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WC-Co cemented carbide has applied in various fields due to its excellent properties. However， the defects of Co bonding phase in hard alloys， such as low hardness， low wear resistance， and poor high-temperature stability， limit their use. The research on Co phase strengthening has never been interrupted. Therefore， this paper aimed to integrate the various Co phase strengthening research efforts systematically and summarized the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of strengthening Co phase through traditional physical metallurgical strengthening （such as second phase strengthening， phase boundary strengthening， and solid solution strengthening） and particle strengthening. The hardness and toughness ranges of cemented carbide by different methods for Co phase were compared， the relationship of composition， microstructure， and property was established， and the advantages and disadvantages of various reinforcement methods were summed up. It provides a reference for the strengthened Co phase research and industrial production. According to the needs of working conditions， the performance indicators and service life of cemented carbide products are designed.

Objective To analysis the middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow direction and compare the efficacy and safety of orthodromic and antidromic bypass. Methods Fifty cases with moyamoya disease (MMD) surgical treated in Huashan Hospital of Fudan University from June to December 2010 were enrolled in the study. MCA blood flow direction was analysed according to DSA and classified into two types (antegrade flow and reversed flow). The surgical procedure was superficial temporal artery (STA)⁃MCA bypass, combined with encephalo⁃duro⁃myo⁃synangiosis (EDMS) and dural subvolution. For the bypass procedure, when blood flow in donor and recipient artery was in same direction, the case would be classified into orthodromic bypass group (orthodromic group, 32 cases), otherwise as antidromic bypass group (antidromic group, 18 cases). Blood flow interference phenomenon on cortex surface detected by intraoperative indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), postoperative transient neurological dysfunction (TND) and ischemic stroke in postoperative 30 d. DSA data and Matsushima grading system were used to evaluate anastomotic patency and bypass blood perfusion area in mid⁃term follow⁃up (mean 7.31 months). Hemodynamic parameters such as peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistant index (RI) demonstrated by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in long⁃term follow⁃up (mean 39.72 months) were all documented and used to compare the safety and efficacy between 2 groups. Results Patency of all stomas were confirmed by ICGA. The orthodromic group demonstrated a lower rate of blood flow interference (χ2=4.668, P=0.031) and TND (χ2=6.630, P=0.010) compared with antidromic group. The incidence of ischemic stroke had no difference between 2 groups (χ2=0.177, P=0.674). In mid⁃term follow⁃up, DSA confirmed the patency of all stomas, and no difference in bypass blood perfusion area between 2 groups (χ2=0.613, P=0.434). During long⁃term follow⁃up, syndromic group showed higher PSV (t=3.599, P=0.001) and EDV (t=2.993, P=0.004), and lower RI (t=3.328, P=0.002) compared with antidromic group. Conclusions Orthodromic bypass may reduce the risk of watershed shift and TND in perioperative period, increase blood flow velocity and decrease RI in the bypass vessel in long⁃term follow⁃up.

Objective To find out the causes and risk factors of this food-borne disease outbreak that occurred in November 2019 at four schools in Qinzhou, Guangxi, implement effective preventive and control measures to curb the spread and escalation of the outbreak, and provide a basis for the investigation and management of similar incidents in the future. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the cases' clinical characteristics, three-dimensional distribution, and related risk factors. The etiological food was determined by the method of analytical epidemiology. A food hygiene investigation was conducted to trace the process of food contamination, and biological samples from cases and workers, suspicious food, and environmental samples were collected for laboratory testing. The detected Salmonella strains were analyzed for homogeneity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results The event involved four schools, with 69 suspected cases identified, resulting inan attack rate of 0.52% (69/13 307). The main clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever, with an average incubation period of 20 hours. The epidemic curve indicated a point-source outbreak. Descriptive epidemiological methods inferred that bakery products distributed by Company F were the suspect foods. The case-control study indicated the risk of illness was increased among those who purchased and consumed food supplied by Company F (OR=37.67, 95%CI: 14.03-101.13), particularly those who consumed the delicious hamburger (OR=30.13, 95%CI: 13.22-68.67). Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was detected in 12 anal swabsfrom patients, one patient's vomit, one flour sample used for bread-making, and one egg, with homogeneity of 100% achieved in PFGE molecular typing of the 15 positive Salmonella strains. Conclusions The outbreak is a food-borne disease outbreak caused by Salmonella contamination. It is recommended that regulatory authorities strengthen supervision and management of production and processing enterprises, standardize food processing processes, and establish and improve food safety management systems and long-term mechanisms for food safety knowledge promotion and education in schools to enhance students' hygiene awarenessand prevent similar incidents from occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaotic map has been used in the design of key agreement protocol due to its excellent properties.In most of password three-party authenticated key agreement protocol based on chaotic map,the server needs to store a sensitive password table.It makes these protocols vulnerable to some password related attacks.Besides,it would be dangerous if the password table was leaked.To resolve the aforementioned problems,a new password three-party authenticated key agreement protocol based on chaotic maps was proposed.The server didn't need to maintain a password table,so the proposed scheme was free from password related attack.Compared with other related proto-cols,the proposed protocol not only enhances the security,but also improves the efficiency greatly.

