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In order to study the relationship between the corrosion behavior of steel rails and the concentration and corrosion time of NaCl solution, U71Mn steel rails were taken as the object, and the initial corrosion behavior and mechanism of steel rail materials immersed in neutral NaCl solutions (different concentrations of 1.0%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.0% and 5.0%) for 144 h, and in neutral 3.5% NaCl solutions for various immersion times (12, 48, 96, 144, 192, 288 h) were investigated by full immersion test and electrochemical tests.Results showed that the average corrosion rate of initial steel rail materials was positively correlated with NaCl concentration and immersion time.With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Ecorr of the steel rail specimen moved negatively from－0.651 V to－0.717 V, and the Jcorr increased from 5.71 μA/cm2 to 67.48 μA/cm2.With the increase of corrosion time, the Ecorr of the steel rail specimen moved negatively from－0.692 V to－0.720 V, and the Jcorr increased from 7.54 μA/cm2 to 74.59 μA/cm2.Furthermore, the reduction of corrosion products γ-FeOOH could destroy the original stable rust layer structure, and finally causing the acceleration of corrosion.

In order to study the corrosion behavior of ER8 wheel steel in coastal neutral chlorine salt environment，the electrochemical corrosion behavior of ER8 wheel steel in neutral NaCl solutions with three different concentrations were analyzed through electrochemical tests， corrosion weight loss tests，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.The polarization curve results showed that the self-corrosion current density (Jcorr) was the largest in 5.0%(mass fraction， the same below) NaCl solution at the initial stage of immersion.After immersed for 576 h， Jcorr continued to increase at 2.0%and 3.5%NaCl solutions， and the average corrosion rate was more than 0.12 mm/a for 2 160 h.The SEM results indicated that the morphology of corrosion products were mainly flake and cluster structures.Because the morphology of corrosion products at the initial stage had more pores， it’s difficult to prevent Cl- from reacting with the substrate.The structure of corrosion products was more uniform and denser for 2 160 h.Moreover，the XRD results showed that the corrosion products were mainly composed of γ-FeOOH， α-FeOOH and Fe3O4.

The integration of railway facilities and use of new energies is an important way to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. After analyzing the demand for the integrated development of railway and new energies, this study summarizes the natural conditions of various new energy sources along railways, including solar, wind, geothermal, acoustic, braking, and vibrational energies. The current integration forms, technical characteristics, and equipment levels are then reviewed. The specific integration scenarios between the railway service facilities, carriers, infrastructures, and new energy sources are summarized by category, and the developmental scales and problems of major scenarios, such as photovoltaic systems at the top of railway stations, new-energy locomotives, and self-power supply monitoring equipment, are discussed. Based on the classification of potentials to supply new energies for railways, a series of new integration scenarios and methods are introduced considering the new energy systems of different scales (e.g., micro, small- and medium-sized, as well as large and super-large). A new major scenario that integrates electricequipment for railway infrastructure defects control and small- and medium-sized distributed off-grid photovoltaic systems is proposed. Furthermore, the future trends, core technologies, and key developmental directions for the integration of railway and new energies are proposed from the aspects such as energy capture and conversion, load, energy storage, and energy management.

Wa-ri heavy load railway is taken as the research object in the paper,the rail profiles are observed before and after grinding. Based on the wheel/rail contact wear theory and the finite element model of high-speed wheel/rail steady rolling contact established by the mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian method,the four kinds of railway grinding profile are contacted with LM wheels,the optimal rail profile was selected. Results show that,the profile 1 TQI and wear rate are the maximum,When the profile 1 contact with LM,the distribution of contact point pairs is relatively concentrated,equivalent conicity is largest,the mass flow density and wear power maximum are the biggest,wheel/rail wear is biggest. the profile 3 TQI and wear rate are the minimum,the contact point distribution between profile 3 and LM tread is good,equivalent conicity is least,the mass flow density and wear power maximum are the least. Therefore,only from the perspective of wear control,the research shows that the profile 3 is the optimal grinding profile.

