue culture. After basta screening, transgenic T₃ safflower seeds were obtained by grafting method, PCR verification and propagation. The expression of oleosin-rhFGF9 was detected by Western blot, and the content of oleosin-rhFGF9 fusion protein was 0.09% by using ELISA quantitative method. It was observed that 60 μg·L⁻¹ transgenic safflower oil had better effect on promoting NIH/3T3 cells proliferation in a certain dose-dependent manner. Sixty C57BL/6 mice were used to establish alopecia model and wound model respectively, and then were randomly divided into control group (treated with PBS or saline), negative group (treated with wild type safflower seed oil bodies, 60 g·L⁻¹), positive group (treated with FGF9, 0.054 g·L⁻¹), low dose group (treated with transgenic safflower oil bodies, 10 g·L⁻¹) and high dose group (treated with transgenic safflower oil bodies, 60 g·L⁻¹). The skin of all above-mentioned mice models were coated with soft adhesive manner every other day, 100 μL/time. After 15 days, the mice skin was cut and embedded for histological analysis. The hair regrowth experimental results showed that the hair of mice grew well, and the mice in high dose group had bushy hair, with significant effect on regeneration hair number as compared with the positive group. The healing was obvious in wound experiment, with significant healing effect in positive group, high dose group and low dose group as compared to blank control group. Furthermore, high dose group remarkably showed a better and higher healing effect than the positive group at day 5. Oleosin-rhFGF9 was successfully transformed into safflower, and T₃ transgenic safflower oil bodies expressed oleosin-rhFGF9 fusion protein were obtained, with the role of promoting hair regeneration and wound repair in mice., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical effect of simple osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafting in the posterior maxilla area with less bone height., Methods: Twenty eight cases with posterior maxillary bone deficiency were included.Their residual alveolar bone height (RBH) was less than 7 mm. 40 ITI implants were implanted. Among them, 6 implants were implanted in the sites with RBH less than 4 mm (group 1), 34 were implanted in the sites with RBH between 4 to 7 mm (group 2).16 implants were inserted with bone graft, while 24 implants were inserted without bone graft. 6-12 months after operation, the alveolar bone height were measured and recorded. SPSS19.0 software package was used for data analysis., Results: All 40 implants in 28 patients had good initial stability and good osseointegration, the success rate was 100%. RBH in group 1 and group 2 was (3.44±0.57) mm, (5.50±1.00) mm, respectively; postoperative bone increase was (7.91±1.06) mm in group 1, (8.77±1.15) mm in group 2, respectively (P>0.05).Preoperative RBHin bone graft group was (5.37±1.24) mm and (5.07±1.19) mm in patients without bone graft. Postoperative bone increase was (8.47±1.18) mm in bone graft group, and (8.89±1.13)mm in patients without bone graft, responsively (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Maxillary sinus elevation can be successfully performed in patients with RBH<4 mm, and the effect is similar to that of conventional maxillary sinus lifting. Simple osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafting, which is with less trauma and lower cost, is effective in improving bone height in posterior maxillary region.

The tocopherol cyclase was one of the key enzymes in plant vitamin E biosynthesis pathway. According to the study of Carthamus tinctorius transcriptome data,the Tocopherol cyclase gene was obtained using RT-PCR techniques and named CtTC . Bioinformatics analysis showed theopen reading frame （ORF）of CtTC was 1 524 bp. The putative protein contained 507 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62.9 kDa and theoretically isoelectric point was 5.01.Signal peptide analysis showed that it was a non secretory protein, and there was no signal peptide. The subcellular localization showed that the CtTC protein was located in the chloroplast. The expression of CtTC gene in safflower seeds at different development stages was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, it was found that the highest expression level of CtTC gene was detected in 50 DAF.Quantitative RT-PCR analysis suggested that expression of CtTC is induced and strengthened by drought stresses. This research provided a candidate gene for metabolic engineering of vitamin E and resisting stress., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Purpose: To observe the effect of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) atomization inhalation on postoperative sore throat following oral and maxillofacial operation under general anethesia., Methods: Forty patients in whom oral and maxillofacial operation trachea was removed under general anesthesia were randomly divided into treatment and control groups; the treatment group received bFGF 35000IU + normal saline 20 mL, compression inhalation, day 1, every 20min, continued for 3 d; the control group was given normal saline 5 mL + dexamethasone 5 mg + gentamicin 80000 U + chymotrypsin 4000 U, compression inhalation, twice a day, every 20 min, continued for 3 d. Occurrence of postoperative sore throat 12 h after operation was recorded and visual analog scale (VAS) of sore throat (swallowing) 12,24,48,72 h after operation was measured. SPSS l4.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: The incidence of sore throat in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01) 12 h after operation; sore throat (swallowing) VAS 12,24,48 and 72 h after operation in the treatment group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusions: bFGF atomization inhalation can reduce the incidence of sore throat and sore throat level in oral and maxillofacial surgery after endotracheal intubation.

