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In video surveillance and intelligent traffic,bad weather such as foggy,rainy and snowy can seriously affect the visibility of video images.Therefore,it is very important to quickly identify the current weather conditions and make adaptive clearness processing of surveillance videos.Aiming at the problems of poor effect of traditional weather recognition methods and lack of weather image data sets,a multi-class weather image blocks data set is constructed,and a weather recognition algorithm based on image blocks and feature fusion is proposed.The algorithm uses traditional methods to extract four features,namely average gradient,contrast,saturation and dark channel,which are taken as the shallow features of weather images.The algorithm uses transfer learning to fine -tune the VGG16 pre-training model,and extracts the full-connection layer features of the fine-tuning model,which are taken as the deep features of the weather image.The shallow and deep features of weather images are fused and used as the final features to train the Softmax classifier.The classifier can realize the recognition of foggy,rainy,snowy and sunny wea-ther images. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the proposed algorithm can reach 99.26%,and the algorithm can be used as a weather recognition module in the adaptive video image sharpening system.

The basic principles and methods of infrared radiation and infrared stealth technology were discussed in this paper. It was found that flexible regulation of multi-band spectrum was the key to realize infrared stealth compatible with radar stealth, laser stealth and visible light stealth. The research status of traditional infrared stealth materials were summarized and the bottleneck of their development was clarified. Furthermore, the design idea, research basis and development advantages of infrared stealth metamaterials with spectral tailoring function were proposed. We reviewed the research status and development trend of the infrared stealth compatible with radar stealth, infrared stealth with infrared radiation window and infrared stealth compatible with laser and visible light.

The X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) method was adapted for the determination of 10 major elements, such as silicon, aluminum, calcium and magnesium, in different types of rocks. The calibration curves were determined from 28 different types of rock standards which were fused into glass beads. The matrix effect was calibrated by using empirical factors. This method was used for determining the 10 major elements of samples from GeoPT proficiency testing. The 23 types of rock samples were analyzed over 15 years and the results indicate that this method is most effective in determining SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and CaO with the obtained|Z| < 2 for all samples. This method is also suitable for determining MgO, MnO, TiO2 and Na2O although each element has only one suspect result in different samples with the obtained|Z|>2, which was caused by the matrix difference between samples and standard samples in measuring the lower content elements. When the content of TFe2O3 is higher than 1.00% and P2O5 between 0.08% and 0.80%, the results can match expectations (the obtained|Z| < 2). To sum up, the developed XRF method has long term stability and is effective, which can match the expectation of applied geochemistry laboratories for determination of 10 major elements in different types of rock samples.

In this paper, we present the methods of parametrically reconstructing the position of a 3D scattering center model of the targets from SAR images for a target recognition application. First, a framework for reconstructing the 3D position of the targets from the SAR images is proposed. Then, a method that uses the parameters obtained from the scattering center of the targets from the SAR images is used for reconstructing the 3D scattering center model. Finally, the proposed methods are confirmed using the simulated data.