By using chemical desulfurizer A to desulfurize Jinling high sulfur petroleum coke, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and agent coke ratio on the desulfurization effect of high sulfur petroleum coke are investigated respectively. High sulfur pet coke with sulfur content of 8.72% can be reduced to less than 3% or even lower by varying desulfurization process. Further investigate the effect of low agent coke ratio on desulfurization effect. When the experimental conditions are: reaction temperature is 900 °C, reaction time is 20 min and agent coke ratio is 0.5, the sulfur content in petroleum coke can be reduced to 2.38%. After desulfurization, the specific surface area of petroleum coke is 295.45 m²/g and pore volume is 0.15 cm³/g, and the pore structure is not particularly developed. After desulfurization, the metal content of petroleum coke decreases to a certain extent, and the removal rates of calcium, iron, nickel, vanadium and sodium are 70.15%, 77.12%, 15.20%, 57.64% and 47.65% respectively, which will significantly improve the air and carbon dioxide reactivity of petroleum coke as prebaked anode, and then significantly reduce the carbon dioxide emission of electrolytic aluminum industry. The solid product generated after the reaction between desulfurizer A and petroleum coke contains desulfurized petroleum coke and some salts generated during the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing CO2 emissions and increasing carbon sinks are basic approaches to achieve carbon neutralization in China. China is the largest mariculture country in the world. China's mariculture industry is dominated by non-fed culture type and characterized by rich species, diverse nutrition levels, and advanced farming technology. Therefore, mariculture has huge potential for the development of ocean negative carbon emissions (ONCE). However, the ONCE process of bivalves and seaweed farming is complicated, and the scientific principles, process, mechanisms, monitoring and evaluating methods, and approaches of increasing carbon sink are gradually being recognized and yet to be resolved. This study discusses the research progress of fishery carbon sink, existing problems and possible impact of global climate change on ONCE of mariculture. It then proposes technological approachs and policy suggestions to implement ONCE, which include expanding mariculture space and increaseing unit yield, green development of mariculture based on carrying capacity regulatory regime, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, blue carbon engineering of ocean ranching, and marine artificial upwelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands are the main body of the coastal "blue carbon (C)" ecosystem, and their "blue C" and ecosystem service function are important ocean-based climate change governance methods, which is a "nature-based solution". Chinese coastal wetlands are dominated by salt marshes, with little area of mangroves, while the area of unvegetated tidal flats is large. According to conservative estimation, the current C sequestration of coastal wetlands through sediment burial in China reaches to 0.97 Tg C·a-1, and would increase to 1.82-3.64 Tg C·a-1 at the end of this century. To achieve the commitment of "C neutrality" in 2060, China should strengthen scientific research on coastal wetlands, protect the integrity of the structure and function of the existing coastal wetland ecosystems, stop destructive coastal wetlands development activities, and actively and steadily promote the ecological restoration of coastal wetlands, restore and enhance its "blue C" function, and benefit from C sink gains while protecting the nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-organisms such as bacteria, archaea, and viruses are an immense invisible driving force behind the ocean carbon cycle and play a pivotal role in global climate change. Atmospheric CO2 is transformed into depositing organic components with the help of marine planktonic organisms which act as a biological pump (BP). The labile organic components are then transformed into recalcitrant organic carbon (RDOC) through the action of bacteria, archaea, and other organisms and viruses, which are called the microbial carbon pump (MCP). RDOC can be stored over thousands of years in the water column and the accompanying particulate organic matter can further settle on the seafloor and be transformed into carbonate minerals (carbonate carbon pump, CCP) by the action of benthic microorganisms for storage over a longer time period. Based on a full understanding of marine microbial processes and mechanisms, this article explains the principles and advantages of carbon sequestration and carbon storage integrated with BP, MCP, and CCP by using an eco-engineering approach to develop ocean negative emission strategies. The engineering feasibility plan, facilitated with artificial intelligence measures, provides a theoretical basis and experimental scenario that can be monitored, reported, and verified for ocean carbon storage. The implementation of this plan will provide valuable information for achieving the important goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the small-scale test apparatus, the deep hydrodesulfurization property of FHUDS-2 catalyst was evaluated by using Zhenhai mixed fuel. Additionally, the transformation mechanism of sulfides on the FHUDS-2 catalyst was studied . The results showed that 4 ,6-DM-DBTs were the most difficult removal sulfide, and it has low sensitivity to temperature. The ratio of 4,6-DMDBTs increased gradually in product. FHUDS-2 catalyst has excellent performance of deep or ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization. Under the conditions of partial pressure of hydrogen 6. 4 MPa, volume space velocity 1.5 h-1, volume ratio of hydrogen to oil 500, and reaction temperature 360 ~ 370 °C or reaction temperature 360 °C , partial pressure of hydrogen 6. 4 MPa, volume ratio of hydrogen to oil 500, and volume space velocity 1.0 ~ 1.5 h-1 , FHUDS-2 catalyst could produce the deep and ultra-deep diesel fuel satisfying the European IV and European V emission standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secondary metabolites, phenazine products, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can mediate the electrons transfer in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). How increase the total electricity production in MFCs by improving the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of research hot spots and problems. In this study, P. aeruginosa strain SJTD-1 and its knockout mutant strain SJTD-1 (ΔmvaT) were used to construct MFCs, and the discharge processes of the two MFCs were analyzed to determine the key factors to electricity yields. Results indicated that not only phenazine but also the viable cells in the fermentation broth were essential for the discharge of MFCs. The mutant strain SJTD-1 (ΔmvaT) could produce more phenazine products and continue discharging over 160 hours in MFCs, more than that of the wild-type SJTD-1 strain (90 hours discharging time). The total electricity generated by SJTD-1 (ΔmvaT) strain could achieve 2.32 J in the fermentation process, much higher than the total 1.30 J electricity of the wild-type SJTD-1 strain. Further cell growth analysis showed that the mutant strain SJTD-1 (ΔmvaT) could keep a longer stationary period, survive much longer in MFCs and therefore, discharge more electron than those of the wild-type SJTD-1 strain. Therefore, the cell survival elongation of P. aeruginosa in MFCs could enhance its discharging time and improve the overall energy yield. This work could give a clue to improve the characteristics of MFCs using genetic engineering strain, and could promote related application studies on MFCs.

