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Most coalbed methane reservoirs in China are of low porosity, low permeability and with extensive structural coals, which is difficult to be reformed, resulting in low single well gas production and recovery rates.It is the the key target for the development of coalbed methane industry to choose high efficiency reservoir and well reconstruction technology to effectively improve low efficiency wells.This paper systematically dissects the reasons for low production under the influence of "geological reservoir conditions, engineering construction reforms and drainage management control", summarizes the related technologies and application effects of the secondary reconstruction of coalbed methane wells, and provides suggestions for targeted reforms of different types of low-efficiency wells.The secodary reconstructable low-yield factors in coalbed methane wells include insufficient fractures propagation, fractures/pipe coal fines blockage, and limited pressure drop area.During secondary reconstruction, the distribution of coal structure, primary fracture morphology, reservoir permeability, variations of gas and water production, and applicability of drainage equipment need to be considered.The secondary reconstruction technology covers physical, chemical, microbial, and other methods.Secondary hydraulic fracturing, indirect fracturing, and anhydrous fracturing in physical methods, as well as acidification and permeability increasing technology and foam acidification in chemical methods are widely used.In secondary reconstruction, the reservoir adaptability of the reconstruction technology should be analyzed based on the geological conditions, primary reconstruction results, engineering and drainage status, and the purpose of secondary reconstruction should be determined based on the engineering drainage situation.In the secondary reconstruction, re-damage of the reservoir should be avoided to achieve effective transformation and improve the coalbed methane production from single well and well patterns.

Objective To analyze the relationship between nicotine dependence and depression among the elderly of Dai ethnic group in Jinggu county, Yunnan Province. Methods By using the method of multi-stage stratified random sampling, 1 409 rural Dai people aged 60 and over in Jinggu county, Yunnan Province were investigated by face-to-face questionnaire. Results The current smoking rate of rural Dai elderly in Jinggu county, Yunnan Province was 18.6% (37.1% for males and 0.8% for females). The smoking rate of males was significantly higher than that of females (P < 0.01). At present, the nicotine dependence rate of smokers was 32.8% (32.4% for males and 50.0% for females). There was no significant difference in nicotine dependence among Dai elderly people of different genders (P > 0.05), age groups (P > 0.05), education (P > 0.05), and annual family per capita income (P > 0.05). The prevalence rate of depression in the surveyed population was 52.0% (49.4% for males and 54.5% for females). Multivariate Logistic regression model analysis showed that patients with nicotine dependence were more likely to suffer from depression than those without nicotine dependence (OR=1.517, 95%C%: 1.0662.158). Conclusion Nicotine dependence is positively correlated with depression in the elderly of Dai ethnic group in Yunnan Province. Taking effective measures to reduce the nicotine dependence rate of smokers is helpful to improve the mental health level of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six sets of brake systems were tested using a brake dynamometer, and the brake wear particles (BWPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected during the braking process. In total, 39 elements, 12 water-soluble ions, 7 carbon components, and 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in BWPs were extracted and detected, and 74 VOCs in gas samples were analyzed. The average mass fractions of 12 inorganic elements (i.e., Sb, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ca, Si, Zr, K, Ba, Al, and Fe) with higher contents in PM 2.5 and PM 10 were 43.4% and 40.3%, respectively, and the average mass fraction of Fe was the highest, accounting for 16.6% and 13.1% of PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively. The average mass fractions of the 12 water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 and PM 10 were 16.5% and 12.6%, respectively, and NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , and Ca 2+ were the ions with high contents. The average mass fraction of total carbon (TC) in PM 2.5 and PM 10 were 21.9% and 18.1%, respectively, and the average mass fraction of organic carbon (OC) was approximately five times that of elemental carbon (EC). There were six types of PAHs with a detection rate greater than 50%, among which naphthalene (Nap) was the most abundant. The average mass concentration of 74 VOCs was 316.04 μg·m -3 , of which the aromatic hydrocarbon had the highest mass concentration. The compositions of BWPs and VOCs emitted by the six sets of brake systems were quite different, which was mainly determined by the brand and raw materials of the brake pads.