The accuracy of the certified values of the national reference materials plays an important role in instrument calibration, and therefore quality control for analysis data. In order to test the accuracy of the certified values of the Chinese National Standard Reference Materials, 36 trace elements were determined for 18 National Standard Reference Materials of rock (from GBW 07103 to GBW 07125), 19 National Standard Reference Materials of sediment (from GBW 07301 to GBW 07318) and 19 National Standard Reference Materials of soil (from GBW 07401 to GBW 07430) by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). These National Standard Reference Materials were digested by using the pressurized acid digestion technique. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of most trace elements in these materials were typically better than 10%, except for Ni, Cr, Pb, Co, Cu, Sc, Yb and Lu in several reference materials. Most of the results were consistent with the certified values in the literature, and with a relative error of less than 10%. Results given here indicate that a few certified values of some reference materials should be revised. In addition, content values of some trace elements in the National Standard Reference Materials of sediment or National Standard Reference Materials of soil, such as Ni for GBW 07306, Be, Hf and Ta for GBW 07313, Li and Be for GBW 07314, Hf and Ta for GBW 07409, GBW 07410 and GBW 07411, Gd and Ta for GBW 07426 are provided here.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics, clinical effect, and safety of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods A prospective study was performed on children with ALL who cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and 6-mercaptopurine were used for consolidation therapy. PEG-rhG-CSF (PEG-rhG-CSF group) or rhGCSF (rhG-CSF group) was injected after chemotherapy. The plasma concentration of PEG-rhG-CSF was measured, and clinical outcome and safety were observed for both groups. Results A total of 17 children with ALL were enrolled, with 9 children in the PEG-rhG-CSF group and 8 children in the rhG-CSF group. In the PEG-rhG-CSF group, the peak concentration of PEG-rhG-CSF was 348.2 ng/mL (range 114.7-552.0 ng/mL), the time to peak was 48 hours (range 12-72 hours), and the half life was 14.1 hours (range 11.1-18.1 hours). The plasma concentration curve of PEG-rhG-CSF was consistent with the mechanism of neutrophil-mediated clearance. Compared with the rhG-CSF group, the PEG-rhGCSF group had a significantly shorter median time to absolute neutrophil count (ANC) recovery (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in ANC nadir, incidence rate of febrile neutropenia, duration of grade IV neutropenia, incidence rate of infection, and length of hospital stay. No bone pain or muscle soreness was observed in either group (P>0.05). Conclusions The pharmacokinetic characteristics of PEG-rhG-CSF in children with ALL receiving consolidation chemotherapy are consistent with the mechanism of neutrophil-mediated clearance, with a short half life and fast recovery of ANC, and there are no significant differences in safety between PEG-rhG-CSF and rhGCSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the occlusion problem in the current video multi-target tracking process, a multi-target detection and tracking algorithm combining YOLO v3 is proposed. The framework based on detection tracking is selected as the overall framework for tracking, and YOLO v3 is used to detect the target information. Based on the selected detection category, the proposed tracking algorithm is used to complete the multi-target tracking of this category through data association. Aiming at the problems of target occlusion in the tracking process and abnormal trajectory tracking caused by target occlusion, a correction algorithm is proposed. Most of the occluded targets in the test video can be accurately tracked in the experiment, but some target identity swaps will occur when the background moves. The proposed algorithm has certain accuracy and real-time performance in solving the occlusion problem in multi-target tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the high loss problem of GaN MOSFET gate drive, a new resonant gate driver circuit is proposed by comparing the traditional and existing resonant gate driving circuit, the correctness of the proposed gate driving circuit is verified by mathematical model building, LTspice simulation and experiments. The basic principle is based on the resonance principle, during the switch off process, the energy stored in the C feedback to the power supply by L, to use the energy effectively, thus can reduce the power loss. The results show that, the opening and closing time of GaN MOSFET are 12 ns and 16 ns respectively, which can realize fast breaking of switch tube. The gate loss of the new resonant driving circuit is reduced by 55.56% compared with that of the traditional GaN MOSFET driving circuit, and the gate loss of the conventional resonant driving circuit is reduced by 35.66%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysimachia christinae Hance (Christina loosestrife), a mat-forming perennial herb from the Primulaceae family, is a famous Chinese medicinal material and excellent ground cover plant for landscaping. The natural triploid of L. christinae is reported here so as to provide new reference for the development and utilization of L. christinae. In this study, L. christinae plants introduced from Lion Mountain population in Wuhan and Moon Mountain population in Huangshi were cultivated in the same text site. And then the plant morphology and the stoma size were observed. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes were investigated by the conventional pressing plate method. The results showed that the leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, length of petal, petal width, petal area and leaf stoma area of L. christinae from Moon Mountain population in Huangshi were significantly higher than those of L. christinae from Lion Mountain population in Wuhan. In addition, the karyotype formula of L. christinae from Moon Mountain population in Huangshi was 3n=36=3m+3sm+6st+24t, which was different with that of L. christinae from Lion Mountain population in Wuhan (2n=24=2m+2sm+4st+16t). Therefore, in this paper, the L. christinae from Moon Mountain population in Huangshi was identified as natural triploid based on abovementioned morphology and chromosome datum. The discovery of natural triploid in L. christinae enriched the polyploidy data of L. christinae. It would not only provide reference for research on genetic diversity and evolution of L. christinae, but also supply the excellent material for medicine, landscaping and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the faults in energy-storage capacitor in flameproof switchgears are diagnosed with single evidence, the diagnostic system has a higher misdiagnosis. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a capacitor failure diagnosis method based on information fusion theory. Firstly, through analyzing the failure mechanism of storage-capacitor, the feature parameters of capacitor were extracted, and the evidence source for state assessment was then obtained. Secondly, the basic probability assignment for capacitor state was determined according to fuzzy membership functions to avoid the subjectivity of membership assigned with expert experiences, and the membership function parameters were established by a minimum fuzzy optimization model. Finally, the different evidences were integrated by D-S combination rule, and according to BPA decision rule, the condition of the energy storage capacitor in practical operation can be assessed. By using the method proposed and the operation data, the current state of the energy-storage capacitors were obtained, and the evaluation study results demonstrate its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerospace vehicle design is an important component of cross-department subject in BUAA. Experimental teaching is the key process to improve students'innovation ability and quality of practice. Aiming at the particularity of aerospace vehicle design major and the problems of present practical teaching, such as lack of professional experimental instruments, experimental teaching limitation by the space and cost, the contents of experiment breaking away from engineering practice, this paper explores and summarizes practical teaching reform in accordance with years of teaching experience. Four available strategies including experimental equipment miniaturization, practical training serialization, practical contents scientification and outstanding training works inheritance, are proposed. According to the experimental teaching result of these years, the limitation of space and fund and lack of experimental instruments are solved. Manpower and material resources are reasonably dispatched and comprehensively utilized. The students ' scope of knowledge is broadens and the classroom teaching is enriched. Good teaching practice effect is obtained and it may be helpful to industry members and similar mor teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in 2012, including three planting pattern (maize-oybean relay strip intercropping, mono-cultured maize and soybean) and three nitrogen application level [0 kg N.hm-2, 180 kg N.hm-2(reduced N) and 240 kg N.hm-2(normal N)]. Fields were assigned to different treatments in a randomized block design with three replicates. The objective of this work was to analyze the effects of planting patterns and nitrogen application rates on plant N uptake, soil N residue and N loss. After fertilization applications, NH4+-N and NO3--N levels increased in the soil of intercropped maize but decreased in the soil of intercropped soybean. Compared with monocrops, the soil N residue and loss of intercropped soybean were reduced, while those of intercropped maize were increased and decreased, respectively. With the reduced rate of N application, N residue rate, N loss rate and ammonia volatilization loss rate of the maize-soybean intercropping relay strip system were decreased by 17. 7%, 21. 5% and 0. 4% compared to monocultured maize, but increased by 2. 0%, 19. 8% and 0. 1% compared to mono-cultured soybean, respectively. Likewise, the reduced N application resulted in reductions in N residue, N loss, and the N loss via ammonia volatilization in the maizesoybean relay strip intercropping system compared with the conventional rate of N application adopted by local farmers, and the N residue rate, N loss rate and ammonia volatilization loss rate reduced by 12. 0%, 15. 4% and 1. 2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment with three N application rates (0, 180, 240 N kg ∙ hm-2, representing zero, reduced and conventional N application, respectively) and three planting patterns (maize monoculture, soybean monoculture and maize-soybean relay strip intercropping) was conducted to reveal the effects of cropping patterns and N application rates on yield, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and soybean. The results showed that the grain yield, N, P and K uptake and harvest index of the intercropped maize reduced slightly compared with the monoculture maize, however these indices of the intercropped soybean increased significantly compared with the monoculture. With the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application, the excellence of relay strip intercropping was weakened in the maize-soybean intercropping system. The grain yield, economic coefficient, N, P and K uptake, harvest index, N agronomy efficiency and N uptake efficiency of maize and soybean increased significantly at the reduced nitrogen rate (180 N kg ∙ hm-2), but the rate of soil N contribution declined, compared with the conventional rate of N application by local farmers (240 N kg ∙ hm-2). In the reduced nitrogen rate treatment, total soil N and P contents of the maize strip reduced, whereas the total soil N, P and K contents of soybean strip and the total K content of maize strip increased compared with the zero N application treatment. With the reduced N application, the annual total grain yield, N, P and K uptake of above-ground biomass in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system were higher than in the monoculture, and the land equivalent ratio (LER) was 2. 28. N uptake efficiency of maize in the relay strip intercropping system was 20. 2% higher than in the maize monoculture, and the index of soybean was 30. 5% lower than in the monoculture. The rate of soil N contribution in the relay strip intercropping system was 20. 0% and 8.8% lower than in the maize and soybean monoculture, respectively. The reduced N application in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system was helpful to promote annual grain yield and improve N utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of N application methods on N uptake and utilization efficiency in the maize - soybean relay strip intercropping system, a field experiment was conducted with three N application rates (N, 210, 270 and 310kg • hm-2, which is considered as three N treatments, and denoted as A1, A2 and A3, respectively) and four fertilization applied distances (the distance between the fertilization dot and the narrow row corn of four treatments were 0, 15, 30,45cm, denoted as B1, B2, B3 and B4, respectively). The results showed that at the treatments of A1 and A2, the number, dry weight and the potential nitrogen fixation of nodules for each plant were higher than those of conventional N application rate ( A3 ) at the stages of R2 and R5. At the same time, the nodules nitrogenase ability of treatment B2 was more than those of other treatments. With the increasing of nitrogen application rates, the grain yield, N uptake and N use efficiency of maize and soybean increased, then dropped. The maximum values of the indices occurred at the treatment of A2. The application distance of fertilization significantly affected the yield, nutrient uptake and utilization of maize and soybean. The fertilization effect was optimal when the distance was between 15 and 30 cm. As the amount of N fertilizer decreased by 18% ( A2), the grain yield of maize, soybean and the intercropping system, N uptake of plants, N utilization efficiency and the total nitrogen content of soil improved significantly with B2 and B3 treatments, comparing with the conventional fertiliza-tion of B1 treatment, N contribution rate of soil reduced significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the passage of time, there is a new correspondence between the original form and the changed meaning in some parts of "The Confucian Analects", and thus it becomes important to deal well with the relationship between the original meaning and the changed meaning in the book. To re-understand some parts of the book, the following aspects should be taken into account: the subjective activity in interpreting the text, the conventionality of language signs, the economy of language tools, the gratification in communications, the synchronic accumulation of words meaning's diachronic evolution, the conversion of parts of speech, the change of sentence patterns, and restrictions of context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question classification is one of most important tasks of question analysis in question answer system. A novel question classification method combining domain ontology and question focus is proposed in this article. First, with the supports of predefined structure of question focus and extracting rules, the semantic representation of question focus is fetched from the results of shallow semantic analysis including dependency analysis and semantic role labeling. Then, questions are labeled with the IDs of question objects in domain ontology. Thus, according to the fact of "same questions have same focus, and questions with different focuses are of different questions", questions with same focus are classified into the same category. The experimental result found that 93.91% accuracy for 1 905 special questions in restricted domain of computer troubleshooting could be achieved by using the proposed method. It demonstrates the validity of question focus and domain ontology in question classification task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniature detonation cord(MDC) with HNSII is used to cut aerial PMMA plate. 45 experiments of MDC cutting PMMA plates with three different lengths are performed at three different temperatures on a modified test apparatus. The effect of temperature, size and boundary condition on cutting results is investigated. Experimental results indicate that these factors, such as temperature, size and boundary condition of PMMA plate studied in the paper, have a slight effect on the cutting results, which can almost be neglected. Consequently, the cutting canopy experiment is directly guided by component experimental parameters and results, which provides science foundation for the design and improvement of ejection-lifesaving-system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the outcomes of the children suffered from philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) plus chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT)., Methods: 21 cases of firstly diagnosed Ph + ALL patients aged <12 year treated with Chinese Childhood Leukemia Group ALL 2008 (CCLG-ALL 2008) protocol form January 2008 and April 2015 were retrospectively analyzed．The patients were divided into two groups, one group was TKI+ chemotherapy group, the other group was allo-HSCT group., Results: Among 21 patients, 17 were male and 4 were female with a median age of 8 years old (range, 4-12 years), the median follow-up time was 30 moths (range, 10-133 months). All the patients were treated with chemotherapy induced by the high-risk project of CCLG-ALL 2008. Among 14 patients treated with TKI plus chemotherapy, nine patients achieved complete remission. During 3 months after treatment, patients without complete molecular response or with the second complete remission and intensity desire of transplantation were treated with allo-HSCT, among 9 patients with allo-HSCT, six patients achieved long term survival., Conclusion: At TKI era, TKI combined with strong chemotherapy can make Ph + ALL children achieve 5 years event-free survival as campared those treated with allo-HSCT. However, for the patients without complete molecular response persistently and relapsed they can still benefit from allo-HSCT.

