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Objective To observe the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier and the expression of autophagy protein in colon tissue of rats with chronic renal failure. Methods Thirty SPF healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (10 rats) and model group (20 rats). The model group was given adenine 200 mg/(kg·d) by gavage for 4 weeks after left nephrectomy. The general conditions of rats were observed. Serum, renal tissue and colon tissue samples were collected at 4 and 8 weeks after gavage. The levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, TNF-α, IL-6 and LPS were measured by ELISA. Renal and colon tissue were examined by HE staining and microscopy. The protein expressions of LC3, beclin-1, ZO-1 and claudin-1 were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the model group rats gradually showed a slow response to external stimuli, slow action, withered and yellow hair color, dull luster, pale conjunctiva and slow weight gain. The levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and inflammatory factors in the model group were all higher than those in the sham operation group, and increased at 8 weeks compared with 4 weeks (P＜0.05). Renal pathology in the model group showed renal tubular dilatation, lymphatic and monocyte infiltration, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Histopathology of colon in model group showed atrophy and collapse of intestinal villi, infiltration of inflammatory cells in mucosal layer and aggravation of pathological changes, which was more serious at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks. The expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin-1, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 in the model group decreased as compared to those of sham operation group(P＜0.05), and much decreased at 8 weeks as compared with 4 weeks (P＜0.05). Conclusions Autophagy disorder may be a potential mechanism causing intestinal mucosal barrier injury in rats with chronic renal failure.

Cesium acetate (CsAc) has been successfully intercalated into dickite through mechanical milling method. The forming process of the compounds was studied by means of thermo-gravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis(DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The XRD pattern shows that the basal spacing of dickite (d(002)) is increased from 0.72nm to 1.42nm, which proves that cesium acetate is successfully intercalated into the interlayer of dickite. The new band at 360cm-1 suggests that cesium acetate possibly forms hydrogen bond with the inner surface hydroxyls of dickite. The new band 3548 cm-1 reveals H2O is also inserted into the interlayer during the dickite molecules intercalation. TG-DTA results show that the intercalated compound can exist stably below 110℃, the temperature of de-hydroxylation for the intercalated complex sharply is decreased from 597.6℃ to 418℃. FESEM images show clear dickite structure, and the morphology of dickite after intercalation does not change a lot. From theoretical calculation, it is deduced that cesium acetate molecule and water molecule are bond together, and are intercalate into the interlayer of dickite, and form hydrogen bonds with the inner surface hydroxyls of dickite, and a mechanism model of cesium acetate intercalating into dickite is established.

With the proliferation of mobile devices, a large number of trajectories are generated. Location-based trajectory search is to find the top-k trajectories from a database, given a small set of locations. However, the returned trajectory may not go through all locations as close as possible. Location-based splicing trajectories pair search was proposed based on the idea that trajectory could be spliced to help users to get closer trajectory to all the query points. In the termination of search process, an effective termination condition of the search process was given for splicing trajectory pairs. At last, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm were verified based on the real data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils and fats are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as solvents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and dispersants, and are an important category of pharmaceutical excipients. Fatty acids with unique compositions are important components of oil pharmaceutical excipients. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia provides clear descriptions of the fatty acid types and limits suitable for individual oil pharmaceutical excipient. An unqualified fatty acid composition or content may indicate adulteration or deterioration. The fatty acid composition, as a key indicator for the identification and adulteration evaluation of oil pharmaceutical excipients, can directly affect the quality and safety of oil pharmaceutical excipients and preparations. Gas chromatography is the most widely used technique for fatty acid analysis, but it generally requires derivatization, which affects quantitative accuracy. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), an environmentally friendly technique with excellent separation capability, offers an efficient method for detecting fatty acids without derivatization. Unlike other chromatographic methods, SFC does not use nonvolatile solvents (e. g., water) as the mobile phase, rendering it compatible with an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients exist in the free and bound forms, and the low content of free fatty acids in these oil pharmaceutical excipients not only poses challenges for their detection but also complicates the determination of characteristic fatty acid compositions and contents. Moreover, the compositions and ratios of fatty acids are influenced by environmental factors, leading to interconversion between their two forms. In this context, saponification provides a simpler and faster alternative to derivatization. Saponification degrades oils and fats by utilizing the reaction between esters and an alkaline solution, ultimately releasing the corresponding fatty acids. Because this method is more cost effective than derivatization, it is a suitable pretreatment method for the detection of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients using the SFC-ELSD approach. In this study, we employed SFC-ELSD to simultaneously determine six fatty acids, namely, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, docosanoic acid, and lignoceric acid, in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Saponification of the oil pharmaceutical excipients using sodium hydroxide methanol solution effectively avoided the bias in the determination of fatty acid species and contents caused by the interconversion of fatty acids and esters. The separation of the six fatty acids was achieved within 12 min, with good linearity within their respective mass concentration ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were 5-10 mg/L and 10-25 mg/L, respectively, and the spiked recoveries were 80.93%-111.66%. The method proved to be sensitive, reproducible, and stable, adequately meeting requirements for the analysis of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Finally, the analytical method was successfully applied to the determination of six fatty acids in five types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, namely, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and peanut oil. It can be combined with principal component analysis to accurately differentiate different types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, providing technical support for the rapid identification and quality control of oil pharmaceutical excipients. Thus, the proposed method may potentially be applied to the analysis of complex systems adulterated with oil pharmaceutical excipients.

