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There are two criteria for paradigm change, the first one is the reconstruction of basic theory, and the second one is the change of method and application of the paradigm, in which the former is more important. Scholars of public administration at home and abroad have different viewpoints about the paradigm change of public administration not only because of their different understanding of paradigm and the standards of paradigm change, but also because of the complexity of public administration itself. According to the standards of paradigm change, there are three basic research paradigms of the public administration, traditional public administration, new public management and public governance. Research of the paradigm change of public administration is benefit for the better understanding of the history of public administration as well as the practices of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to screen genetic variations in plakophilin-2 (PKP2) gene in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) and investigate the differences in clinical features between mutation and no-mutation groups., Methods: Thirty unrelated Chinese patients clinically diagnosed with ARVC/D and 50 healthy controls were included. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples. PCR and direct sequencing were used to detect variations in PKP2 gene., Results: Eight PKP2 mutant variants were identified in 10 ARVC/D patients (8 men, 2 women). Among the eight mutation, three (c.2194C>T, c. 1170+ 1G>A and c. 810_813delGGTC) were novel mutation. Clinical features of the PKP2 mutation group were similar to those of the non-mutation group., Conclusions: The rate of PKP2 mutation is 33.3% (10/30) in ARVC/D patients. The penetrance of PKP2 mutation for ARVC/D tends to be higher in man patients. No significant differences could be detected in phenotype characteristics between patients with and without PKP2 mutation.