Objective: To investigate the consistency between FCM and PCR on the detecting of MRD in TCF3-PBX1 + ALL, and to investigate the prognosis value of these 2 methods., Methods: 55 cases of paediatric TCF3-PBX1 + ALL patients from April 2008 to April 2015 were enrolled and analyzed. The FCM and PCR was used to detect the MRD in 239 bone marrow samples of 55 patients. All statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS software version 16., Results: Among the 55 children with TCF3-PBX1 + ALL, there were 30 male and 25 female. The median age was 5 (1-14) years. 20 patients relapsed during follow-up. The MRD results from PCR and FCM showed a strong correlation between both methods (K=0.774, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in 5-years DFS and OS between the patients in PCR + and PCR - groups on day 15 or day 33. The 5 year DFS rate between the patients in FCM - and FCM + was 63.9%±7.0% and 0; the 5 year OS rate was 66.5%±7.9% and 0. Combined with the result of FCM and PCR, at the d 33 of treatment, the 5-year DFS rate in FCM - /PCR - and single positive group was 65.4%±7.2% and 25.0%±15.3% (P<0.01)., Conclusion: The detection result of MRD in TCF3-PBX1 detect by FCM and PCR shows better consistency. MRD positivity detected by FCM at the end of induction therapy (day 33) predicts a high risk of relapse in TCF3-PBX1 ALL patients.