In order to clarify the fertilization effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the fertilizer utilization rate of post-tobacco rice variety in Yongding District, the field experiment was carried out in Qingxi Village of Kanshi Town and Daxi Village of Daxi Town combined with the soil testing fertilization "3414" test. The results showed that when 150 kg⋅hm-2 N, 43.5 kg⋅hm-2 P2O5 and 100.5 kg⋅hm-2 K2O were applied in the whole fertilizer area, the overall economic characters of post-tobacco rice was the best, and the yields of paddy rice and straw were the highest. The yield of paddy rice increased by 11.1%, 9.4% and 4.6%, respectively, compared with that in the areas with nitrogen deficiency, phosphorus deficiency and potassium deficiency. The contribution rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 10.0%, 8.6% and 4.4%, respectively. The fertilizer application correspondingly increased the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in paddy rice and straw, which were respectively increased by 10.5%, 4.7% and 1.1% in paddy rice and 44.4%, 0.8% and 2.4% in straw in the whole fertilizer area. The single-cropping utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 25.9%, 16.7% and 50.5%, respectively. The above results showed that the post-tobacco rice in Yongding District was the most sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer, with the largest contribution rate of applying nitrogen fertilizer to the yield, while was the least sensitive to potassium fertilizer. Therefore, the application rate of potassium fertilizer in the post-tobacco rice should be appropriately reduced and the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be further optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the imported malaria epidemic situation of Changsha city from 2015 to 2019, and we provide basis for consolidating the achievements of eliminating malaria and preventing and controlling malaria in the future. Methods Data on malaria cases in Changsha from 2015 to 2019 were collected, and sorted through the National Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System (IDIRMS) and the Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System (PDIRMS). The epidemiological features of malaria cases were described, and malaria diagnostic agency, diagnostic timeliness, state of an illness were analyzed by chi-square test and rank-sum test. Results A total of 290 cases of imported malaria were reported in Changsha from 2015 to 2019, all of them were imported from abroad, with imported falciparum malaria accounting for 74.83%; Cases of malaria have been reported and distributed in nine districts (counties and cities) of Changsha. The current address is 151 cases in this city and 139 cases in other places. The majority of malaria patients are young and middle-aged male workers. The number of cases diagnosed and treated in municipal medical institutions was the highest, and the diagnosis rate in provincial medical institutions was the highest. There was no statistically significant difference in the interval between initial diagnosis and diagnosis in provincial, municipal and county medical institutions (H=2.396, P>0.05). The timeliness of diagnosis increased in 2019 compared with 2015 (H onset-initial diagnosis =14.186, P<0.05; H initial diagnosis-diagnosis =33.708, P <0.05). Totally 191 patients with severe malaria (including critical), falciparum has high rate of severe malaria patients compared with other species (χ² =6.712, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the timeliness of diagnosis among malaria patients with different disease degrees (Zonset -- initial diagnosis =- 1.157, P>0.05; Zinitial diagnosis - diagnosis =- 0.197, P>0.05). Conclusion The timeliness of malaria diagnosis has been improved in Changsha, we should continue to do a good job in the prevention and control of imported malaria. Malaria control threshold should be moved forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic exposure to fluoride is a public health problem worldwide. We explored the relationship between fluoride exposure, orthopedic injuries and bone formation markers alkaline phosphatase ( ALP), bone Gla protein ( BGP) in participants with coal-burning fluorosis in Hehua Village (coal-burning fluorosis endemic area) in Zhijin County of Guizhou Province and Zhangguan Village (non-fluoride contaminated area) in Anshun City of Guizhou Province. Environmental samples were collected and fluoride contents were examined using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. Dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis of 295 participants from Hehua Village and 85 participants from Zhangguan Village were diagnosed with informed consent. Urinary samples and peripheral blood samples were collected from the participants to determine urinary fluoride ( UF), ALP activity, and BGP content. The results showed that fluoride contents in rice, pepper, corn, drinking water, clay, vegetable-grown soil, coal and indoor and outdoor air were significantly higher than those in the control area, but lower than the previously reported values. With the increases of UF concentration, the ALP activity and BGP content significantly increased, the severity of skeletal fluorosis was greater, but with no significant changes in dental fluorosis. There was positive correlation between the severity of skeletal fluorosis and ALP activity, BGP content. These results indica- ted that low fluoride exposure could cause orthopedic injuries. ALP and BGP could be used to evaluate the bone turnover in patients with skeletal fluorosis, which would be useful in the auxiliary diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of skeletal fluorosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zhuangzi has often been labeled a work of relativism, and as a result its selfdenials have been questioned. C.Y. Liu ... asserted that the relativistic thought of Zhuangzi is a kind of perspectivism, whereas Chun-sing Siu ... advanced a different opinion, contending that the relativism of the Zhuangzi does not fall into selfdenial but rather supports a theory of action. How should we consider the fact that these two scholars focused on the same issue yet came to different conclusions? In this article, I first clarify the commonalities and differences between perspectivism and the position advanced in the Zhuangzi. I then examine the problem of how the Zhuangzi can be read as a theory of human action, interpreting the approach to action in the through the concept of "strategic interference" (celüe ganrao ...). In short, in the panic of troubled times when there occurred frequent disasters, the Zhuangzi taught people how to take action through "strategic interference," or "interference as xiaqyao ...'' in response to the demands to stay alive, remain true, and engage in political criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at exploring the key pathway of methane production and clarifying the composition and distribution of carbon (C) isotopes in the Tuojia River waterbody in Hunan Province. We estimated CH4 concentrations and fluxes of four reaches (S1, S2, S3 and S4) by a two- layer diffusion model and gas chromatography. The spatial and temporal distribution of CH4 flux and its relationship with environmental factors were examined. The key pathway of CH4 production was investigated by stable C isotope method to analyze the distribution characteristics of 13C isotope (δ13C) of water dissolved CH4 and seston/benthic organic matter. There was significant seasonal variability in water pH, with mean value of (7.27 ±0.03). The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) showed strong seasonal and spatial variations, with the range of 0.43-13.99 mg ⋅ L-1. The maximum value of DO occurred in S1 and differed significantly in summer and autumin. In addition, DO differed significantly in winter and other seasons in S2, S3 and S4. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a gradual increasing trend from source to estuary. The highest concentration of DOC (8.32 mg ⋅ L-1) was found in S2, while the lowest was observed in S1(0.34 mg ⋅ L-1). The electrical conductivity (EC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of water ranged from 17 to 436 µS ⋅ cm-1 and from -52.30 to 674.10 mV, respectively, which were significantly different among the four reaches (P <0.05). Water ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) concentrations were in the ranges of 0.30-1.35 (averaged 0.90±0.10) mg ⋅ L-1 and 0.82-2.45 (averaged 1.62±0.16) mg ⋅ L-1, respectively. The dissolved concentration and diffusion flux of CH4 ranged from 0 to 5.28 µmol ⋅ L-1 and from -0.34 to 619.72 µg C ⋅ m-2 h-1, respectively, with significant temporal and spatial variations. They showed a similar trend among reaches. Their values were highest in spring, followed by in winter and lowest in summer and autumn. Spatially, the CH4 concentration and flux followed the order of S2>S3>S4>S1. The correlation analysis showed that CH4 flux was positively correlated with NH4+-N and DOC. The pathway of CH4 production of all reaches was dominated by acetic acid fermentation, while there were obvious differences among the four reaches. The contribution of CH4 from acetic acid fermentation was greatest (87%) in S1, followed by S4 (81%), S2 (78%) and S3 (76%). The mean value of the S13C for dissolved CH4, seston organic matter and benthic organic matter was - 41. 64‰ ± 1. 91‰, -14.07‰±1.06‰ and -26.20‰± 1.02%c, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the S13C of dissolved CH4 and benthic organic matter, whereas the S13C value of dissolved CH4 was negatively correlated with CH4 flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) uses the key genes that are involved in growth and development, sporulation and propagation, and pathogenesis of pathogens as targets, and expresses the RNAi constructs in host plants targeting to the target genes; during infection of plants, pathogens take up dsRNA or siRNA molecules, specifically bind to nucleotide sequences after recognition, and interfere the expression of the target genes, thereby inhibiting infection and spreading of invaded pathogens and thus conferring resistance phenotypes in plants. This technology serves as the solid foundation of plant resistance based on pathogen- specific sequences and has great potential for application in crop improvement against fungal diseases. In this review, recent advances in methodologies, technological routes and application of the HIGS strategy in plants against invading fungal pathogens are summarized; prospects for the future in HIGS-based plant resistance to fungal pathogens were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present study was conducted to analysis the genetic diversity and preserving breeds effect of Guangxi Donglan black-bone chicken to provide reference for resources conservation and breeding.