Objective: To explore the treatment skill and clinical effect of bone setting manipulation in treating proximal humeral fracture with shoulder dislocation., Methods: From January 2015 to December 2015, 118 cases of proximal humeral fractures with shoulder joint dislocation were treated by bone setting reduction and fixation with adhesive tape or Kirschner wire after reduction, including 56 males and 62 females with an average age of 61 years old ranging from 48 to 88 years old. The time from injury to treatment was 1 to 31 days with an average of 3 days. All fractures were closed, according to Neer standard classification, there were 27 cases of type II, 55 cases of type III and 36 cases of type IV. There were 85 cases of shoulder subglenoid dislocation, 33 cases of subcoracoid dislocation. All the patients were accompanied by obvious shoulder joint deformity, dysfunction and other symptoms. All cases were diagnosed by X-ray examination, and the bone setting manipulation was performed under the brachial plexus anesthesia. According to the type of fracture and fixation method, the patients were encouraged to exercise the limb rehabilitation, and the curative effect was determined by Constant-Murley shoulder score system., Results: All cases were followed up for 6 to 12 months with an average of 9 months. There were 1 case of humeral head necrosis, 2 cases of traumatic frozen shoulder. The score of shoulder joint function Constant-Murley was 84.5±4.5; among them, 78 cases were excellent, 28 cases were good, 9 cases were fair, 3 cases were poor, the excellent and the good rate was 89.8%. X-ray showed bony union of all cases., Conclusions: The treatment of proximal humeral fracture with dislocation of shoulder joint by bone setting manipulation is a skillful method, with simple operation, small trauma and satisfactory curative effect., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© 2018 by the China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Press.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of oxygenation index (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) on patients' prognosis through comparative analyzing the monitoring indicators of acute respiratory failure patients treated by invasive mechanical ventilation., Methods: Data from 91 acute respiratory failure patients treated by invasive mechanical ventilation in respiration intensive care unit (ICU) of the General Hospital of PLA of Lanzhou from November 2006 to August 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into survival group (n=55) and death group (n=36) by the outcome, the critical severity scores of the diseases and changes in blood gas analysis during ventilation were compared, and their correlation with prognosis were analyzed., Results: There were no significant differences in acute physiology and chronic health evaluationIII (APACHEIII) score, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) score, acute lung injury (ALI) score between survival and death group before ventilation (62.77±22.92 vs. 74.62±25.77, 6.46±2.45 vs. 6.62±3.03, 1.90±0.57 vs. 2.10±0.73, all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in PaO(2)/FiO(2) between survival and death group on the first day of mechanical ventilation (132.18±67.29 mm Hg vs. 139.24±78.36 mm Hg, P>0.05). PaO(2)/FiO(2) in survival group were significantly higher than that in death group on the 3 days and 7 days of mechanical ventilation (3 days: 205.47±74.71 mm Hg vs. 149.76±70.38 mm Hg, 7 days: 225.37±67.20 mm Hg vs. 120.94±85.58 mm Hg, P<0.05 and P<0.01)., Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the level of PaO(2)/FiO(2) is related with the prognosis of acute respiratory failure patients treated by invasive mechanical ventilation. Continuously monitoring the changes in PaO(2)/FiO(2) can be used as an important reference index to evaluate the prognosis of critical patients.

Aim: To investigate the immunoreactivity of monoclonal anti-p21ras antibody KGH-R1 in colorectal benign and malignant lesions., Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was performed using monoclonal anti-p21ras antibody KGH-R1 prepared in our laboratory, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colorectal samples including normal colorectal tissues, colorectal inflammatory polyps, colorectal low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, colorectal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive colorectal carcinomas and corresponding adjacent tissues. Immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibody KGH-R1 was evaluated by percentage of positive cells and histological score (HSCORE)., Results: Immunostaining was found in 64.89% (61/94) of invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas with an average of 97.28% of carcinoma cells positive and average of 178.98 of HSCOREs. 60.24% (50/83) of colorectal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia demonstrated immunostaining with KGH-R1, the average percentage of positive cells was 95.08%, the average HSCOREs was 156.38. 64.58% (31/48) of colorectal low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia demonstrated immunoreactivity with KGH-R1, the average percentage of positive cells was 82.52%, the average HSCOREs was 103.03. 39.97% (29/73) of colorectal inflammatory polyps showed immunoreactivity with KGH-R1, the average percentage of positive cells was 17.78%, the average HSCOREs was 18.66. 46.67% (21/45) of normal colorectal tissues showed immunostaining, but the immunoreactivity was very weak, the average percentage of positive cells was 2.64%, the average HSCOREs was 2.64. The the average percentage of positive cells and the average HSCOREs in invasive colorectal carcinomas had no statistical significance with adjacent high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, but were higher than that in adjacent low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Weak immunostaining was found in 23.53% (20/85) of adjacent normal colorectal tissues., Conclusion: Suggested in this study that monoclonal anti-p21ras antibody KGH-R1 has a high immunoreactivity with invasive colorectal carcinomas and may be a potential therapeutic antibody in the future.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the successful results with different methods and time of initiation of respiratory support in critically ill patients., Methods: The clinical data of 458 critical care patients were reviewed and analyzed. Among the patients, there were 47 cases of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, 105 cases of acute airway obstruction, 156 cases of acute respiratory failure, and 150 cases of chronic respiratory failure. Intubation, or tracheostomy, or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) at different times and occasions were performed in the patients., Results: One hundred and seventeen cases (25.5%) died during the respiratory support treatment, 49 cases gave up the treatment, and 292 patients (63.8%) were cured after mechanical ventilation. As the success rate was the lowest in patients who survived cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (21.3%, 10/47), it was higher in acute respiratory failure (55.1%, 86/156), and the best result (82.8%, 87/105) was obtained in the acute airway obstruction group and patients with chronic respiratory failure (72.7%, 109/150). In the group of patients undergoing early respiratory support, the cure rate was 95.0% (57/60) in patients with invasive method, and 95.5% (21/22) in the NPPV group. The result was significantly different compared with that of later treatment group [81.7% (68/82) in invasive group, and 60.9% (2/29) in NPPV group, both P<0.01]. It demonstrated that the earlier the respiratory support was given the better results. If the respiratory support was delayed, cure rate was significantly reduced [65.6% (63/96) in invasive group and 48.1% (13/27) in NPPV group, both P<0.01]. The cure rate was no difference between different modes of respiratory support between early treatment groups, however, invasive respiratory support was much better than NPPV [44.4% (40/90) and 0 (0/5)] when instituted in the late stages (all P<0.01)., Conclusion: It is of prime importance to ensure optimal ventilation in the early stage of diseases, the difficulty and risk of establishment of a patent airway are main problems in the treatment of critically ill patients.