Objective: To study the long-term efficacy of CCLG-ALL2008 protocol used for treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)., Methods: Nine hundred and forty children with newly diagnosed ALL from January 2008 to April 2015 were treated with CCLG-ALL2008 protocol. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards model was used for analyses of prognostic factors., Results: Among the 940 newly diagnosed ALL patients, 570 patients were male, and 370 patients were female, the median age of onset was 5 years old (from 1 to 15 years old). The complete reaction rate (CR) was 96.7%. Survival analysis of 916 ALL patients with CR estimated by follow up [ (median follow up period 64 months (from 3 to 123 months) ] showed that, the expected 10 year OS rate was (78.6±1.5)% and the EFS rate was (66.0±1.8)%. The long-term OS rate of standard risk, intermediate risk and high risk patients was (93.0±1.5)%, (77.6±2.7)%, and (59.3±3.7)%, respectively, and the long-term EFS rate in standard risk, intermediate risk and high risk patients was (84.2±2.2)%. (67.8±2.9)%, and (42.1±3.9)% respectively. 10 year OS rate in B-ALL patients (79.8±1.6)% was significantly higher than that in T-ALL patients (53.5±6.3)% (P＜0.01). Among of all the patients, patients 201 (21.9%) relapsed, the median relapse time was 19 months (from 2 months to 81 months). The 10 year EFS rate was (81.7±3.7）% in the patients with MRD rate ＜0.01% after induction therapy, which was significantly higher than that in the patients with MRD rate＞0.01% (48.4±9.8)%., Conclusion: The therapeutic efficacy of the CCLG-ALL2008 protocol is closed to the level of supior study group in the world. Risk stratification can improve the outcome for childhood ALL. Immunophenotyping shows the outcome of B-ALL is better than that of T-ALL. MRD negative patients after induction therapy shows better prognosis compared with that of MRD positive patients.

Objective: To study the clinical features of central nervous system infiltration-positive (CNSI+) children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) based on flow cytometry, as well as the association of such clinical features with prognosis., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 66 CNSI+ children with ALL treated from April 2008 to June 2013. Clinical features, laboratory examination results and prognosis were compared between the children in different chemotherapy stages (induction stage and consolidation/maintenance stage)., Results: Among the 66 CNSI+ children, 50 were in the induction stage and 16 in the consolidation/maintenance stage. Compared with the CNSI+ children in the induction stage, the CNSI+ children in the consolidation/maintenance stage had a significantly higher proportion of children with the genes associated with good prognosis based on the results of molecular biology (P<0.05), as well as a significantly higher recurrence rate (P<0.05). Recurrence was observed in 21 CNSI+ ALL children, among whom 10 were in the induction stage and 11 were in the consolidation/maintenance stage. Compared with the children experiencing recurrence in the induction stage, the children experiencing recurrence in the consolidation/maintenance stage had a significantly higher proportion of children with recurrence of the central nervous system and bone marrow (P<0.05), as well as significantly higher proportion of biochemical positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid (P<0.05). The children in the induction stage had a significantly higher recurrence-free survival rate than those in the consolidation/maintenance stage (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference in overall survival rate between the two groups (P>0.05)., Conclusions: In children with ALL, CNSI+ has a marked effect on recurrence-free survival rate in different chemotherapy stages, but has no obvious effect on overall survival rate. CNSI+ patients in the consolidation/maintenance stage have a higher recurrence.

Objective: To analyze the therapeutic outcomes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) patients with MLL gene rearrangement., Methods: Clinical outcomes of 28 ALL patients aged less than 12 years old with MLL gene rearrangement treated with Chinese Childhood Leukemia Group ALL 2008 (CCLG -ALL 2008) protocol from January 2008 to April 2015 were retrospectively analyzed., Results: Among 28 patients, 14 were boys and 14 were girls, median age was 36(4-144) months and median follow-up period was 12.5 (ranged 2-106) months, and 10 were infants. All patients were given induction chemotherapy and the high-risk project of CCLG-ALL 2008. At the last time of follow-up, five patients gave up and were loss to follow-up. The 5 years OS and EFS were 52.2% and 47.8% respectively for the other 23 patients. The 5 years OS and EFS(28.6% and, 88.9%), (P=0.012), (28.6%, 77.8%), (P=0.048) rate of WBC≥50×10 9 /L and ＜50×10 9 /L groups at first vistit showed a significantly different. Patients with good response to predisone, less than 12 months， sex， CD10- showed low trend of 5 years OS and EFS, however there was no statistical difference (P＞0.05)., Conclusion: The 5 years OS is 52.2% and 5 years EFS is 47.8% for those ALL patients with MLL gene rearrangement. The WBC≥50×10 9 /L at first visit is adverse prognostic factor.

Objective: To study the short-term effect of two different re-induction regimens in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children with bone marrow recurrence., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 57 ALL children with bone marrow recurrence. According to their treatment regimen, they were divided into two groups: VMDP (vincristine + mitoxantrone + dexamethasone + PEG-asparaginase; n=42) and VIDP (vincristine + idarubicin + dexamethasone + PEG-asparaginase; n=15). The two groups were compared in terms of complete response rate and incidence rate of adverse reactions., Results: There was no significant difference in complete response rate between the VMDP and VIDP groups (74% vs 73%, P>0.05). All children experienced grade ≥3 hematological adverse events. The VMDP group had a significantly lower chemotherapy-related mortality rate than the VIDP group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of infection between the two groups (P>0.05)., Conclusions: For ALL children with bone marrow recurrence, both re-induction regimens can achieve a relatively high complete response rate, and VMDP regimen has a lower chemotherapy-related mortality rate and can thus be used as an option for re-induction in ALL children with bone marrow recurrence.