Present study examined the influence of different types of slow/controlled release urea on rice yield and annual greenhouse gas emissions in a paddy field, and assessed the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI, equivalent to global warming potential GWP/rice yield). The results indicated that the optimized fertilization (OPT) treatment recorded the similar yield with reduced nitrogen fertilizer (21.4%) supply compared with the farmers' fertilizer practice (FFP) treatment, and decreased the annual emissions of CH 4 (12.6%) and N 2 O (12.5%) during the rice season, and N 2 O emission (33.3%) during the fallow period. Application of controlled release urea (CRU) reduced CH 4 emission by 28.9% during the rice-growing season with respect to OPT treatment, and showed negligible CH 4 emission during the fallow season. However, nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) treatment was found to reduce the CH 4 emissions by 41.6% and 76.9%, and N 2 O emissions by 85.7% and 6.5%, during the rice growing season and fallow season, respectively, compared with OPT treatment. In the fallow season, the N 2 O emissions accounted for 76.8%-94.9% of annual N 2 O emissions, which was clearly a key point for evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy. The average values of GHGI in OPT, CRU and DMPP treatments were 0.50, 0.41 and 0.33 kg·kg -1 , respectively. Considering the benefits of higher rice yield and lower annual greenhouse gas emissions, combined application of urea and nitrification inhibitor could be the best combination in paddy fields.

Objective: To observe the the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related factors in deep tissue injury (DTI) at pressure ulcer rat and to investigate the ERS mechanism of DTI in muscle tissue and protective effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) in local tissue., Methods: Fifty male SD rats were randomly devided into control group, model group, experimental group NS group and PBA group, the experimental groups were divided into 4 d, 7 d, 14 d and 21 d group according to the observation time (n = 5). Rats in the PBA group were administrated with gastric perfusion of 4-PBA after the modeling; the NS group was given normal saline of the same quantity. Using HE staining to observe morphologic character. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CHOP, Caspase 12 were detected by immunohistochernical staining. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay., Results: HE staining results showed that each group demonstrated compression injury compared with control group: cellular swelling, ompaction of nuclear, and apoptosis in muscle tissue. The new muscle fiber in 4-PBA group fused faster than those in NS group. The number of TUNEL positive cells peaked at 4 day after compression, then got decreased on day 7 in muscle tissue, apoptosis positive cells were diminished after 4-PBA treatment. The immunohistochemical staining results showed that the expression of protein GRP78, CHOP, Caspase 12 peakd 4 d after modeling and decreased gradually. The GRP78, CHOP, Caspase 12 protein expression were significantly higher than those of PBA group at all time points (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Cell apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress took part in deep tissue injury resulting of pressure ulcer, which mechanism might be related to reducing apoptosis mediated by CHOP, Caspase 12.

Flavonol synthase (FLS) is one of the key enzymes in flavonoids metabolic pathways. In this study, middle sequence was obtained from Carthamus tinctorius transcriptome sequencing results. Full-length cDNAs of FLS was cloned from petals of C. tinctorius to FLS by using RT-PCR and RACE technology. Its full-length cDNA was 1,201 bp, with an open reading frame of 1,101 bp and 336 encoded amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis showed that, FLS gene encoded amino acids in C. tinctorius were highly homologous with amino acids in congeneric Compositae species, especially Rudbeckia laciniata. The pBASTA-FLS plant expression vector was successfully built by the molecular biology method, which lays a foundation for further studying biology functions of the gene and biosynthesis mechanism of flavonoids.

