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An accurate diagnosis of consciousness disorder after brain injury is the basis for further treatment. The previous evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury is mainly based on behavior scales and imaging examination, which is limited to subjective factors and external interference and difficult to detect and evaluate in real time. The development of objective and efficient evaluation methods of consciousness disorder after brain injury is currently a hot spot in clinical research. Neurophysiological monitoring is safe, objective, simple to operate, and can be detected continuously timely. It can be used as an evaluation method for consciousness disorder after brain injury. In this paper, we summarize the application paradigms and analysis methods of evoked potential and EEG in the clinical evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury in recent years, in order to provide new technical ideas for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of consciousness disorder after brain injury.

With the development of the combination of medicine and engineering and the improvement of clinical rehabilitation demand, intelligent upper limb rehabilitation robots can provide stroke patients with high intensity and repetition of active rehabilitation training to restore the upper limb motor function and achieve the remodeling of damaged brain nerves. However, many upper limb rehabilitation robot systems are still in the stage of laboratory development or clinical verification. This paper summarizes the latest research results of upper limb rehabilitation robots at home and abroad, compares the advantages and disadvantages of different types of robots, looks forward to the development trend of upper limb rehabilitation robots, and provides ideas for further promoting clinical transformation.

In recent years, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a huge impact on the global medical, political and economic fields. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, our understanding of the impact of COVID-19 has grown exponentially. Recently, the COVID-19 epidemic has changed rapidly in China, and there has been controversy over how to carry out surgical operations for patients with lung neoplastic lesions. Some studies have shown that lung cancer patients undergoing surgery are more likely to experience respiratory failure and perioperative death after contracting COVID-19 than the general population, however, delays in cancer treatment are also associated with increased mortality among these patients. In particular, the novel coronavirus Omikron variant has a higher transmissibility and may escape the immunity obtained through the previous novel coronavirus infection and vaccination. In order to minimize the risk of novel coronavirus infection in surgical patients, it is necessary to develop new treatment guidelines, expert consensus and preventive measures. However, the current rapid change of the epidemic situation has led to insufficient time and evidence to develop guidelines and consensus. Therefore, thoracic surgeons need to evaluate specific patient populations at higher risk of severe complications before surgery and weigh the benefit of surgical treatment against the risk of novel coronavirus infection. We try to give some recommendations on lung surgery during the current domestic epidemic situation based on the guidelines and consensus of oncology and thoracic surgery organizations in different regions on lung surgery.

In December 2019, China diagnosed the first patient with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the following development of the epidemic had a huge impact on China and the whole world. For patients with lung occupying lesions, the whole process of diagnosis and treatment can not be carried out as usual due to the epidemic. For thoracic surgeons, the timing of surgical intervention should be very carefully considered. All thoracic surgeons in China should work together to develop the proper procedures for the diagnosis and treatment in this special situation, and continuously update the recommendations based on epidemic changes and further understanding of COVID-19. Here, we only offer some preliminary suggestions based on our own knowledge for further reference and discussion.

Background and objective Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a recognized complication in lung cancer patients with higher morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of lower extremity venous thrombosis (LEDVT) in lung cancer patients and to reveal the risk factors for LEDVT during admission in our center. Methods We first connected 231 patients with lung cancer admitted to the Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from July 2017 to December 2017. All these patients underwent color ultrasound examination of lower extremity vein on admission to analyze the incidence of LEDVT. At the same time, the incidence of LEDVT in patients with benign lung diseases on admission was used as control. In order to explore the possible risk factors for LEDVT in these patients with lung cancer, we further analyze the correlations between LEDVT and their clinical features. At the same time, we also analyze the relationship between LEDVT and Plasma D-Dimmer, fibrinogen (FIB), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thrombin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and platelet (PLT) in these patients with lung cancer. Results Among 231 patients with lung cancer, the incidence rate of LEDVT on admission was 5.2% (12/231), and in 77 patients with benign lung disease, there was none of patients with LEDVT on admission. This result indicated that the admitted incidence rate of LEDVT in patients with lung cancer was significantly higher than that in patients with benign lung disease (P0.05). Conclusion The overall incidence of LEDVT in our central lung cancer patients was approximately 5%, significantly higher than that in patients with benign lung disease. Lung cancer patients with distant metastasis (including N3 lymph node metastasis) at admission were more likely to develop LEDVT, and these patients with higher D-Dimer values should be considered the possibility of VTE events.

Squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC) is a unique clinical and histologic category of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most of patients with SqCLC tend to be older, typically at advanced stage, associated with smoking and have more complications. With progress of targeted therapy of lung cancer, we identified several potential actionable genetic abnormalities such as FGFR. Several FGFR inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in different cancers. And some of these agents are currently under investigation in clinical trials for SqCLC. This article summarizes the current knowledge about FGFR aberrations, the relative inhibitors in development and clinical data in SqCLC.