Objective: To analyze the clinical efficacy and side effects of reduced-dose of cyclophosphamide combined cyclosporine A for severe aplastic anemia(SAA) children., Methods: Ten pediatric patients with SAA from January 2008 to May 2012 were enrolled. All the patients were treated with reduced dose of cyclophosphamide combined cyclosporine A. The dose of cyclophosphamide was 30 mg/(kg·d)×4 d, the dose of cyclosporine A gradually increased >15 mg/L accroding to the blood concentration., Results: The median follow-up time of the 10 pediatric patients was 100 months (6-126 months). Among 10 children with SAA, 4 cases achieved complete response(CR), 3 cases obtained partial response (PR) and the overall response rate was 70%, the remaining 3 cases showed no response (NR). One refractory patient treated by cyclophosphamide was progressed to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(PNH) at 25 months and was dead at 42 months after therapy., Conclusion: The results show that reduced-dose cyclophosphamide (30 mg/kg·d for 4 consecutive days) combinated with CsA (initial dose 4 mg/kg·d, and drugvallery concentration >150 ng/ml) can make 7 of 10 children with severe aplastic anemia achieve complete response or partial response, and this regimen may be the second line regimen selected for some SAA children.

Objective: To study the long-term clinical effect of the CCLG-ALL2008 regimen in the treatment of children newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with different molecular biological features., Methods: A total of 940 children who were newly diagnosed with ALL were enrolled in this study. The children were treated with the CCLG-ALL2008 regimen. A retrospective analysis was performed for the long-term outcome of ALL children with different molecular biological features., Results: Among the 940 children with ALL, there were 570 boys and 370 girls, with a median age of onset of 5 years (range 1-15 years) and a median follow-up time of 65 months (range 3-123 months). The complete response (CR) rate was 96.7%, the predicted 10-year overall survival (OS) rate was 76.5%±1.5%, and the event-free survival (EFS) rate was 62.6%±3.0%. After CR was achieved after treatment, the overall recurrence rate was 21.9%. The children with positive ETV6-RUNX1 had the lowest recurrence rate and were prone to late recurrence, and those with positive MLL rearrangement had the highest recurrence rate and were prone to early recurrence. The children with positive ETV6-RUNX1 had a significantly higher predicted 10-year OS rate than those with positive TCF3-PBX1, BCR-ABL, or MLL rearrangement and those without molecular biological features (P<0.05). The children with positive ETV6-RUNX1 had a significantly higher predicted 10-year EFS rate than those with positive BCR-ABL or MLL rearrangement (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Molecular biological features may affect the long-term prognosis of children with ALL, and positive MLL rearrangement and BCR-ABL fusion gene are indicators of poor prognosis. Children with positive ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene have the highest long-term survival rate.

Objective: To study the association of platelet level at diagnosis with prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)., Methods: A total of 892 children with ALL who underwent chemotherapy with the CCLG-ALL 2008 regimen were enrolled. According to the platelet count at diagnosis, these children were divided into normal platelet count group (platelet count ≥100×109/L; n=263) and thrombocytopenia group (platelet count <100×10 9 /L; n=629). The thrombocytopenia group was further divided into (50- <100)×10 9 /L (n=243), (20- <50)×10 9 /L (n=263), and <20×10 9 /L (n=123) subgroups. The association of clinical features (sex, age, immunophenotype, and molecular biology) with event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed., Results: Compared with the thrombocytopenia group, the normal platelet count group had significantly lower positive rate of MLL gene rearrangement and recurrence rate (P<0.05), as well as a significantly higher 10-year EFS rate (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 10-year OS between the two groups (P>0.05). The normal platelet count group still had a significantly higher 10-year EFS rate than the thrombocytopenia group after the children with MLL gene rearrangement were excluded (P<0.05), and there was still no significant difference in 10-year OS between the two groups (P>0.05). The <20×10 9 /L subgroup had significantly lower 10-year EFS and OS rates than the normal platelet count group, the (50- <100)×10 9 /L subgroup, and the (20- <50)×10 9 /L subgroup (P<0.05). After the children with MLL gene rearrangement were excluded, the <20×10 9 /L subgroup still had significantly lower 10-year EFS and OS rates than the normal platelet count group, the (50-<100)×10 9 /L subgroup, and the (20- <50)×10 9 /L subgroup (P<0.05)., Conclusions: ALL children with MLL gene rearrangement often have the clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia. Platelet level at diagnosis is associated with the prognosis of ALL children. The children with normal platelet count have a low recurrence rate and good prognosis, and those with a platelet count of <20×10 9 /L have the worst prognosis.

Spectroscopy methods such as three-dimensional excitation-emission (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to analyze the structures and changes of DOM in hyperthermophilic composting of sewage sludge to fully understand the advantages of hyperthermophilic composting in promoting sludge maturity. The results showed that the temperature reached its peak value at 90℃ and remained over 80℃ for 5 d. The thermophilic period more than 50℃ lasted for 22 d. This indicated that the microorganisms were metabolically active during the composting. The parameters of UV-visible (UV-Vis), including E 253 / E 203 , SUVA 280 , and S 275-295 , significantly changed from days 0 to 23, showing that the aromaticity degree of DOM and the humification degree of the compost gradually strengthened. Combined with the fluorescence regional integration (FRI), the 3D-EEM analysis results illuminated that the protein-like materials in DOM were completely degraded during days 0 to 6 of the hyperthermophilic composting and a large amount of humic acid-like and fulvic-like materials formed from days 0 to 23, indicating the compost was mature at the hyperthermophilic stage. This was consistent with the germination index (GI) on day 23 (GI=98.5%) as well. Based on the correlation analysis between spectroscopic parameters, P Ⅴ, n / P Ⅲ, n showed close relationship with others ( r ≥ 0.68), showing their potential as indicators for maturity of hyperthermophilic composting. The results above confirmed that fermentation time could be greatly shortened to about 20 d by using the hyperthermophilic composting, which has great potential for application in organic solid waste management.