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of Astragaloside Ⅳ on inhibiting apoptosis and delaying kidney aging in rats by regulating SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway., Methods: The aging model was established by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose 200 mg/(kg·d). SPF-grade healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group (intragastric infusion of 5 ml/(kg·d) normal saline), aging model group (intragastric infusion of 5 ml/(kg·d) normal saline), Astragaloside IV group (intragastric infusion of 40 mg/(kg·d) Astragaloside IV),and SRT1720 group( intragastric infusion of 20 mg/(kg·d) SRT1720), with 10 rats in each group. After 8 weeks, the serum samples of rats were collected to detect the levels of renal function (creatinine and urea nitrogen) and senescent associated secretory phenotype (TGF-β and IL-6) by ELISA. The renal tissues of rats were obtained for HE and Masson staining. The protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT1, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, p21 and pRb were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR., Results: Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in the aging model group were higher than those in the normal group, but there was no significant difference in each group ( P ＞0.05). The serum levels of TGF-β and IL-6 in the aging model group were higher than those in the normal group ( P ＜0.05), and which in the Astragaloside IV group and SRT1720 group were lower than those in the model group ( P ＜0.05). There was no significant differences between Astragaloside IV group and SRT1720 group ( P ＞0.05). The results of pathological staining of renal tissues showed that, compared with the normal group, the renal tubules dilated, local atrophy, infiltration of inflammatory cells and proliferation of collagen fibers were observed in the aging model group. Compared with the aging model group, the pathological changes were alleviated in Astragaloside IV group and SRT1720 group. The results of Western blot and RT-PCR showed that, compared with the normal group, the protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT1 and pRb in the renal tissue of the aging group were decreased, the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased( P ＜0.05), and the protein and mRNA expressions of p53 and p21 were increased, the protein expression of Bax was increased( P ＜0.05). Compared with the aging group, Astragaloside IV and SRT1720 improved the above-mentioned indexes ( P ＜0.05)., Conclusion: Astragaloside IV can delay kidney aging by regulating the SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway.

In order to clarify the chemical constituents in Yangxue Qingnao granule, we established a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS(E)) method. According to the high resolution MS spectra data, fragmentation ion information and retention time,142 peaks were identified or tentatively presumed by comparison with reference standards data and literature reports. The herbal sources of these peaks were assigned. The results implied that phenolic acids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phthalides, monoterpene glycosides were included in the main components of Yangxue Qingnao granule. The method is rapid for systematically elucidation of the constituents of Yangxue Qingnao granule and the results would facilitate the quality control of Yangxue Qingnao granule for safe and efficacious use.

A total of 2 769 children with allergic disease were admitted from October 2010 to December in Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital. Fourteen kinds of serum specific-IgE were detected by immunoblotting method. Among the 2 769 children, the total positive rate of sIgE was 76.0% (2 105/2 769). The sIgE positive rate in males (80.0%, 1 344/1 679) was significantly higher than that of females (69.8%, 761/1 090)(P < 0.05). The top three allergens were dust mites (33.2%), milk (12.6%) and fungi (12.6%). There were statistical differences of positive reaction to dust mites among 4 seasons (19.4%, 33.9%, 39.3%, 36.0%) (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the positive rates of dust mites, milk, fungi, and egg among the age groups (P < 0.05). The level of dust mite specific IgE were mainly in grade 3-6 (613/918, 66.8%).

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the stems of Ilex pubescens Hook. et Am., Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various column chromatographic methods with diatomite, silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were identified on physical properties and spectroscopic methods., Results: Nine compounds were isolated and determined as luteolin(1), quercetin(2), hyperoside(3), rutin(4), 1, 5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone(5),3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid-1-O-beta-D-glucoside(6), hexadecanoic acid(7), stearic acid(8), n-tetratriacontanol(9), respectively., Conclusion: All the compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time, and compounds 5 and 6 are isolated from this genus for the first time.