MicroRNAs, a type of small non-coding RNA specialized in regulation of gene expression, extensively participate in biological development, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and other cellular processes. MiRNAs evolved independently in different strains and generally conserved in the process of evolution. This review summarized the origin, regulation of methylation, and evolutionary conservation of miRNAs. In addition, application of miRNAs in diseases, animals and plants was discussed.

Objective: To study the dynamic change law of volatile oil, saikosaponin a, d and alcohol-extract from Bupleurum chinense at Songxian region in Henan province, and to explore the optimal harvest period of Bupleurum chinense., Methods: With the contents of saikosaponin a and d, absorbance of volatile oil and percentage of alcohol-extract as indexes, HPLC-ELSD and ultraviolet spectrophotometry were successively used to analyze them., Results: There are obvious differences among the contents of volatile oil, saikosaponin a, d and alcohol-extract in various collecting periods sample, the absorption of volatile oil in distillation was the highest in October, the content of saikosaponin a was the highest in September, the saikosaponin d in December and the percentage of alcohol-extract in October., Conclusion: The optimal harvest period of Bupleurum chinense at Songxian region in Henan is identified, which can provide scientific basis for crude drug production and processing.

To investigate the mechanism of inhibitory effect of a novel bFGF antagonist peptide isolated from the phage display random heptapeptide library on cell proliferation induced by basic fibroblast growth factor. The effect of P7 on cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze the effect of P7 on cell cycle progress of bFGF-stimulated cells. The effect of P7 on bFGF-induced activation of MEK and Erk1/2 in MAPK pathway was detected by Western blotting. The results showed that no significant cell morphology change was observed in the range of detected concentrations of P7. Cell cycle analysis showed that P7 decreased S-phase cell population and arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase of bFGF-stimulated cells. The results of MAP kinase activation assay indicated that P7 decreased bFGF-induced MEK and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. P7 inhibited proliferation of bFGF-stimulated Balb/c 3T3 cells possibly via cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and down-regulation of signal molecular activation in MAPK pathway.

Objective: To study the accumulation of matter and dynamic of chemical compositions in rhizoma of Curcuma wenyujin for its cultivation., Methods: The weight of various parts and chemical composition content of rhizoma were determined at regular time., Results: The growth of Curcuma wenyujin could be divided into the seedling period, the rhizoma growing period and dry matter accumulating period. In seedling period, the aerial parts were the center of organism, the matter accumulated mainly in leaves; In rhizoma growing period, the organic center were gradually transformed from the aerial parts to the underground parts. The tendency of total chemical composition quantity in rhizome presented rises at first but gradually dropped at last., Conclusions: The growth of Curcuma wenyujin has two organic centers, the seedling period and the rhizoma vegetal and weighted period. The total chemical composition quantity in Curcuma wenyujin rhizome reaches the maximum value from the last third part of October to mid-November.

Objective: To investigate the effects of curcumine on mouse B16 melanoma growth and possible mechanism of Bcl-2, P53 and glutathione in tumor cells., Methods: The inhibitory effect on growth of melanoma in vivo were examined by mice melanoma models transplanted B16 cells to C57BL/6J mice. MTT method was used to assay the contribution of curcumine to B16 cells in vitro. The apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, P53 gene of B16 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, and HPLC assay was used to detect the change of GSH in B16 melanom tissues of C57BL/6J mouse caused by curcumine., Results: Curcumine had obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of mouse B16 melanoma in time and dose dependent manner and the gene expression of bcl-2 in B16 cells decreased after 24 hours supplied with curcumine, whereas P53 protein expression increased; Curcumine depressed the GSH quantity in melanoma tissues., Conclusion: The growth inhibitory effect of curcumine on mouse melanom is proved in vivo and in vitro respectively. Curcumine can induce some cells to apoptosis which may be relevant to downregulation of bcl-2 expression and upregulation of P53 expression as well as exhaustion of GSH in tumor organization.