Objective: To investigate the association between clinical outcome and gene mutations in children with Fanconi anemia (FA)., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of six children with the same severity of FA and receiving the same treatment. At first, single cell gel electrophoresis and chromosome breakage induced by mitomycin C were performed for diagnosis. Then the gene detection kit for congenital bone marrow failure diseases or complementation test was used for genotyping of FA. Finally the association between the clinical outcome at 3, 6, 9, or 12 months after treatment and gene mutation was analyzed., Results: Of all the six FA children, five had FANCA type disease, and one had FANCM type disease; four children carried two or more FA gene mutations. Among the children with the same severity of FA, those with more FA mutations had a younger age of onset and poorer response to medication, and tended to progress to a severe type., Conclusions: Children carrying more than two FA mutations have a poor clinical outcome, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be performed as soon as possible.

Objective: To identify the incidence of PAX5 deletion in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) without reproducible chromosomal abnormalities and to investigate the association between PAX5 abnormalities and prognosis of ALL., Methods: Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to determine the copy numbers of PAX5 gene in children newly diagnosed with B-ALL without reproducible chromosomal abnormalities between April 2008 and April 2013 and controls (children with non-hematologic diseases or tumors). The patients were classifiied into deletion group and non-deletion group based on the presence of PAX5 deletion., Results: Eighteen (21%) out of 86 children with B-ALL had PAX5 deletion. The deletion group had a significantly higher total white blood cell count at diagnosis than the non-deletion group (P=0.001). The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the deletion group had a significantly lower disease-free survival (DFS) rate than the non-deletion group (0.69±0.12 vs 0.90±0.04; P=0.017), but there was no significant difference in the overall survival rate between the two groups (P=0.128). The Cox analysis showed that PAX5 deletion was a risk factor for DFS (P=0.03)., Conclusions: PAX5 deletion is an independent risk factor for DFS in B-ALL children without reproducible chromosomal abnormalities.

Objective: To investigate the application of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in the detection of copy number variations (CNVs) in pediatric ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), to compare this method with conventional karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to evaluate the value of MLPA., Methods: The clinical data of 95 children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL who were treated from January 2006 to November 2012 were analyzed retrospectively, including clinical features, results of karyotype analysis, and results of FISH. CNVs were detected with MLPA., Results: CNVs were detected in 73 (77%), and the median number of CNVs was 1 (range 0-6). The CNVs of EBF1, CDKN2A/2B, PAX5, ETV6, RB1, and BTG1 were detected in more than 10% of all the patients. The changes in the chromosome segments carrying the genes with CNVs detected by MLPA were not detected by conventional karyotype analysis. The coincidence rate between the CNVs in ETV6 gene detected by FISH and those detected by MLPA was 66%., Conclusions: MLPA is an efficient and convenient method to detect CNVs in children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL.

Objective: To identify IKZF1 gene copy number abnormalities in BCR/ABL-negative B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in children, and to investigate the association between such abnormalities and prognosis., Methods: Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was applied to detect IKZF1 gene copy number abnormalities in 180 children diagnosed with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL. These children were classified into IKZF1 deletion group and IKZF1 normal group according to the presence or absence of IKZF1 gene deletion. The association between IKZF1 copy number abnormalities and prognosis of children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL was analyzed retrospectively., Results: Among 180 children, 27 (15.0%) had IKZF1 deletion; among the 27 children, 4 had complete deletions of 8 exons of IKZF1 gene, 17 had deletion of exon 1, 3 had deletions of exons 4-7, and 3 children had deletions of exons 2-7. Compared with those in the IKZF1 normal group, children in the IKZF1 deletion group had higher white blood cell (WBC) count and percentage of individuals with high risk of minimal residual disease at the first visit. IKZF1 deletions often occurred in BCR/ABL-negative children with no special fusion gene abnormalities. They were frequently accompanied by abnormalities in chromosomes 11, 8, 5, 7, and 21. The analysis with Kaplan-Meier method showed that disease-free survival (DFS) in the IKZF1 deletion group was significantly lower than that in the IKZF1 normal group (0.740 ± 0.096 vs 0.905 ± 0.034; P=0.002). Cox analysis showed that after exclusion of sex, age, initial WBC count, cerebrospinal fluid state at the first visit, prednisone response, and chromosome karyotype, IKZF1 deletion still affected the children's DFS (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Some children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL have IKZF1 deletion, and IKZF1 deletion is an independent risk factor for DFS in children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL.

Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of Chinese Childhood Leukemia Group ALL 2008 (CCLG-ALL2008) protocol combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI, imatinib) for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children., Methods: The clinical data of 53 patients aged less than 15 years when first diagnosed with Ph+ ALL between October 2008 and December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assigned to two groups: HR (n=26) and HR+TKI (n=27). The HR group was treated with CCLG-ALL2008 protocol (for high-risk patients). The HR+TKI group was treated with imatinib in combination with CCLG-ALL2008 protocol (for high-risk patients)., Results: The complete remission rate and chemotherapy induction-related mortality rate in the TKI+HR and HR groups were 100% vs 75% and 0 vs 15%, respectively. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rate in the HR group was (6±5)%; the 5-year EFS rate of the TKI+HR group was (52±11)%. Compared with the HR group, the TKI+HR group had no increase in the toxic responses to chemotherapy and had a decrease in the infection rate during the induction period., Conclusions: Application of imatinib significantly improves the clinical efficacy in children with Ph+ ALL and has good safety.

