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Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and mechanisms of emodin on oxidative stress response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine mononuclear macrophages (RAW264.7). Methods Involved the use of LPS, RAW264.7 cells, and emodin. Experimental groups included a control group, LPS (1 µg/mL) group, and LPS (1 µg/mL) + emodin (15 µmmol/L) pretreatment group. Aldehyde malondialdehyde (MDA) content, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and silent information regulator 2 (Sirt2) expression were evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 hours after LPS exposure. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with Sirt2 inhibitor AGK2 (20 «mol/L) followed by LPS stimulation, and the above-mentioned parameters were assessed at 6 hours. Results Compared to the control group, MDA content, ROS levels, Sirt2 mRNA, and protein expression in RAW264.7 cells in the LPS group increased at all time points (all P < 0.05). At 6 and 18 hours, MDA content and ROS levels in RAW264.7 cells in the LPS + emodin group decreased significantly (all P < 0.05), while at 12 hours, ROS levels were lower in the LPS group compared to the LPS + emodin group (P < 0.05). Sirt2 mRNA and protein levels significantly increased at all time points (all P < 0.05) compared to the LPS group. In the LPS + emodin + AGK2 group, Sirt2 mRNA and protein levels decreased, and MDA content and ROS levels increased compared to the LPS + emodin group (all P < 0.05) .Conclusion LPS-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells and emodin attenuate LPS-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells through Sirt2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to creating calligraphic works for sale, Wang Duo often used them as gifts to fulfill certain social obligations. The main recipients were his colleagues at work, local officials, and fellow artists. Among them, two groups were especially significant. First, Wang gave calligraphic works to local officials, which allowed him to maintain friendly relations with important families and enjoy certain privileges. Second, Wang also gave his valuable works to powerful Han officials in the Qing court in hopes of establishing a social network in the new dynasty. This clearly conflicts with the account of other former Ming officials in the Qing government, who described Wang as reluctant to serve the Manchus and as leading a decadent life. Here, Wang Duo's actual social attempts are revealed by the whereabouts of his calligraphic works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Hedyotis cryptantha .On the basis of spectroscopic data, their structures were identified as asperuloside (1), asperulosidic acid (2), asperulosidic acid methyl ester (3), asperulosidic acid ethyl ester (4 ), 3,4-dihydro-3-methoxy asperuloside (5), kaempferol (6), kaempferol 3,7-di-O -β-D-glucoside (7), kaempferol 3-O -β-D-galactopyranosyl- (1 → 3) -β-D-galactopyranoside (8), ursonic acid (9), stigmasterol (10), and β-sitosterol (11) .All of these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, while compounds 7 and 8 were found from the genus Hedyotis for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]