Objective: To investigate the effects of β-blockers on cardiac protection and hemodynamic in patients with septic shock., Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty-one patients with septic shock in accordance with early goal directed treatment and met the target within 6 hours, and admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College from January 2012 to January 2014 were enrolled. The patients were divided into treatment group (n=21) and control group (n=20) by random number table. The patients in both groups were given the standard treatment, esmolol was giving to patients in treatment group in order to control the heart rate(HR) below 100 bpm within 2 hours, and the patients in control group only received standard treatment. The changes in hemodynamic parameters [mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), HR, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), systemic vascular resistance (SVRI), global end diastolic volume index (GEDVI)], biochemistry metabolic of tissue [central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂), lactic acid (Lac)], and cardiac markers [troponin I (cTnI)] before and 12, 24, 48, 72 hours after the treatment were recorded., Results: (1) Before treatment, the hemodynamic parameters, tissue metabolism index and cTnI had no significant differences in both groups (all P>0.05). (2) The hemodynamic parameters after treatment in the control group showed no significant difference compared with that before treatment. HR and CI in the treatment group were gradually declined after treatment, SVRI and GEDVI were gradually increased. There were significant differences in HR, CI, SVRI, and GEDVI between treatment group and control group from 12 hours on [HR (bpm): 93 ± 4 vs. 118 ± 13, CI (L × min⁻¹ × m⁻²): 3.3 ± 0.8 vs. 4.5 ± 0.6, SVRI (kPa×s × L⁻¹ × m⁻²): 159.2 ± 27.4 vs. 130.5 ± 24.2, GEDVI (mL/m²): 668 ± 148 vs. 588 ± 103, P<0.05 or P<0.01]. MAP, CVP and SVI in the treatment group showed no significant changes. (3) Lac after treatment in both groups was decreased slowly, Lac (mmol/L) at 12 hours after treatment was significantly decreased compared with that before treatment (control group: 8.8 ± 3.2 vs. 9.8 ± 3.4, treatment group: 9.5 ± 3.1 vs. 10.5 ± 4.1, both P<0.05). The Lac of control group and treatment group were 2.5 ± 1.2 and 2.7 ± 1.1 at 72 hours after treatment, and there was no significant difference between two groups (all P>0.05). The ScvO₂was not decreased in both groups. (4) Compared with before treatment, cTnI in the control group was gradually increased, peaked at 72 hours, and that in the treatment group was gradually increased, peaked at 24 hours and then gradually declined. Compared with control group, the cTnI (μg/L) in the treatment group was decreased significantly at 24, 48, 72 hours (1.15 ± 0.57 vs. 1.74 ± 0.77, 0.93 ± 0.52 vs. 2.15 ± 1.23, 0.52 ± 0.36 vs. 2.39 ± 1.17, all P<0.01)., Conclusions: β-blockers (esmolol) can improve cardiac function and myocardial compliance, reduce the myocardial injury in patients with sepsis shock. Although β-blockers can decrease cardiac output, it has no influence on the circulation function and tissue perfusion.

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of three bufogenins in toad venom was established. An Alltech Alltima C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1 mol/L acetate buffer (pH 3.2) (50:50, v/v), and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 299 nm. The method has good linearity in the ranges of 0. 25 -0.875 microg for cinobufagin (r = 0.999 0), 0.25 -0.875 microg for resibufogenin (r = 0.999 1), and 0.15 - 0.525 microg for bufalin (r = 0. 999 0). The average recoveries were 100.3%, 100.0% and 98.0% for cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and bufalin, respectively. The results indicate that the method is simple, accurate, reproducible, and can be used for the quality control of bufogenins in toad venom.

Objective: To investigate the anti-human CEM lymphoma cell activities induced by TCR idiotypic DNA vaccine containing different antigen determinants in BALB/c mice., Methods: The specific rearranged gene fragment encoding TCRVbeta region of CEM cell line was obtained by RT-PCR technique. The PCR product was cloned into eukaryocytic expression vector pcDNA3, which was used as DNA vaccine and template for PCR amplifying different antigen determinant. Gene fragments encoding different antigen determinant were amplified and cloned into pcDNA3, separately. The experimental mice were immunized by intramuscular injection of the DNA vaccines. The specific anti-idiotype antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay., Results: TCRbetaV of CEM cell line contains five antigen determinants. Specific anti-idiotype antibody was detected in all of the six mice immunized with DNA vaccine containing all the five determinants (the highest titer was 1:480). Although the antibody could also be detected in four of the six mice immunized with DNA vaccine containing four of the five antigen determinants, the antibody titer was lower (the highest titer was 1:80). DNA vaccine containing two of the five determinants could not induce the specific antibody., Conclusion: The idiotypic DNA vaccine containing the whole TCRbetaV five antigen determinants could induce the specific anti-lymphoma idiotypic antibody in BALB/c mice.