[Method]The wing venous blood was collected from Donglan black-bone chicken (silky feather and contour feather), and its total DNA was extracted. Then 18 microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR technology, the gene fragments obtained were scanned. The number of alleles(Na), effective number of alleles(Ne), heterozygosity(H), polymorphism information content(PIC) were determinated by using PopGen 32 biological software to do cluster analysis of Guangxi indigenous chicken breeds. [Result] The 18 microsatellite loci of Donglan black-bone chicken were found to be highly polymorphic. A total of 98 alleles were detected out from 80 Donglan black-bone chicken samples. the averages of Na,Ne,PIC,H per locus were 5.44, 2.78 and 0.5963, respectively. Out of which, 93 and 98 alleles were detected out from Donglan black-bone chickens of silky feather and contour feather, respectively. And the averages of Ne per locus were 2.62 and 2.76, respectively, the averages of PIC per locus 0.5088 and 0.5398, respectively, the averages of H per locus 0.6247 and 0.5991, respectively. The result of cluster analysis showed, there were greater genetic distance to be found between Donglan black-bone chicken and any of other Guangxi indigenous chicken breeds viz., three yellow chicken, Xiayan chicken, Nandan chicken, which was consistent with breed evolution, geographical distribution and breeding history. [Conclusion]There are greater genetic variation and abundant genetic diversity to be found in the preserved population of Donglan black-bone chicken, which is suggested that there is a great potential for breeding. Therefore, the genetic resources of Donglan black-bone chicken have been properly preserved on conservation farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast movements of objects and the relative movements between the objects and a camera during the process of image acquisition is one of the main reasons that cause the degradation of images, which is known as motion blur. The blur length and the blur direction are main factors affecting the blur. A novel error parameter estimation method is proposed to identify the blur length and the impact of different restoration methods on the results are compared. Fourier decomposition and Hough transform are adopted to estimate the motion blur direction from the spectrum properties of a blurred image. Experiments validate the good effectiveness of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the application value of CT perfusion in blood stream reconstruction for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and find how to improve accuratissime and reliability of CT perfusion. Methods CT perfusion imaging was performed in two teams patients preoperatively and postoperatively, who accepted blood stream reconstruction for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and the machine was siemens semsation 64 multi-slice computed tomographyic. In the course of operating CT perfusion, the method of drawing the region of interest and the evaluative method for parameters of CT perfusion imaging were used, that was all summarized in this research. The final result was analyzed by statistics process. Results The regions of interest were drawed reasonably and accurately in every case, and the CT parameters of preoperation and postoperation were semiquantitatively calculated. The blood perfusion of responsible vessel were all decreased before operation, and increased after operation, this was corresponded to the change of symptom and signs of patients. Conclusions The result of CT perfusion is important indication of surgical treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. CT perfusion is very valuable in evaluating therapeutic effect of surgical treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease; drawing the region of interest exactly is important for ensuring the accuracy of CT perfusion; calculating the relative magnitude is the principal method for evaluating parameters of CT perfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the effects of 30 years (1981-2010) fertilization with chemical N, P, and K, pig manure (PM), and rice straw (RS) on the soil organic carbon (SOC) and its com- ponents contents under intensive double rice cropping. The experiment was established on a typic Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols in Hunan in 1981, and the soil samples were collected in November 2010. In treatment NPK, the contents of SOC, particulate organic C (POC), and KMnO4-oxidizable C (KMnO4-C) were higher than those in treatments NP and NK. The combined application of chemi- cal and organic fertilizers (treatments NK+PM, NP+RS, and NPK+RS) made the contents of SOC, POC, and KMnO4-C have a significant increase, as compared with chemical fertilizations. Treat- ment NK+PM had the highest contents of SOC (84. 71 t C.hm-2), POC (8. 94 t C.hm-2), and KMnO4 -C (21. 09 t C.hm-2) in top soil (0-45 cm), followed by treatment NPK+RS. Treatment NK+PM had the highest C sequestration (485 kg C.hm-2.a-1), followed by treatment NPK+RS (375 kg C.hm-2 .a-1 ). The C sequestration efficiency (CSE) of SOC in the treatments of chemical fertilizers plus pig manure or rice straw was obviously higher than that in the treatments of chemical fertilizations, and the CSE of the POC in fertilization treatments (ranging from 0. 4% and 1.2%) was lower than that of the KMnO4-C (ranging from 3. 0% to 8. 3%). By using the values of humification constant (h) and the decay constant (k) in Jenkinson's equation, it was possible to predict the SOC storages in different treatments in the year 2010; and by using Jenkinson's equation, it was possible to calculate the C input required to maintain the SOC storages in the year 1981 (AE). The increase of the SOC in treatments NK+PM, NP+RS, and NPK+RS was due to the annual C input being higher than the AE. It was considered that in the double rice cropping areas in subtropical region of China, long-term application of chemical fertilizers combined with pig manure or rice straw could promote the organic carbon sequestration in paddy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 24 paddy soil samples with different productivity were collected from eight main rice production counties in east, central, and northwest Hunan Province, with the parameters of soil physical properties and clay mineral composition, including bulk density, particle density, porosity, field water-holding capacity, water-stable aggregates, mean weight diameter, normalized mean weight diameter, aggregate destruction rate, organic carbon, organic cementing materials, inorganic cementing materials, and clay minerals determined. The results showed that highly productive (>14000 kg∙hm-2) paddy soil possessed bulk density below 1.2 g∙cm3, soil particle density about 2.0 g∙cm3, and 5-0.5 mm water-stable macroaggregates about 20%. Most of the test parameters had no significant differences between highly productive and medium productive (10000-13500 kg∙hm-2) paddy soils, but significant differences between highly productive and lowly productive (<10000 kg∙hm-2) paddy soils, suggesting that under good management, medium productive paddy soils could be upgraded to highly productive paddy soils. At present, the physical properties of lowly productive paddy soils were poor, which need to be improved to raise productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quantify the effects of 27 years application of chemical fertilizers, pig manure, and rice straw on the reddish paddy soil quality in double rice cropping region, the indices of soil bulk density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity, normalized mean weight diameter, pH, cation exchange capacity, available nutrients, organic matter, microbial biomass C, enzyme activities, and rice yield were selected as the evaluation indicators, and classified into four functional groups, i.e., resistance to physical degradation, plant nutrients supply and storage, resistance to biochemical degradation, and sustaining of crop productivity. The soil quality index (SQI) was calculated based on the four functional groups. The results showed that the SQI ranged from 0.544 in treatment CK to 0.729 in treatment NPK plus rice straw. Treatments PK, NP, and NK induced soil degradation, compared to treatment NPK. The deficiencies of soil P and K were the main limiting factors for the double rice productivity in reddish paddy soil area. Even though 30 t∙hm-2∙a-1 of pig manure and 4.2 t∙hm-2∙a-1 of rice straw were applied, the soil P and K were still not adequate for the requirement of rice growth. There was no obvious effect of long-term application of lime on the reddish paddy soil quality. The combined application of NPK with organic manure was an important and effective measure in improving soil quality in double rice cropping regions of Southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005 and 2007, soil samples were collected from a 27-year experimental field in Wangcheng County of Hunan Province to study the effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizers (CF) and their combinations with pig manure (PM) and rice straw (RS) on the chemical and biochemical properties of reddish paddy soil (Typic HaplicStagnic Anthrosis). Under the fertilization, soil pH had somewhat decrease, and soil conductivity changed less, compared with those before the experiment was installed. The contents of soil total organic carbon ( TOC), total N, available N and P, and microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic), soil respiration rate, and activities of soil urease, acid phosphatase, invertase, and dehydrogenase were all higher in treatments CF +PM and CF+RS than in treatments CF and CK, and the Cmic / TOC ratio was higher in treatments CF+PM and CF+RS than in treatment CF. During the study period, applying CF alone induced a lower rice yield than the application of CF plus PM or RS. There were significant positive correlations (P<001) between soil biochemical properties and soil TOC and nutrient contents. It was concluded that longterm application of CF combined with PM and RS improved the soil chemical and bioche [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil matrix infiltration is an important pathway for plantations to obtain water, which affects ecological benefits and water conservation function of plantations. The changes of soil matrix infiltration and its influencing factors in different growth stages of Chinese fir plantations remain unclear. We measured soil matrix infiltration process using a tension infiltrometer in Chinese fir plantations (5, 8, 11, and 15 years old) of Beijiang River Forest Farm in Rongshui, Guangxi, and analyzed soil basic physicochemical properties to identify the dominant factors influencing soil matrix infiltration. The results showed that initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, and cumulative infiltration increased with stand ages. The ranges of different stand ages were 141-180 mm·h -1 , 109-150 mm·h -1 , and 188-251 mm, respectively. The initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, and cumulative infiltration were significantly positively correlated with soil capillary porosity, soil organic matter, soil water stable macroaggregate, sand content, and clay content, while negatively correlated with soil bulk density and silt content. Early thinning had a positive effect on soil matrix infiltration, but thinning measures after 11 years did not enhance soil matrix infiltration further. Philip model was optimal for describing soil matrix infiltration process in this region. In conclusion, soil matrix infiltration capacity of Chinese fir plantations gradually increased from young to middle-aged stands, but matrix infiltration capacity tended to stabilize after 11 years old. Silt content and water stable macroaggregate were the dominant factors influencing matrix infiltration.