Objective: To study the genetic diversity and genetic relationship in different species and populations of Curcuma by ISSR-PCR marker technique., Method: Eighty populations and 37 samples of Curcuma including C. phaeocaulis, C. kwangsiensis and C. wenyujin were studied by ISSR-PCR markers. The systematic diagram of Similar coefficient and genetic distance were set up by POPGEN32 software and clustered by UPGMA method., Result: A total of 65 loci were scored by 5 primers, among which 34 were polymorphic loci. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 52.3%. Genetic similarity coefficient changed from 0.6864 to 0.9997. Nei's gene diversity index (H), and Shannon information index (I) were 0.1521 and 0.2338. The inner genetic diversity of Curcuma species was lower than the outer., Conclusion: The genetic variation of different populations Curcuma was big. The inherited differentiation of inner populations was low. Different populations of Curcuma were related to character of species and geological distribution.

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of the herbs of Taraxacum mongolicum., Method: The chemical constituents were isolated by various column chromatographic methods and their structures elucidated mainly by NMR and MS evidences., Result: Forty-four components were obtained and identified were as artemetin (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3', 4', 7-trime-thyl ether (3), luteolin (4), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (6), genkwanin (7), isoetin (8), hesperetin (9), genkwanin-4'-O-beta-D-lutinoside (10), hesperidin (11), quercetin-7-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->6) -beta-D-glucopyranoside (12), quercetin-3, 7-O-beta-D-diglucopyranoside (13), isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- 2'-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (14), isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (15), isoetin-7- O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-beta-D-xyloypyranoside (16), caffeic acid (17), furulic acid (18), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (19), 3, 5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (20), 3, 4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (21), 4, 5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (22), 1-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-phenyl-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (23), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (24), p-coumaric acid (25), 3, 5-dihydroxylbenzoic acid (26), gallic acid (27), gallicin (28), syringic acid (29), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (30), caffeic acid ethyl ester (31), esculetin (32), rufescidride (33), mongolicumin A [6, 9, 10-trihydroxy-benzoxanthene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid] (34), mongolicumin B [1 l-hydroxy-2-oxo-guaia-1 (10), 3, 5-trien-8, 12-lactone] (35), isodonsesquitin A (36), taraxacin (37), sesquiterpene ketolactone (38), taraxasteryl acetate (39), phi-taraxasteryl acetate (40) and lupenol acetate (41), palmitic acid (42), beta-sitosterol (43), and stigmasterol (44)., Conclusion: Four compounds (14, 15, 34 and 35) were new compounds, compounds 1, 3, 6-13, 20-22, 30 and 31 were isolated from this genus for the first time, while compounds 18, 23-29, 32 and 37-42 were obtained from this species for the first time.

Objective: To prepare the Zedoary Turmeric Oil spray and investigate its anti-virus effects., Methods: According to the Zedoray Turmeric Oil and Glucose Injection, the new dosage of Zedoray Turmeric Oil spray was studied. Antiviral effects of the Zedoary Turmeric Oil spray in the respiratory tract were studied both in vivo and in vitro., Results: The quality of the Zedoary Turmeric Oil spray was controlled. The influenza virus, parainfluenza Virus I, III, RS virus and AD virus 3,7 could be inhibited slightly, but the parainfluenza Virus II could be obviously inhibited by the Zedoary Turmeric Oil spray., Conclusion: The Zedoary Turmeric Oil spray's formula is simple, useful and safe.

