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當今公共議題日益複雜，協作治理成為新公共治理思潮下的產物，而教育部為有效推動十二年國教課綱所進行的師資課程教學與評量之跨系統協作，即為一例。在此治理機制中，透過結構性安排、領導、知識互動與社會學習的協作動態，涵育與萌生了制度調適。本研究之目的即在探討跨系統協作之協作動態與隨之而生的調適。在研究方法上，採文件分析與訪談。本研究發現，教育部跨系統協作的運作，在多元行動者參與決定的過程中，涵攝了成員在可含納多元聲音的制度設計下，透過彼此對話、互動與集體行動，開展了領導、知識互動與社會學習。而在協作中的制度設計、領導、知識互動與社會學習也因應情境條件與行動者特質的改變或需求而進行調適。 Today’s public issues are becoming increasingly complex, and collaborative governance has emerged as a product of the new public governance paradigm. The Ministry of Education’s cross-system collaboration in teacher training, curriculum, teaching and assessment for the implementation of the 12-Year Basic Education Curriculum is an example of collaborative governance. Within this governance mechanism, collaborative dynamics and resultant institutional adaptations are nurtured and developed through structural arrangements, leadership, knowledge exchange, and social learning. The purpose of this study is to explore the collaborative dynamics of cross-system cooperation and the adaptations that arise as a result. To gather the necessary data, both document analysis and interviews were employed. The results reveal that the Ministry of Education’s cross-system collaboration involves multiple actors participating in decision-making processes, encompassing members in the institutional design that accommodates diverse voices. Through dialogue, interaction, and collective action, they engage in leadership, knowledge exchange, and social learning. Furthermore, the design of the collaborative system, leadership, knowledge exchange, and social learning within the collaboration are adapted to changing circumstances and the needs and characteristics of the actors involved.

To evaluate the correlation between the water absorption characteristics of dried chrysanthemums and their structure, water activity (Aw), and storage temperature, two types of powdered chrysanthemums ("Xiaohuangju" and "Gongjuwang") were analyzed through SEM, FTIR, and XPS. The results indicated that the surface of the powdered chrysanthemums was rough and contained a large number of indentations and cavities. In comparison to "Xiaohuangju", "Gongjuwang" powder had smaller particle sizes and more hydrophilic groups on the surface, such as -OH, O-C-O, etc. To examine the water adsorption behavior of two varieties of powdered chrysanthemums, the static gravimetric method was employed at 20, 30, and 40 ℃ and a range of Aw values from 0.112 to 0.976. Model fitting and thermodynamic analysis were conducted to gain insight into the water adsorption mechanism. An increase in water activity (Aw) resulted in a rise in the equilibrium water content (Xe) of powdered chrysanthemums, conversely, the higher the temperature, the lower the Xe values at the equivalent Aw levels. The fitting results demonstrated that the Peleg model was the most suitable model for depicting the water adsorption isotherms. Results from the thermodynamic analysis suggested that the net isosteric heat of adsorption (qst) decreased when the equilibrium water content (Xe) increased, and the qst values of "Xiaohuangju" and "Gongjuwang" powder remained steady in the presence of Xe values greater than 0.14 g/g and 0.24 g/g, respectively. The monolayer water content (Xm) of "Xiaohuangju" at 20, 30, and 40 ℃ were 0.0690, 0.0525, and 0.0505 g/g (d. b), respectively, while those of "Gongjuwang" were 0.0645, 0.0591 and 0.0584 g/g (d. b). When the temperature and water content increased, the effective pore size (rp) of "Xiaohuangju" powder increased, exhibiting mesoporous characteristics when Xe>0.09 g/g (d. b). Conversely, the internal pores of “Gongjuwang” powder shifted from micropore to mesopore only when Xe>0.11 g/g (d. b). The results of the study can be employed as a guide for improving the drying process of chrysanthemums and determining the most suitable storage conditions.

Edible fungi contain rich nutrients and bioactive components, processing high presumed health-promoting properties. The nutrient composition and efficacy of edible fungi mycelium are similar to those of fruiting body. However, mycelium is easier to be fermented on a large scale for industrial production because of its relatively simple fermentation process, short growth cycle, extensive usage of raw materials, and high scalability for large-scale production without seasonal restrictions. Meanwhile, edible-fungal fermented foods constitute a new type of functional product since the fermentation of mycelium in the substrate can increase the active metabolic substances improving its nutritional value and endowing it with unique healthcare effects. In this paper, the types and fermentation methods of fermented foods with Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps militaris, Morchella esculenta, Lentinus edodes and other edible fungi as strains are summarized. The production technologies and characteristics of compound rice, bread, noodles, steamed bread, biscuits, coarse cereals powder, tea, wine, milk, functional beverage, soy sauce, vinegar and other products prepared by edible-fungal fermentation are reviewed. Also the theoretical research, technological innovation and industrial application of edible-fungal fermented foods are prospected. It aims to provide a reference for the further processing of edible fungi and the development of edible fungus-based functional food.