At the time when water resources are in short supply,wastewater recycling is both an important environmental protection strategy and also a resource strategy. Disinfection is essential to ensure the biological safety of reclaimed wastewater by killing pathogens and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases. However,the disinfection process could inevitably produce toxic disinfection byproducts(DBPs)due to the reaction between the disinfectants and wastewater organic matters. Regarding wastewater DBPs,this study reviewed their identification methods,formation conditions(including precursors,the effect of water quality,disinfectants,and operational parameters on DBPs),and control methods(including source control,process control,and end control). In addition,future research trends of wastewater DBPs were discussed.

Objectives: To observe the curative effect of fire needling pricking pericranial tender points combined with filiform needling on tension-type headache (TTH) and its effect on pericranial muscle tenderness, and explore the correlation between changes of headache symptoms and pericranial muscle tenderness in TTH, to analyze the influence of pericranial muscle tenderness on TTH., Methods: A total of 41 TTH patients in the treatment group and 38 TTH patients in the control group completed the study. The patients in the treatment group were treated with fire needling at pericranial tender points combined with filiform needling at Baihui (GV20), Sishencong (EX-HN1), Shenting (GV24), Touwei (ST8) and Fengchi (GB20). The patients in the control group were only treated with the same filiform needling as the treatment group. Patients in the two groups were treated twice a week for 8 weeks. Before and after treatment, the days of headache onset, the number and distribution of pericranial muscle tender points were recorded, the degree of headache was evaluated by visual analogue scale and the threshold of pericranial muscle tender points were measured. The correlations between the changes of the days and degree of headache onset and the changes of the number and threshold of pericranial muscle tender points were analyzed. The effective rates in the two groups were calculated., Results: Compared with those before treatment, the days of headache onset and the degree of headache were decreased ( P <0.05) in the two groups；the number of pericranial muscle tender points was decreased ( P <0.05) and the tenderness threshold was increased ( P <0.05) in the treatment group. After treatment, compared with the control group, the days of headache onset, the degree of headache, and the number of pericranial muscle tender points were decreased ( P <0.05), and the tenderness threshold was increased ( P <0.05) in the treatment group. The decrease of the days and degree of headache was positively correlated with the decrease of number and the increase of tenderness threshold of pericranial muscle tender points ( P <0.05). The effective rate in the treatment group was 87.80% (36/41), which was higher than 57.89% (22/38) in the control group ( P <0.05). The most common anatomic location of tender points in baseline was superior trapezius muscle, followed by sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior nuchal line, temporal muscle, masseter muscle, etc., Conclusions: The fire needling at the pericranial muscle tender points combined with filiform needling on TTH patients can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and reduce the pericranial muscle tenderness. The pericranial muscle tenderness is an important factor in the pathogenesis of TTH.

Objective: To explore the possible interaction between overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia and to provide some evidence for the interaction of the risk of hypertension with overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia., Methods: By using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, the subjects of the study were randomly selected from Naqu city, Shannan city, and Ali prefecture, Tibet. A total of 4047 Tibetans with complete data were included. Investigators obtained relevant information on the subjects through questionnaire surveys, measured their height, body mass index, and blood pressure, and collected fasting venous blood samples. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent effects of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia and hypertension. Stratified analysis and an additive interaction model were used to evaluate the effect of two-factor interaction on the risk of hypertension., Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity, and dyslipidemia among Tibetans living in Tibet was 29.3%, 46.2%, and 40.9%, respectively. Overweight/obesity (odds ratio [ OR ]=2.151) and dyslipidemia ( OR =1.240) were risk factors of hypertension. Evaluation results of the effect of additive interaction showed significant additive interaction of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia on hypertension ( P =0.028), with the synergy index ( SI ) being 1.318., Conclusion: Overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for having hypertension and there is an additive interaction between dyslipidemia and overweight/obesity., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Soil was sampled from 182 profiles in typical farmlands of Chongqing and analyzed for the stable carbon isotope composition of organic matter ( δ 13 C SOC ). The results showed that the values of δ 13 C SOC for each soil profile were gradually increasing with increasing soil depth, and the mean values were (-23.63±1.53)‰, (-22.43±1.59)‰, and (-21.42±1.90)‰ for surface, middle, and bottom layers, respectively. The δ 13 C SOC values in the northeastern region of Chongqing tended to be more negative, whereas those in central Chongqing were less negative. Paddy fields showed the most negative values of δ 13 C SOC , followed by rice-upland rotating fields and upland fields, with the average being (-25.32±0.93)‰, (-23.17±1.37)‰, and (-24.75±1.28)‰ for the surface layers, respectively. For different soil types, the δ 13 C values in the surface layers were in the order of paddy soil13 C SOC in surface soils, and soil types mainly affected that in the middle- and bottom-layer soils. Other factors, such as soil properties (TN, SOC, and pH) and meteorological conditions (precipitation and air temperature) played only minor roles in the variation of δ 13 C SOC . In short, the stable isotope composition of organic carbon in the surface soils was primarily controlled by the input carbon source, whereas that in the deeper layers was closely linked with carbon cycling processes within the soils.

Healthy aging is the primary goal of healthcare for older adults in aging societies. The prevention of physical disabilities and dementia is becoming more important. As frailty involves both the physical and cognitive domains, detecting and preventing cognitive frailty early on is key to reversing cognitive diseases such as dementia. In this study, a concept analysis strategy (Walker & Avant, 2019) was applied to define the concept of cognitive frailty in older adults and identify the attributes of (1) presence of subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment, (2) exclusion of concurrent Alzheimer's disease or other dementia, (3) concomitant physical frailty, and (4) it is revisable. Using the constructed model, borderline and contrary cases were used to explain the concept of cognitive frailty. Finally, the antecedent and consequence factors of cognitive frailty were identified and the empirical measurement tools were evaluated. This analysis may be used to improve nurses' understanding of cognitive frailty in older adults and to benefit clinical practice and further research.