Aim: To compare the effects of the non-mitogenetic human acidic fibroblast growth factor (nmhaFGF) and the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (haFGF) on the proliferation and MAPK signal transduction pathway of the malignant tumor cell and to study the clinical safety of nmhaFGF., Methods: The mammary tumor cells (MCF-7) were treated with haFGF and nmhaFGF separately. The mitogenic activities of both haFGF and nmhaFGF were detected by MTT method and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometer (FCM). The expression levels of the signal proteins, Grb2 (growth factor receptor bound 2) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), were detected by semi-quantitative Western blotting method., Results: The mitogenic activity of nmhaFGF was obviously lower than that of haFGF. The activity of nmhaFGF was weaker than that of the haFGF. The ratio of G1/G0, G2/M of haFGF was markedly lower than that of nmhaFGF and control group, and was reverse in S phase. The expression levels of both Grb2 and ERK1/2 of the nmhaFGF treated group were lower than that of the haFGF treated group and approaching the control group., Conclusion: The mitogenic activity of the nmhaFGF decreased remarkably. Its mechanism probably via down-regulation of the expression of the signal moleculars, MAPK-ERK1/2 and Grb2.

Human acidic fibreblast growth factor (haFGF) was a kind of cell growth factor with wide bio-activity on cell from mesectoderm and neuro-ectoderm.In this paper, the effect of acetate concentration on the growth and expression of recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor mutant system E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET3C-haFGF was investigated. Four fed-batch modes: batch-fed, batch-DO static balance, DO static balance-glucose starvation, and pH-static state were investigated. The accumulation of acetate during the fermentation course was effectively inhibited. The OD600nm value was about 22, after purification, the soluble rhaFGF yielded 450mg/L. During the fermentation, no special ways such as pure oxygen, pressure were adopted, thus the established process would be easily scaled up for industry purpose.

The instant effect of temperature on the absorption spectra of the hemoglobin in single living intact red blood cells was investigated, by employing a highly sensitive fast multi-channel micro-spectrophotometer system to perform non-invasive, in situ, real time measurements on the cells. It was found that both the heights and position of the specific peaks in the absorption spectra of intercellular hemoglobin were changed with temperature, indicating that the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells varies with temperature. The correlations of the structure and concentration as well as the function of hemoglobin, and the molecular mechanism were also discussed.

Aim: To study the effect of non-mitogenic human acidic fibroblast growth factor (nm-haFGF) on retinal injury induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in Sprague-Dawley rats and its mechanism., Methods: Female rats of 50-days-old were injected with MNU (60 mg x kg(-1)) intraperitoneally, and three doses of nm-haFGF (1.25 microg, 2.5 microg and 5 microg in one eye of each rat) were injected, separately, into vitreous body of one eye of each rat twice a day at 0 and 12 h after MNU treatment. 24 h later, apoptotic index of photoreceptor cells was detected by TUNEL labeling and the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed by Western blotting. At the 7th day, retinal injury was evaluated based on retinal thickness., Results: Compared with model group, apoptotic index of photoreceptor cells was significantly reduced in nm-haFGF groups at the dose of 1.25 microg and 2.5 microg in one eye of each rat at 24 h, and the total retinal thickness as well as the outer retinal thickness markedly increased 7 days after MNU, respectively. The expressions of Bcl-2 increased and that of Bax decreased adversely after being injected with different doses of nm-haFGF., Conclusion: nm-haFGF partially suppressed retinal injury induced by MNU in Sprague-Dawley rats. The mechanism could be related to up-regulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax.

Aim: To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (rhaFGF) after external use in rabbits., Methods: 125I-rhaFGF 180 U.cm-2 was daubed to normal skin and scathed skin in rabbits. The radioactivity and paper chromatography were used to determine the 125I-concentrations and distribution in plasma and organs at different times., Results: The plasma concentration of 125I-rhaFGF increased rapidily, and reach peak plasma level (73.03 pg.mL-1) thirty minutes after administration. Then the concentration of 125I-rhaFGF decreased quickly after thirty minutes, and approached to zero after three hours. Highest radioactivity accumulated in the skin, followed by kidney, lowest in the brain 96 h after administration., Conclusion: rhaFGF can not be absorbed from the normal skin, whereas a small amount of rhaFGF can be absorbed through scathed skin. The t1/2 of rhaFGF in plasma was very short. Cumulative effect of rhaFGF was not observed. Absorbed rhaFGF showed high affinity to skin, and can be distributed to skin far from the site of administration.