Objective To examine the attitude towards sexually transmitted disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDS) and the willingness to seek STD/AIDS-related health service in Chinese young people having sexual behavior through online dating. Methods Using snowball sampling and 4 online social network platforms, we recruited 15 – 24 years young people with online sex-seeking experience and conducted a voluntary survey via Sojum application from September to November, 2017. A self-designed questionnaire was adopted to collected respondents′ information about demographic characteristics, sexual high-risk behaviors and willingness to seek STD/AIDS-related health service. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the profile of willingness and its impact factors. Results Valid information were collected from 730 respondents. Of the 1 119 person-times of responses about intended options for seeking STD/AIDS-related health service, 45.9% (n = 514) reported the intention to visit public hospitals or center for disease control and prevention (CDC), followed by the intention to conduct self-testing or treatment (23.6%, n = 264) and to visit private clinic or to have online consultation (19.4%, n = 217); while, 11.1% (n = 124) of the responses reported the disregarding of related healthcare seeking or even the possibility of STD/AIDS infections. The proportion of reporting the intention to visit public hospital or CDC for seeking STD/AIDS-related health care or consultation was the highest among the respondents of various subgroups. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the male respondents were more likely to report the disregarding of related healthcare seeking or even the possibility of STD/AIDS infections compared to the female respondents (P < 0.05) and the respondents having homosexual partners were more likely to report the intention to visit public hospitals or CDC for seeking STD/AIDS-related healthcare (P < 0.05). Conclusion Young people with online dating experience have a high demand for STD/AIDS-related healthcare service and different willingness/approach to seek the healthcare, suggesting that targeted health education on STD/AIDS prevention and treatment needs to be promoted among young populations and strategies of multi-sectoral cooperation are necessary to increase the access to youth-friendly STD/AIDS service.

To explore the law of moisture variation in Jerusalem artichoke during microwave vacuum drying process, the effects of microwave intensity on the drying characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke were investigated. The Weibull distribution function and Dincer model were used to fit the drying curves, and the heat and mass transfer mechanism during drying process were analyzed by using the model parameters, namely scale parameter (α), shape parameter (β), lag factor (G) and drying coefficient (S). The results showed that there were three stages of rising rate, constant rate and falling rate under all the microwave intensity levels, except for the intensity level of 1.28 W/g. The higher the microwave intensity, the larger the maximum drying rate, and the shorter the duration of rising rate stage. The shape parameter (β) ranged from 1.314 to 2.175, which indicated that the drying process of Jerusalem artichoke was not completely controlled by internal water diffusion. The lag factor (G) ranged from 1.043 to 1.188, and decreased with the microwave intensity increased. The values of Biot number (Bi) located in the range of 0.179 and 5.762, which indicated that the temperature changes of sample in the drying process were controlled by internal thermal conductivity and boundary convective heat transfer. Effective moisture diffusion coefficients calculated by Weibull distribution function, Diner model and Fick’s second law were (Dcal=5.922×10−8~2.717×10−7 m2/s), (Deff =7.570×10−7~1.799×10−5 m2/s), and (D*eff=2.353×10−9~7.546×10−9 m2/s), respectively. Under the same microwave intensity, their values were in order: Deff>Dcal >D*eff. The maximum value of brightness (L*) for dried samples was 69.05 under the microwave intensity level of 2.32 W/g. Both color parameters a* and b* decreased with the increasing of microwave intensities. SEM figures showed that the cell structure in dried Jerusalem artichoke was regular, and exhibited obvious pore characteristics when applying suitable microwave intensity. The tissue structure of dried samples shrank obviously at microwave intensity of 1.28 W/g, while part of the tissue structure collapsed and the intracellular material condensed at higher microwave intensities of 2.70 and 3.04 W/g.

二十一世紀在國際評比的推波助瀾下，學生學習成效再度成為各國教改的重要議題，而資料驅動決定（data-driven decision making）在原本講求績效責任的教育脈絡中，更成為協助學校謀求改進發展以提升學生學習的重要作法。惟國內對此尚屬陌生，故為拓展國內資料運用（data use）之學校實務與學術探究，本研究試圖透過大學與高中之協作計畫，探討資料運用在一所個案高中現場之操作情形。在採用觀察、訪談與文件分析方法蒐集本個案研究所需資料後，發現個案學校經由不同資料之結合，解讀與診斷學校問題，進而研訂改進之行動方案。其中也呈顯了學校成員從懷疑到覺得受用的塑義（sensemaking）過程。而校長領導、成員的時間、能力與認同度是影響學校資料運用之關鍵性條件。 Propelled by the international comparison of student achievement in the twenty first century, student learning caught the world’s attention and became critical to the agenda of education reform. Data-driven decision making plays a crucial role in assisting school improvement and enhancing student achievement; however, data use remains a relatively new concept for audiences in Taiwan. To enrich school practices and academic data use, this case study explored how a high school used data through collaboration with a university. Observation, interview, and document analysis were employed to collect data. The results indicated that the school had integrated different data to diagnose its weaknesses and problems. An improvement action plan was developed based on the data. It was also observed that school members who were initially suspicious gradually changed their attitude, finding the use of data to be meaningful in their sensemaking process. Effective principal leadership, as well as the time, capacity, and willingness of school members, were critical conditions for the successful use of data within schools.

Quercetin is a kind of typical flavonoid, mainly found in various vegetables, fruits and Chinese herbs that are consumed daily, with the functions of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Quercetin is a natural compound with defined anti-tumor activity. Due to its low bioavailability and poor water solubility, quercetin has limitations in clinical application. The quercetin derivatives with good solubility, high bioavailability, metabolic stability, and low toxicity have been obtained through modification of quercetin structure. In recent years, a large number of quercetin ethers, esters, complexes, C-4 carbonyloxy substituted derivatives, A,B-ring modified compounds and other derivatives have been synthesized and tested for in vitro anticancer activity. The quercetin derivatives with anti-tumor activity synthesized in the last 5 years were reviewed in this paper.