Aim: To investigate the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor FK228 in the IL-3 mediated proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitor cells., Methods: CD34(+) cells were separated from the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood of cancer patients and cultured for 7 days with FK228 of different concentrations, stem cell factor(SCF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3) in serum-free medium. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the expression of CD14, GPA, CD15 and CD36 on the cells and the colony assay of erythroid cells was conducted. Then the CD36(+)GPA(-) cells were enriched and cultured with with IL-3 and 0.5 microg/L FK228 supplemented serum-free semisolid cultures and the formation test of erythroid colony was conducted., Results: FK228 enhanced the generation of CD36(+) cells in a dose-dependent manner, in spite of that it displayed no influence on the generation of CD14(+) and CD15(+) cells. 0.5 g/L FK228 induced a remarkable increase in the cell number of CD36(+) cells cultured with IL-3; FK228 also significantly increased the number and size of CD36(+) cells colony cultured with IL-3 containing semisolid cultures. Moreover, FK228 augmented the formation of CD36(+) cells colony from CD36(+)GPA(-) cells cultured with IL-3., Conclusion: FK228 can promote the IL-3 mediated proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitor cells.

Objective: To assess the clinical usefulness, accuracy, and safety of tele-manipulation for frameless stereotactic surgery using the CAS-R-5 robot system., Methods: We prospectively evaluated 32 patients underwent tele-manipulation of frameless stereotactic operations from Sep. 2005 to Sep. 2006. Tele-manipulations were performed via a digital data network by a neurosurgeon in Beijing while the patients were located in Yan'an. The distance is 1300 kilometers away. The accuracy of location and improvement of symptom were observed after operation. The period of follow-up was from 3 to 14 months (the average was 12 months)., Results: The surgical operations in 32 cases were successful. Remote fiducial registration was performed with a mean accuracy of 1. 50 mm and the standard difference were 0.32 mm between the planned and actual target. There were no complications., Conclusions: Diagnosis and treatment for intracranial disease by tele-manipulation frameless stereotactic surgeries are reliable and safe.

Objective: To explore the biological effect of Notch ligand Delta-1 (Notch L delta-1) on the sIL-6R during the differentiation of erythroid hematopoiesis., Methods: Mononuclear cells (MNCs) was isolated from the normal cord blood using Ficoll graduation solution. MNCs were enriched for CD34(+) CD38(-) cells by CD34 immunomagnetic beads and a FACS Vantage. CD34(+) CD38(-) cells was cultured for 7 days in the presence of SCF, Flt3L, TPO and IL-3 (4GFs). The cultured cells was detected for the expression of IL-6R and GPA. The subsequently enriched CD36(+) erythroid progenitors were sorted for cells with IL-6R(+) and IL-6R(-) using FACS Vantage. The CD36(+) GPA(-) IL-6R(-) cells were respectively cultured in the 4GFs, 4GFs + IL-6 or 4GFs + FP6 containing medium in the presence or absence of Notch L delta-1 for 14 days and CD36(+) GPA high red cells were counted., Results: IL-6R cells accounted for 95% of CD36(+) GPA(+) cells. The CD36(+) GPA(-) cells was clearly divided into IL-6R(+) (46%) and IL-6R(-) (54%) subpopulations, the IL-6R(+) cell subpopulation formed only a few GM colonies (2.1 +/- 1.8) and a greater number of BFU-E colonies were generated from the IL-6R(-) subpopulation (58.2 +/- 18.1) (P < 0.05). The number of CD36(+) GPA high cell was (1.400 +/- 0.180) x 10(6) in the presence of FP6, lower than that [(2.460 +/- 0.190) x 10(6)] in the presence of FP6 + Notch L delta-1 (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Notch L delta-1 enhances the sIL-6R-mediated effects of IL-6 on the generation of erythroid cells.