Objective: To study the clinical features of children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with the CCLG-ALL2008 protocol., Methods: The data of 591 children who were newly diagnosed with ALL and were treated with the CCLG-ALL 2008 protocol between April 2008 and June 2013 were collected, and the clinical features of 80 children with relapsed ALL were retrospectively analyzed., Results: After treatment with the CCLG-ALL2008 protocol, the recurrence rate in the standard-risk, intermediate-risk and the high-risk groups were 7.0%, 10.7% and 28.7% respectively (P<0.05). The recurrence rate in patients with TEL/AML1-positive ALL was 8.0%, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) of the relapsed patients was 37.04%. The recurrence rates in patients with MLL-positive and BCR/ABL-positive ALL were 35.0% and 24.2% respectively, and none of the relapsed patients had long-term survival. The recurrence mainly occurred at the very early stage (53%), and none of patients with recurrence at the very early stage had long-term survival. The recurrence occurred at early stage and late stage accounted for 34% and 14% respectively, and the 5-year OS rates of patients with recurrence at early stage and late stage were 11.44% and 60.00% respectively. The sites of recurrence were mainly bone marrow alone (83%), and the 5-year OS of patients with recurrence at bone marrow alone was 9.23%. The recurrence in bone marrow and outside bone marrow accounted for 11%, and the 5-year OS of patients with recurrence in both bone marrow and outside bone marrow was 25.00%. The recurrence only outside bone marrow accounted for 6%, and the 5-year OS of patients with recurrence only outside bone marrow was 100%. The recurrence rate in patients with T-cell ALL was 9.5%, and none of the relapsed patients had long-term survival. The recurrence rate in patients with B-cell ALL was 14.3%, and the 5-year OS of the relapsed patients was 15.52%., Conclusions: After treatment with the CCLG-ALL2008 protocol, a relatively high recurrence rate is observed in children with high-risk ALL. Positive MLL and positive BCR/ABL are high-risk factors for recurrence. The recurrence rate is not significantly correlated with immunophenotype. A very low survival rate is seen in children whose recurrence have the following features: at early stage, only in bone marrow, T-cell ALL, and abnormal BCR/ABL and MLL.

Objective: To investigate the methylation rate of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B) in the 9P21 region in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the association of gene methylation with clinical features and outcomes., Methods: The clinical data of 58 children who were newly diagnosed with AML between January 2010 and December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-eight healthy children were recruited as the control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from bone marrow or peripheral blood of the 58 patients and 38 healthy children. The methylation status of CDKN2A and CDKN2B was analyzed by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification., Results: Gene methylation was not found in healthy children. Methylation probes of 44 patients were detected in 58 patients. The methylation of CDKN2A was detected with 136 bp and 237 bp methylation probes. The methylation of CDKN2B was detected with 130 bp, 210 bp, 220 bp, and 417 bp methylation probes. The methylation rate of CDKN2A was 5%, while the methylation rate of CDKN2B was 76%. The methylation detected by some probes was associated with sex, hemoglobin, and platelet count at the first visit., Conclusions: The methylation of CDKN2B is a common event in children with AML, while the methylation of CDKN2A is relatively rare.

Objective: To study the long-term efficacy of CAMSBDH-ALL chemotherapy protocol for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)., Methods: Three hundred and eighteen children who were newly diagnosed with ALL between January 1999 and December 2007 were enrolled in this study. Among the 318 children, 83 children who hospitalized before December 2002 were treated with CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol, including 48 patients of standard risk and 35 patients of high risk. The patients (n=235; 131 in standard risk and 104 in high risk) who hospitalized after December 2002 were treated with CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol. Patients in the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol group were treated with conventional chemotherapy. CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol was modified based on the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol., Results: The long-term overall survival (OS) and event-free-survival (EFS) in the CAMSBDH-ALL03 group was significantly higher than in the CAMSBDH-ALL99 (P&lt;0.01). The long-term OS and EFS of standard risk and high risk patients in the CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol group were significantly higher than in the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol group (P&lt;0.01). The CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol group showed a significantly lower recurrence rate (28.9%) than in the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol group (50.6%) (P&lt;0.05). The mortality rate in the CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol group was 28.5% vs 56.6% in the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol group (P&lt;0.05)., Conclusions: The therapeutic effect of the CAMSBDH-ALL03 protocol is supior to the CAMSBDH-ALL99 protocol group for childhood ALL, with a higher long-term survival rate.

Objective: To determine the expression level of silent mating-type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) in bone marrow biopsy tissues among children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and analyze its relationship with the prognosis of AML patients., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 54 children who were diagnosed with AML between July 2009 and April 2012 and who underwent bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis. The expression of SIRT1 in bone marrow was measured by immunohistochemistry. The 54 patients were divided into two groups according to the expression of SIRT1: SIRT1-negative (n=10) and SIRT1-positive (n=44). The SIRT1-positive group was further divided into three subgroups: SIRT1(+) (n=8), SIRT1(++) (n=7) and SIRT1(+++) (n=29) according to the expression levels of SIRT1. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the unfavorable factors for long survival in children with AML., Results: The SIRT1(+++) subgroup had a significantly higher mortality than the SIRT1-negative group (P<0.05). Compared with the SIRT1-negative group, the SIRT1-positive group had a significantly lower 2-year overall survival rate (P<0.05) and a significantly lower 2-year event-free survival rate (P<0.05). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that positive expression of SIRT1 was an unfavorable factor for long-term survival in children with AML, with a risk coefficient of 2.071 (95% CI: 1.017-4.219; P=0.045)., Conclusions: SIRT1 is overexpressed in some of pediatric AML patients, and the overexpression of SIRT1 is associated with poor prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the recent emerged endemic region of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) regarding its natural reserves, in Charles Hilary, northern Xinjiang and to isolate and characterize the viral geographic strain., Methods: Using indirect fluorescent assay to detect tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) specific IgG antibodies from serum of local residents including 2 unconfirmed viral encephalitis patients in 2011 spring-summer. Viruses were isolated from tick samples by inoculating BALB/c mice and BHK-21 cells. For phylogenetic analysis. TBEV NS1 gene fragments were detected by RT-PCR and then subjected to sequence alignment., Results: 1760 ticks were captured from the fields to have found that Ixodes persulcatus were dominated among the tick population. Two viral encephalitis patients were diagnosed as TBEV infection. In addition, 35.4% (23/65) local residents were detected positive for presence of TBEV specific-IgG antibodies in serum. After inoculation, morbidity and mortality of BALB/c mice were 72.9% (70/96) and 55.7% (44/79), respectively. TBEV specific-fragments were amplified from brain tissue of dead mice and cells culture supernatant. NS1 sequence alignment showed that the viral isolates were clustered into TBEV far-eastern sub-type, phylogenetically, and were mostly close to the isolates from northeastern China (99%) and Russian strain (98%)., Conclusion: In this study, a new endemic loci of TBE was firstly described in Charles Hilary natural reserve, northern Xinjiang. TBEV geographic isolates belonged to TBEV far-eastern subtype while Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor silvarum played crucial roles for disease transition.