Objective: To analyze the behavioral factors influencing of new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in diabetic patients, so as to provide evidence for reducing the risk of new HBV infection in diabetic patients., Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted to follow up and observe 4 586 diabetic patients. The 114 diabetic patients who newly developed HBV infection during the follow-up period were selected as the case group, and 228 diabetic patients who did not develop HBV infection in the same period were selected as the control group from the cohort population at a matching ratio of 1∶2 according to the age ±2 years. Questionnaire surveys and laboratory examinations were conducted in the cohort. The contents of the questionnaire included family history of hepatitis B, history of trauma, history of receiving/donating blood, individual-related behavioral characteristics, diabetes severity, and behavior related to diabetes treatment and management. In addition, the blood samples of the cohort were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the related behavioral factors affecting new HBV infection in diabetic patients., Results: The median ages of the HBV group and the control group were 64 years old and 66 years old, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the composition of sex, age, ethnicity, occupation and amount of formal education between the two groups ( P >0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetic patients with a family history of hepatitis B ( OR =13.052, 95% CI : 3.799 to 44.847) had a higher risk of new HBV infection, while diabetic patients who used blood collection/injection devices in a standardized way ( OR =0.189, 95% CI : 0.082 to 0.436), safety locking blood glucose needles ( OR =0.142, 95% CI : 0.073 to 0.276) and venous blood collection needles ( OR =0.019, 95% CI : 0.001 to 0.262) and self-testing of blood sugar at home ( OR =0.466, 95% CI : 0.222 to 0.980) had a lower risk of new HBV infection., Conclusion: Family history of hepatitis B is an independent factor that increases the risk for new HBV infection in diabetic patients. During the process of long-term blood glucose management of diabetic patients, standardized use of blood collection/injection devices, use of safer types of blood sampling lancet, and self-testing of blood glucose help can reduce the risk of HBV infection., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective To investigate the current status of nutritional knowledge and skills of fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu City,so as to provide evidence for nutritional literacy education among takeout practitioners.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 832 employees of fast-food takeout restaurants in Chengdu from April to September in 2019 through a multi-stage random sampling strategy.Results The awareness rate of nutritional knowledge of fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu was 77.28%,and the correct rates of answers to daily oil intake for adults,daily drinking water for adults and daily salt intake for adults in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents were respectively 17.43%,22.60% and 25.36%.In addition,the proportion of practitioners with the ability to estimate the recommended intake of food for a meal,the ability to estimate condiments intake and the ability to interpret nutrition labels were 8.77%,8.77% and 15.02%,respectively.The awareness rate of nutritional knowledge was the lowest(71.47%)in the practitioners aged≤25 and the highest(84.53%)in those aged 26-39,and the difference was statistically significant(χ 2 =14.419,P=0.001).High awareness rate of nutritional knowledge was found in the practitioners of Han ethnic group(78.45%)compared with those of ethnic minorities(57.14%)(χ 2 =10.346,P=0.001).Besides,the practitioners with a high degree of education showed high awareness rate of nutritional knowledge( [Formula: see text]=36.514,P<0.001),and the correct rate of chefs(17.86%)was higher than that(12.82%)of food matching staff(χ 2 =4.068,P=0.044).Conclusions The fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu generally have good nutritional knowledge while have some knowledge gaps.At the same time,the nutrition-related skills of takeout practitioners are not good.We should focus on strengthening the training of takeout restaurant employees for the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents and nutrition labeling-related knowledge,carry out targeted nutritional knowledge training,and comprehensively strengthen the training of nutrition-related skills.

Objective To investigate the nutritional literacy levels of the takeaway platform practitioners in Chengdu,the takeaway food nutrients,and the correlation between them.Methods We employed a multi-stage random sampling method to investigate the nutritional literacy levels of 100 takeaway platform restaurants in the main urban area of Chengdu and examined the nutritional components of hot set meals in each restaurant.A questionnaire survey was conducted on the nutritional literacy levels of chefs and food matching staff.The correlations of nutrient energy supply rationality with nutritional literacy level and set meal price were then analyzed.Results The total pass rate of nutrition knowledge of chefs/food matching staff was 61.0%.Only 2.0% of the set meals had reasonable total energy supply.The set meals with reasonable energy supply of available carbohydrate,protein,and fat accounted for 3.0%,62.0%,and 21.0%,and those with over energy supply accounted for 97.0%,26.0%,and 73.0%,respectively.The rest set meals provided insufficient energy.There was a positive correlation between the nutritional literacy level and the rationality of protein energy supply(r=0.414,P=0.003).Conclusions The nutritional literacy levels of chefs/food matching staff of takeaway food restaurants in Chengdu are moderate.The hot set meals on the takeaway platform have the problem of excess energy supply.The nutrition knowledge of chefs/food matching staff cannot effectively satisfy rational nutrition matching.The nutritional literacy levels of chefs/food matching staff showed no significant correlation with the rationality of nutrient energy supply.

Removing As(Ⅲ)from water steadily and efficiently is still a challenging global issue. In this study, novel FeMnNi-LDHs were prepared by a co-precipitation method using Fe, Mn, and Ni as lamellar cations, and the structure were characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and XPS techniques, and the adsorption performance and mechanism of As(Ⅲ)was explored. The results showed that FeMnNi-LDHs have typical characteristic peaks of layered double hydroxides, with sharp peaks and high crystallinity. The TEM images also show obvious layered structures. The adsorption kinetics of As(Ⅲ)on FeMnNi-LDHs agree with the quasi second-order kinetic model, and the isotherm adsorption curve agrees with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The maximum adsorption capacity at 45℃ was 240.86 mg·g -1 , which is significantly higher than other similar layered double hydroxides. Acidity had little effect on the adsorption performance of As(Ⅲ), and it had a good adsorption effect in the range of pH 2-9. The coexistence of PO 4 3- and CO 3 2- ions in water showed adverse effects on the As(Ⅲ) adsorption capacity, and NO 3 - , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ had less influence. The adsorption mechanism of FeMnNi-LDHs for As(Ⅲ) includes ion exchange, oxidation, and coordination complexation, in which Mn plays a major role in the oxidation process of As(Ⅲ). The prepared FeMnNi-LDHs exhibited good application potential in the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) from water and toxicity control.

To determine the content of extracts in different processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and the content of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A and ligustilide, in order to study the effect of different proces-sing methods on the alcohol-soluble extract and the content of six ingredients of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The extract was determined according to the alcohol-soluble extract determination method set forth in item 2201 of the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Ⅳ; the content was determined by using Agilent TC-C&#95;(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) for gradient elution, with acetonitrile(A)-0.5% acetic acid solution(B) as the mobile phase; the column temperature was at 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min~(-1), the detection wavelength was 285 nm; and the injection volume was 10 μL. Compared with Chuanxiong Rhizoma, the extracts of processed products all increased significantly; by the degree of increase, the order was stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with honey&gt;stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with rice wine&gt;stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction&gt;stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with tea decoction; the HPLC method was convenient and reliable, with a high linear relationship of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A and ligustilide, and a high precision, repeatability, stability and the sample recovery rate in Chuanxiong Rhizoma and its processed products. There were 15 chromatographic peaks before and after processing, eight of them were identified. Compared with the pre-processing, two chromatographic peaks were added after the stir-frying with honey and rice wine; and four chromatographic peaks were added after the processing with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction; the contents of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A, and ligustilide in stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with rice wine were all reduced. Except for the content of ferulic acid that increased, the content of the other five components decreased in stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with honey, stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with tea decoction, and stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction. Rice wine, honey, decoction of tea and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix could all promote the dissolution of chemical components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and increase the content of extract; the changes in the contents of six components of different processed products could provide a certain basis for studying chemical composition and efficacy of different processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma.