To observe the effects of blood serum from rats with radiation injury, thermal injury and combined radiation-thermal lesions on growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells and the change of their serum cytokine levels, total body irradiation of rats was performed with 12 Gy gamma ray from a (60)Co source, and 30% total body surface area III degree thermal lesion on the back was inflicted with a 5 kW bromotungsten lamp. The blood serum from these animals was collected at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after injury. Then the blood serum was added to the culture medium of erythrocyte progenitor cells (CFU-E, BFU-E) or granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) at final concentration of 10 microg/ml. The results showed that the colony number of CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GM formed after addition of the blood serum from rats with thermal or combined radiation-thermal injury was significantly higher than that from normal rats at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after injury and reached its peak value at 24 hours after injury (342.8, 261.6 and 228.4% respectively from burned rats, 252.4, 205.1 and 174.2% respectively from rats with combined radiation-thermal injury as compared with that of normal rats). However, a few CFU-E, BFU-E or CFU-GM formation was found after addition of the blood serum from irradiated rats. At the same time, the level of TNF alpha and IL-6 in serum of burn group and combined radiation-thermal injury group was markedly higher than that of normal group, even more higher than that of irradiation injury group (P < 0.01). It is concluded that the blood serum from rats with thermal lesion or combined radiation-thermal injury improves the growth of erythrocyte and granulocyte progenitor cells. On the contrary, the blood serum from the irradiated rats shows the inhibiting effects, definitely related to their serum cytokines changes.

Background & Objective: Up to now, there is no efficient immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine could be a potential tool for HCC immunotherapy. This study was to evaluate the effect of dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with recombinant plasmid bearing hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) gene, and the capability of generating specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response against HepG2.2.15 in vitro, which were induced by genetically modified DCs., Methods: After cultured for 5 days, the DCs were transfected with pCR3.1-S by liposome. The HBsAg gene expression on pCR3.1-transfected DCs was identified by Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence methods. The cytotoxicity against HepG2.2.15, which were induced by DCs, was tested by MTT assay., Results: DCs up-regulated the expression of CD1a (55.0%), CD11c (98.6%), CD86 (86.1%), CD80 (66.1%), and HLA-DR (88.9%) after cultured for 5 days. Indirect immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis showed that HBsAg gene was expressed on transfected DCs. The death rates of HepG2.2.15 cells induced by DCs transfected with pCR3.1-S were (52.3+/-2.8)% (E:T=5:1), (64.6+/-2.4)% (10:1), (78.8+/-2.6) (20:1), (82.1+/-2.4)% (40:1), while the pCR3.1- transfected and non-transfected DCs only induced relatively lower cytotoxicity (P< 0.05, n=4)., Conclusion: DCs transfected with recombined plasmid expressed HBsAg efficiently, and the genetically modified DCs evoke a higher CTL response in vitro.

Objective: To determine whether the expression level of beta-catenin correlates with the invasion and metastasis of human esophageal cancers., Methods: Using immunohistochemical staining technique, we investigated the expression of beta-catenin in different tissues from the specimens of the primary tumor and the nearby non-tumorous esophageal mucosa., Results: Strong expression of beta-catenin in the nearby non-tumorous esophageal mucosa was observed. However, in the primary esophageal cancers, the expression of beta-catenin was frequently reduced and disorderly distributed. The level of beta-catenin expression was closely related with the growth pattern, cellular differentiation, depth of invasion, and lymphatic metastasis., Conclusion: The down-regulation of beta-catenin expression might be a predictor indicating the metastatic potential of esophageal cancers.

Objective. To improve the quality of ultrasonic therapeutical treatment by improving the accuracy of temperature control. Method. Adaptive canceling methods were used to reduce the noise of temperature signal gained, and enhance signal-to-noise ratio. Result. The test's result corresponds basically to the theoretical curve. Conclusion. Adaptive canceling methods can be applied to clinic treatment.