Objective: Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities and predisposition to neoplasia. Hypersensitivity of FA cells to the clastogenic effect of mitomycin C (MMC) provides a unique marker for the diagnosis before the beginning of hematological manifestations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) and mitomycin C-induced chromosomal breakage in children with FA., Method: Between January 2007 and June 2011, 248 children (< 15 years) with hypocytosis were included. Chromosomal breakage was induced by MMC 0 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml, and 80 ng/ml. SCGE was performed at the same time. We analyzed the results of the two methods and compared with each other. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the parameters in SCGE., Result: Seventeen patients were diagnosed as FA and 231 as non-FA. Chromosomal breakage was found to be significantly higher in FA patients [(32.2 ± 4.8)%] than non-FA [(19.9 ± 3.0)%] and controls[(21.6 ± 4.8)%] when induced by MMC 80 ng/ml. The parameters of SCGE were significantly different between FA patients and non-FA or controls. All the parameters were rectilinearly correlated with MMC (P = 0.000). The most closely correlated parameter was the rate of comet cell (r = 0.848, P = 0.000). The results of ROC curves suggested the comet cell rate (0.999) was more important., Conclusion: SCGE might be used to discriminate between FA and non-FA individuals. The relationship between SCGE and MMC-induced chromosomal breakage was significant. The rate of comet cell was the important parameter.

This paper investigated the envelope protein E1/E2 quasispecies genetic characterization of 4 HCV positive sera (Genotype 1b: 274, 366, 383; Genotype 2a: 283) in China. Nucleotide acid was extracted and glycoprotein E1/E2 (191-764aa) coding genes were obtained by RT-PCR, positive clones were randomly selected for sequencing. The phylogenetic relationships and the homology of nucleotide and amino acid were analyzed based on E1/E2 coding genes, and some vital functional regions of E1/E2 were characterized. A total of 43 sequences (274: 10; 283: 12; 366: 13; 383: 8) were obtained showing high genetic heterogeneity in HVR1 and HVR2 regions, while sequences of the neutralizing epitopes, transmembrane domain I, II and N-terminal ectodomain were comparatively conservative. Single base (C) insertion mutation at nt1279 ( E1 region, aa313), resulting in a mutated E1 coding protein (beginning at aa 313) and interruption at N terminus (aa 398) of HVR1 region of E2, was dominant quasispecies sequence(11/12) found in serum 283 . This is the first report on E1/E2 quasispecies in Chinese HCV patients and this novel pattern of insertion mutation provides important information for further study on HCV pathogenesis and immune evasion.

To explore pathological alteration of T2DM in cynomolgus monkeys, gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes from spontaneous and diet-induced T2DM models was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Among 36 T2DM associated genes tested, 19 genes (including G6PC, CCR2B, CTLA4) displayed a similar expression pattern in both spontaneous and diet-induced T2DM models and were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated compared to controls. Interestingly, expression abundance of all up-regulated genes in the diet-induced T2DM was stronger, although not significantly, than spontaneous models, indicating diet-induced T2DM in monkeys should be a reliable research model for changes in gene expression. The characteristic gene expression pattern obtained here may be useful for the clinical diagnosis of T2DM.

Objective: To study the clinical significance of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations including internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation and point mutation of tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)., Methods: Bone marrow samples from 116 children with newly-diagnosed AML were obtained. Gene mutations of FLT3/ITD and FLT3/TKD were detected by RT-PCR. The relationship of FLT3 gene mutations with the clinical characteristics and the therapeutic efficacy was observed., Results: FLT3/ITD and FLT3/TKD mutations were detected in 9 cases (7.8%) and 13 cases (11.2%) respectively out of the 116 children. FLT3/ITD mutations were observed in 3 cases of AML-M3 (3/9; 33.3%) and in 3 cases of AML-M5 (3/9; 33.3%). FLT3/TKD mutations were the most common in AML-M3 patients (10/13; 76.9%). The patients with FLT3/ITD mutations had a significantly higher peripheral WBC count and marrow blast percentage compared with the patients without FLT3/ITD mutations at diagnosis (P<0.01). The 3-year overall survival rate in patients with FLT3/ITD mutations was significantly lower than that in patients without FLT3/ITD mutations (38.9% vs 64.3%; P<0.05)., Conclusions: FLT3/TKD mutations are common in children with AML-M3. The AML children with FLT3/ITD mutations present a high peripheral WBC count and a high marrow blast percentage at diagnosis and have an unfavorable outcome.

To screen spontaneous diabetic mellitus and explore methods for its rapid identification, the basal and inferred levels of blood glucose of 440 overweight, middle- and old-aged cynomolgus monkeys were analyzed. Diagnostic diabetes was further validated by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and urine glucose. The average level of blood glucose of these cynomolgus monkeys was (3.88±0.98) mmol/L, which was lower than the level for suspected diabetes (5.0 mmol/L). Of them, 56 (12.72%) monkeys were identified with levels of blood glucose greater than 5.0 mmol/L and diagnosed as the diabetic subjects. This population showed impaired glucose tolerance using the OGTT and 39 of the 56 (69.23%) had glucose positive urine. The methods for screening diabetic mellitus used in this study were simple, quick, and limited the harm to animals. However, the incidence of diabetes was higher in these tested monkeys than in the regular human population in China (9.7%), suggesting that these methods are useful for screening diabetic disease in a large population but not suitable for all cynomolgus monkeys.