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of silver needle lumbar and sacral spine approach in treating gluteal muscle syndrome., Methods: Eighty-seven patients with gluteal muscle syndrome treated with silver needles in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of our hospital from September 2017 to September 2019 were selected. Except for symptoms of waist and hip pain and discomfort, all selected patients were examined by CT or MRI to confirm pathological imaging changes such as inflammatory exudation of the gluteal muscle. The 87 patients with gluteal muscle syndrome were divided into 2 groups according to the digital table method, and 42 patients in the lumbosacral approach group, including 19 males and 23 females, aged (50.70±12.45) years old, and disease duration of (1.63±1.27) years;45 cases in the buttock approach group, including 20 males and 25 females, aged (52.80±12.18) years old, with a course of disease of (1.78±1.22) years. The lumbosacral approach group was treated with spinal L 1 to S 2 bilateral articular process joints and L 3 transverse process acupuncture needles, and the buttock approach group was treated with the gluteus medulla wing starting point and femoral trochanter stop. The VAS scores, soft tissue tenderness thresholds, and hip abductor muscle strength of the affected group were measured before and 4 weeks after treatment in the two groups. The clinical efficacy was also evaluated 4 weeks after treatment., Results: After 4 weeks, the VAS score of the lumbosacral approach group was 1.26±0.70, and the buttock approach group was 1.18±0.74, which were significantly lower than those before treatment, but there was no statistical difference between the groups ( P >0.05). The soft tissue tenderness threshold and ipsilateral hip abductor muscle strength were (5.51±0.70) kg and (10.34±2.19) kg in the lumbosacral approach group, and (4.78±1.05) kg, (9.33±1.42) kg in the buttock approach group. The results in the lumbosacral approach group was better than those in the buttock approach group( P <0.05). The clinical efficacy of the lumbosacral approach group:16 cases got an excellent result, 20 good, 5 fair and 1 poor;in the buttock approach group, 13 excellent, 17 good, 12 fair and 3 poor. The clinical efficacy between the two groups had statistical difference ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: In the treatment of gluteus medius syndrome with silver needle, lumbosacral approach and buttock approach can effectively relieve the pain. Compared with the improvement of soft tissue tenderness threshold and hip abductor muscle strength, the upper lumbosacral approach is more prominent, and the overall clinical effect is more significant.

The nitrogen (N) pollution of water is a common global problem. To understand the key production process of N 2 O and identify the dominant N sources, Tuojia River, a typical agricultural watershed in a subtropical area, was investigated. To analyze the characteristics of dual nitrate isotopes (δ 15 N-NO 3 - ,δ 18 O-NO 3 - ) in water, and N isotope (δ 15 N org ) and carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) in sediment organic matter from four reaches(S1-S4), the stable isotopes method was used. The results showed that the sources of nitrate varied significantly among river segments and were affected by agricultural production and human habitation on the land surface. The average δ 15 N-NO 3 - in reaches S1, S2, S3, and S4 were 1.72‰, 2.62‰, 4.10‰, and -1.28‰, respectively, while the average δ 18 O-NO 3 - were 2.60‰,-0.06‰, 0.85‰, and -0.62‰. The N in terrestrial soil made a large contribution to nitrate sources in reach S1, while soil N, ammonium N fertilizer, and manure played a main role in reaches S2 and S3. Most of the nitrate came from ammonium N fertilizer in reach S4. We also found that δ 15 N org in sediment organic matter ranged from -0.69‰ to 11.21‰, and C/N was between 7.30 and 12.02. The mean δ 15 N org in reaches S1-S4 were 1.91‰, 2.96‰, 4.72‰, and 3.23‰, respectively, and the mean C/N values were 10.62, 8.63, 9.05, and 9.22, respectively. Although there were some differences in δ 15 N org among reaches S2-S4, the dominant N source was sewage in those reaches. However, soil organic matter was the main N source in the sediments of reach S1. The mean δ 18 O-NO 3 - in reaches S1-S4 were -7.01‰,-0.17‰,-0.28‰, and -0.60‰, respectively, indicating that nitrification was the key N 2 O production process in these reaches. The ratios of δ 15 N-NO 3 - and δ 18 O-NO 3 - were 0.66,-41.01,-30.23, and 9.39 in reaches S1-S4, respectively. Finally, we found that there was a positive correlation between NO 3 - -N and δ 15 N-NO 3 - . To summarize, the N transformation and N 2 O production could be dominated by the nitrification process in Tuojia River.

This study aimed at exploring the key pathway of methane production and clarifying the composition and distribution of carbon (C) isotopes in the Tuojia River waterbody in Hunan Pro-vince. We estimated CH 4 concentrations and fluxes of four reaches (S 1 , S 2 , S 3 and S 4 ) by a two-layer diffusion model and gas chromatography. The spatial and temporal distribution of CH 4 flux and its relationship with environmental factors were examined. The key pathway of CH 4 production was investigated by stable C isotope method to analyze the distribution characteristics of 13 C isotope (δ 13 C) of water dissolved CH 4 and seston/benthic organic matter. There was significant seasonal variability in water pH, with mean value of (7.27±0.03). The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) showed strong seasonal and spatial variations, with the range of 0.43-13.99 mg·L -1 . The maximum value of DO occurred in S 1 and differed significantly in summer and autumin. In addition, DO differed significantly in winter and other seasons in S 2 , S 3 and S 4 . The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a gradual increasing trend from source to estuary. The highest concentration of DOC (8.32 mg·L -1 ) was found in S 2 , while the lowest was observed in S 1 (0.34 mg·L -1 ). The electrical conductivity (EC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of water ranged from 17 to 436 μS·cm -1 and from -52.30 to 674.10 mV, respectively, which were significantly different among the four reaches (P＜0.05). Water ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - -N) concentrations were in the ranges of 0.30-1.35 (averaged 0.90±0.10) mg·L -1 and 0.82-2.45 (averaged 1.62±0.16) mg·L -1 , respectively. The dissolved concentration and diffusion flux of CH 4 ranged from 0 to 5.28 μmol·L -1 and from -0.34 to 619.72 μg C·m -2 ·h -1 , respectively, with significant temporal and spatial variations. They showed a similar trend among reaches. Their values were highest in spring, followed by in winter and lowest in summer and autumn. Spatially, the CH 4 concentration and flux followed the order of S 2 >S 3 >S 4 >S 1 . The correlation analysis showed that CH 4 flux was positively correlated with NH 4 + -N and DOC. The pathway of CH 4 production of all reaches was dominated by acetic acid fermentation, while there were obvious differences among the four reaches. The contribution of CH 4 from acetic acid fermentation was greatest (87%) in S 1 , followed by S 4 (81%), S 2 (78%) and S 3 (76%). The mean value of the δ 13 C for dissolved CH 4 , seston organic matter and benthic organic matter was -41.64‰±1.91‰, -14.07‰±1.06‰ and -26.20‰±1.02‰, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the δ 13 C of dissolved CH 4 and benthic organic matter, whereas the δ 13 C value of dissolved CH 4 was negatively correlated with CH 4 flux.

Objective To investigate the effect of lycorine on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Methods Effect of lycorine on the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of lycorine were determined by CCK-8 assay. SGC-7901 cells were treated with IC 50 lycorine, and 48 hours later, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and the level of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Results Lycorine obviously inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells in a concentration- or time-dependent manner. The IC 50 of 24 hours and 48 hours to gastric cancer cells treated with lycorine was (20.85±2.36) μmol/L and (13.29±1.28) μmol/L, respectively. The cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase, the apoptosis rate of cells increased, and the level of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein decreased significantly 48 hours after the treatment with 13 μmol/L lycorine. Conclusion Lycorine can inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells, induce cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and promote cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression.

Objective: To propose arectal toxicity prediction method based on deformable surface dose accumulation., Methods: The clinical data were collected retrospectively from 42patients receiving radiotherapy for cervical cancer. With the first fraction as the reference, the other fractions of rectum surface were registered to the reference fraction to obtain the deformation vector fields (DVFs), which were used to deform and sum the fractional rectal doses to yield the cumulative rectal dose. The cumulative rectal dose was flattened via 3D-2D mapping to generate a 2D rectum surface dose map. Two dosimetric features, namely DVPs and DGPs were extracted. Logistic regression embedded with sequential forward feature selection was used as the prediction model. The predictive performance was evaluated in terms of the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC)., Results: Significant improvements for rectum surface DIR were achieved. The best predictive results were achieved by using both DVPs and DGPs as the features with a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.3% and an AUC of 0.88., Conclusion: The proposed method is feasible for predicting clinical rectal toxicity in patients undergoing radiotherapy for cervical cancer.

Objective: To investigate the value of circulating miR-152 in the early prediction of postoperative biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer., Methods: Sixty-six cases of prostate cancer were included in this study, 35 with and 31 without biochemical recurrence within two years postoperatively, and another 31 healthy individuals were enrolled as normal controls. The relative expression levels of circulating miR-152 in the serum of the subjects were detected by qRT-PCR, its value in the early diagnosis of postoperative biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer was assessed by ROC curve analysis, and the correlation of its expression level with the clinicopathological parameters of the patients were analyzed., Results: The expression of circulating miR-152 was significantly lower in the serum of the prostate cancer patients than in the normal controls (t = －5.212, P = 0.001), and so was it in the patients with than in those without postoperative biochemical recurrence (t = －5.727, P = 0.001). The ROC curve for the value of miR-152 in the early prediction of postoperative biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer showed the area under the curve (AUC) to be 0.906 (95% CI: 0.809－0.964), with a sensitivity of 91.4% and a specificity of 80.6%. The expression level of miR-152 was correlated with the Gleason score, clinical stage of prostate cancer, biochemical recurrence, and bone metastasis (P <0.05), decreasing with increased Gleason scores and elevated clinical stage of the malignancy. No correlation, however, was found between the miR-152 expression and the patients' age or preoperative PSA level (P >0.05)., Conclusions: The expression level of circulating miR-152 is significantly reduced in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy and could be a biomarker in the early prediction of postoperative biochemical recurrence of the malignancy.

Background: Postoperative delirium is a significant complication in elderly patients. The occurrence of delirium may increase the related physical and psychological risks, delay the length of hospital stays, and even lead to death. According to the current evidence-based model, the application of interdisciplinary intervention may effectively prevent delirium, shorten the length of hospital stays, and save costs., Purpose: To establish a culturally appropriate interdisciplinary intervention model for preventing postoperative delirium in older Chinese patients., Methods: The authors adapted the original version of the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP©) from the Hebrew Senior Life Institute for Aging Research of Harvard University by localizing the content using additional medical resources and translating the modified instrument into Chinese. Furthermore, the final version of this interdisciplinary intervention model for postoperative delirium was developed in accordance with the "guideline of delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in 2010" and the "clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults" produced by American geriatrics society in 2014. Finally, the translated instrument was revised and improved using discussions, consultations, and pilot study., Results: The abovementioned procedure generated an interdisciplinary intervention model for preventing postoperative delirium that is applicable to the Chinese medical environment. The content addresses personnel structure and assignment of responsibility; details of interdisciplinary intervention protocols and implementation procedures; and required personnel training., Conclusions: The revised model is expected to decrease the occurrence of post-operative delirium and other complications in elderly patients, to help them maintain and improve their function, to shorten the length of their hospital stays, and to facilitate recovery.

To investigate the influence of urbanization on the component features of dissolved n -alkanes (D-ALK) in the underground river in the dry season, water samples were collected respectively at the outlet of the two underground rivers. Components of D-ALK in these samples were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the distribution of D-ALK carbon number at the two sites ranged from nC 14 to nC 35 in dry season. The total concentration of D-ALK (DT-ALK) in Jiangjia spring ranged from 102 to 356 ng·L -1 , with an average of 230 ng·L -1 . The low-number carbons were predominant in December 2014, January and April 2015. The ratios of LMH/HMH (nC 21 - /nC 22 + ) ranged from 2.0 to 10. The carbon preference index (CPI) between nC 14 and nC 25 ranged from 0.19 to 0.57, with a maximum of C 16 (C max 16). However, in November 2014, February and March 2015, these samples had a bimodal distribution in n -alkane. All of the CPI 14-25 and the ratios of LMH/HMH were less than 1. The CPI 24-35 ranged from 1.2 to 23 with the C max 31 or C max 33. During the three months, the values of Paq were 0.2, 0.7 and 0.1, respectively. The alkane indexes (AI) in November 2014 and March 2015 were 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. The values of DT-ALK in Laolongdong ranged from 110 to 697 ng·L -1 with an average of 310 ng·L -1 . The carbon number distribution of each month had a low predominance, and the CPI 14-25 was less than 1. In the dry season, under the influence of different human activities, the content and component of D-AKL in Laolongdong which originated mainly from microorganisms was more stable than that in Jiangjia spring, which was mainly derived from microorganisms and a mixture of microorganisms and plants.

To investigate whether the underground river was polluted or not, and trace the source of fecal sterols, the particulate water samples were collected from typical karst underground river named Laolongdong in Nan'an District, Chongqing Municipality in October, 2014, January, March and May, 2015. Ten prior steroids in the underground river were quantitatively analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed ten steroids including 9 sterols and 1 ketone were detected. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of particulate steroids (ranging between 1573 and 5007 ng·L -1 ) in March and May were higher than those in October and January. The 3 principal steroids-cholesterol, β -sitosterol and coprosterol-in the river accounted for 50.8%-80.4% of the total steroids. The ratios of (epicoprostanol+coprostanol) to (coprostanol+epicoprostanol+cholestanol) of three samples were greater than 0.7, which indicated the river was contaminated in sampling months. The ratio of epicoprostanol to coprostanol was less than 0.2 in October, which indicated the wastewater came from the upstream sewage treatment plant. The ratios of coprostanol to ΣSteroids and coprostanol to 24-ethylcoprostanol in January, March and May were respectively 0.109-0.254 and 6.3-10.3, which indicated that Laolongdong underground river was mainly polluted by human feces. The ratio of 24-ethylcoprostanol to 24-ethylcholestanol in March (0.86) was less than those in January (5.4) and May (2.3), which showed the river was polluted more severely in March than in January and May by poultry dung.

In order to explore the contents, composition, distribution characteristics, sources and pollution level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and fatty acids in water of Qingmuguan karst underground river in Chongqing, water samples were respectively collected from underground river in rainy season and dry season, 2013 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids of the water samples were quantitatively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS). The results showed that the contents of PAHs and fatty acids in water of Qingmuguan karst underground river ranged from 77.3 to 702ng·L -1 and 3302 to 45254 ng·L -1 , respectively. In terms of composition, the PAHs profiles were dominated by (2-3) rings PAHs in water samples, which accounted for more than 90% of the total PAHs contents, while the carbon numbers of fatty acids ranged from C 10 to C 28 , and fatty acids profiles were dominated by saturated straight chain fatty acids, followed by mono-unsaturated fatty acids. In terms of the distribution characteristics, the contents of PAHs had minor difference at each sample point in water of underground river in rainy season. At the entrance, exposed and exits, the contents of fatty acids reduced in turn, moreover the contents of fatty acids were close at the exposed and exits. dry season:at the entrance, exposed and exits, the contents of PAHs in water of underground river decreased firstly and then increased. The contents of fatty acids were close at each sample point in water of underground river. As a whole, the contents of PAHs and fatty acids in water of underground river in rainy season were significantly higher than those in dry season. Source analysis indicated that the PAHs in water of Qingmuguan underground river were mainly originated from the combustion of coal and biomass (wood, crop straw, etc) at the underground river catchment. The fatty acids were mainly originated from aquatic algae (diatoms and green alga, etc), and bacteria, with the contribution of aquatic algae dominated. The water of underground river was suffered the middle to mild pollution by PAHs, and compared with the dry season, the rainy season was more severely polluted.

Water samples in Qingmuguan underground river were collected to determine the concentration of dissolved lipids, and their sources, composition and migration characteristics in underground river were studied. The results were obtained as follows. (1) The average content of various dissolved lipids decreased with increasing distance of migration in Qingmuguan underground river, and the most distinctive was dissolved saturated straight chain fatty acids with its content decreasing by about 81.71%, from the initial 5,704 ng · L⁻¹ to 1,043 ng · L⁻¹. (2) N-alkane could indicate the sources of dissolved organic matter in underground river, but saturated straight chain fatty acid and fatty alcohol had the advantage in indicating algae, bacteria and other microorganisms. (3) With the increasing migration distance of Qingmuguan underground river, the input type of dissolved organic matter in underground river was different, which might be resulted from the heterogeneity of karst surface. (4) In ternary plot of alkane sources, aquatic plants constituted the major contribution of dissolved organic matter in Qingmuguan underground river, followed by higher plant, algae/ bacteria. Unlike higher plants and algae/bacteria, the contribution from aquatic plants decreased with increasing migration distance of underground river. (5) To a certain extent, TAR (alkane) values could reflect the rainfall, and the values of CPI, L/H in saturated straight chain fatty acids might indicate the degradation activities of bacteria.

The water samples were continuously collected at the outlet of Nanshan Laolongdong subterranean river basin, which is located in Chongqing, during the rainfall event in June 2014. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The objectives of this study were to reveal the variation characteristics and sources of PAH16 in karst subterranean river during the rainfall event. The results showed that the subterranean river responded promptly to the rainfall, and there were four peaks of the total concentrations of PAH16, two peaks occurred during the flow rise stage, the others were in the maximum flow and flow decline stages. The total concentrations of PAH16 ranged 101-3 624 ng x L(-1), with a mean of 578 ng x L(-1), the total concentrations of 7 carcinogenic PAHs ranged ND-336 ng x L(-1), with a mean of 31.1 ng x L(-1). The PAH compositional profiles were dominated by 2,3-ring compounds, which accounted for 86.17% of the total concentrations of PAH16. The total concentrations of PAH16 were most influenced by the rainfall, through the cleaning of atmospheric pollutants by the rain and the scouring of the surface contaminants by the rainfall runoff. The PAHs in water mainly originated from the incomplete combustion of petroleum products and fossil fuels such as coal, as well as natural digenetic process. Compared to other areas in the world, the concentrations of PAH16 were generally at moderately polluted and heavily polluted levels.

Water samples were collected from the Qinmuguan underground river from July to November in 2013. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), dissolved sterols were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the average variation content of dissolved sterols ranges from 415 to 629 ng x L(-1), with the increasing migration distance of dissolved sterols in underground river, its contents are decreased. Between the inlet and outlet of Qingmuguan underground river, the average variation contents of dissolved sterol are between 724 and 374 ng x L(-1), and the average variation ratios of the content of stigmasterol with cholesterol range from 0.29 to 0.12. In short, their values are decreased accompanied by the increasing migration distance of underground river. The composing component in dissolved sterols varied differently between July to December, and the main component of dissolved sterols is cholesterin, the ratios of the content of dissolved sterols with cholesterin to the total dissolved sterols range from 37.30% to 94.85%. In addition, the ratios of the content of dissolved sterols with coprostanol to cholesterin, coprostanol to cholesterin are below 0.2 respectively, indicating the water quality of underground river is not contaminated by domestic sewage, but with the passage of time water quality tends to deterioration.

Dissolved alkanes and dissolved fatty acids were collected from Qingmuguan underground river in July, October 2013. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), alkanes and fatty acids were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that average contents of alkanes and fatty acids were 1 354 ng.L-1, 24203 ng.L-1 in July, and 667 ng.L-1, 2526 ng.L-1 in October respectively. With the increasing migration distance of dissolved alkanes and dissolved fatty acids in underground river, their contents decreased. Based on the molecular characteristic indices of alkanes, like CPI, OEP, Paq and R, dissolved alkanes were mainly originated from microorganisms in July, and aquatic plants in October. Saturated straight-chain fatty acid had the highest contents in all samples with the dominant peak in C16:0, combined with the characteristics of carbon peak, algae or bacteria might be the dominant source of dissolved fatty acids.

Dissolved alkanes were collected from Dalv spring and Jiangjia spring from July to November, 2013, and were quantitatively analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results show that the total content of dissolved alkanes in Dalv spring is 175-3279 ng x L(-1), with a mean value of 1011 ng x L(-1). In Jiangjia spring, the total content of dissolved alkanes is 282-775 ng x L(-1), with a mean value of 527 ng x L(-1). Ratios of the content of alkanes with high carbon number( C25-C32) to the total alkanes vary from 27.89% to 52.92% in Dalv spring, and 23.66% to 49.73% in Jangjia spring. Combined with CPI and OEP the relative contribution to the dissolved alkanes of higher plants are increasing in Dalv spring, however, it is different in Jiangjia spring. In addition, the values of L/H couldn't reflect different organic contributions to the dissolved alkanes, and the values of TAR may relate with rainfall.

Lung cancer has a relatively short survival prognosis and advanced disease progression. Therefore, targeted therapy has become one of the most frequent treatments of this disease. Targeted therapy has several features that effectively extend the survival period; is easy to apply and use; and has fewer side effects than chemotherapy. Therefore, this therapy approach has become the preferred choice of patients with advanced lung cancer. However, current targeted therapies like Iressa and Tarceva produce side effects such as skin dryness and acneiform eruption that may bother patients. These side effects may further cause patient concern over negative changes in their body image, and these concerns may influence their work and social lives. Additionally, some patients treated with targeted therapy worry about their chances of survival if they reduce or stop the medication to avoid the side effects. Consequently, patients may struggle with both physical and psychological impacts, and may have problems sustaining a good quality of life. This article focuses on delivering relevant information to patients receiving targeted therapy who suffer from dermatological toxicity and damage to their body image. We demonstrate an assessment tool and information to help patients cope with physical and psychosocial issues through daily skin care routines, mental / psychological supports, and cognitive behavior therapy. These measures may help patients rebuild a positive self-concept. We plan to develop further associated training to provide professionals / care providers with the appropriate knowledge and skills to care for cancer patients in a resource-limited environment so that they may improve the quality of nursing care for patients with body image changes.