For the segmentation of a remote sensing image, the seeded region growing algorithm is a common method. The traditional single-seed region growing algorithm can only segment a remote sensing image in a single, continuous object with simple texture. However, in the case of a high-resolution remote sensing image with complex texture and multispectral features, the segmentation result of this algorithm is unsatisfactory, as it cannot segment multiple objects simultaneously and effectively. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved object-oriented automatic multiseed region growing algorithm, which is suitable for simultaneously extracting multiple target objects and its segmentation result is also good. The method first uses an improved median filter to smooth the image, making the interior of the multiple target objects homogeneous, while preserving their texture. Then, it automatically selects the multiple seed regions through a certain criterion and finally, processes the grown regions and combines them. Thus, this paper obtains the segmentation results of various objects. The paper uses three sets of aerial images with different spatial resolutions to carry out experiments. Compared with watershed algorithm and traditional single-seed region growing algorithm, this method can be used for global objects. It can automatically select different types of seeds with multiple features and can simultaneously segment multiple target objects, thus providing a reliable data for the object-oriented image analysis and application.

Silicone rubber composite insulators (SiR) for electric power will encounter lightning strike or fire during operation, and SiR will fail due to complex changes such as expansion and cracking after pyrolysis at different temperatures. However, the pyrolysis performance of SiR and the microscopic reasons for these changes are still unclear. In this paper, the thermal degradation of SiR at different temperatures was discussed, and the relationship between pyrolysis temperature and the structure, mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity of SiR was explored. The thermal stability of SiR was studied by synchronous thermal analyzer. The results show that the microstructure of SiR changes significantly with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Due to the release of pyrolysis gas and molecular crosslinking in SiR, a large number of pores are produced on the surface of SiR, and the crosslinking degree and tensile properties of silicone rubber decrease. When the pyrolysis temperature is above 300 °C, the mechanical properties and C--H bonds of the pyrolyzed SiR decrease obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the added value utilization of gasification fly ash and make it suitable as a filler for polymers, the gasification fly ash was ground and modified. The modified gasification fly ash (CGFA) was used as a functional filler, epoxy resin (EP) was used as the matrix, and carboxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber (CTBN) was added to prepare EP/CTBN/CGFA composites. The effects of different content of CGFA on mechanical properties, microstructure and thermal stability of EP/CTBN/CGFA composites were investigated. The results show that with the increase of CGFA content, the thermal stability of EP/CTBN/CGFA composites is improved, and the tensile strength and impact strength first increase and then decrease. When the addition amount of CGFA is 5%, the tensile strength of EP/ CTBNCGFA composite reaches the maximum, which is 10% higher than that of composite without CGFA. As a filler, the gasification fly ash can improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of EP materials, and reduce the industrial production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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How to accurately predict Web service QoS (Quality of Service) has recently become a hot research topic. Considering the influence of user locations on Web service QoS, some studies have proposed a couple of location-aware Web service QoS prediction methods. However, the relationship between Web service QoS and user locations is rarely empirically investigated. Therefore, an empirical study for evaluating the relationship between them is carried out, and a set of experiments on a real dataset of Web service QoS is constructed. Experimental results show that two users that are close in location are likely to observe similar QoS values on the same set of Web services, and vice versa. These findings confirm the strong correlation between Web service QoS and user locations, which can provide important evidences for the effectiveness of location-aware Web service QoS prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sinology, scholars engaged in China studies are composed of those who are Chinese and those who are Western in ethnic origin. Due to the difference in ethnic origin, the politics of scholarship in Sinologism is not as powerful as that in Orientalism, but much more colorful and complex. The ethnic factor exerts an impact on the mentality of scholars, which sometimes develops into what may be called identity politics in scholarship, and adversely affects conceptions and uses of paradigms of scholarship. Since few scholars entangled in the identity politics are consciously aware of ethnic identity at work, or willing to acknowledge it, the mentality responsible for problematic ways of doing scholarship may be called the "ethnic unconscious" or "intellectual unconscious. " This article conducts some case studies to explore how the ethnic unconscious operates, what adverse effects it produces on scholarship, how it is repressed even though it is easily identifiable, and more importantly, how it develops into an intellectual unconscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three light intensities (100%, 56.2%, and 12.5%) were installed to simulate the light regimes of opening field (cutting blank), forest gap, and understory, respectively, aimed to understand the effects of different light regimes on the seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass accumulation and allocation of alien species Alnus formosana and native species A. cremastogyne. Low light regime limited the seedling growth of the two alder species, while the light regime of forest gap was more favorable for the growth, in comparison with that of the opening field. Regardless of the light regimes, A. formosana seedlings had higher specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and basal diameter, but smaller leaf number, leaf area ratio (LAR), and petiole length. Under low light regime, A. formosana seedlings had higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), light saturation point (LSP), and apparent quantum yield (AQY), but smaller light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rday). With the decrease of light intensity, A. formosana seedlings had much higher root mass ratio (RMR) and much lower leaf mass ratio (LMR), implying that more carbon was allocated and stored to the roots rather than new leaves, whereas the A. cremastogyne seedlings were in adverse, i. e., more carbon was allocated to the above-ground parts, which might increase the risk of animal feeding and mechanical damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Euler-Euler two-fluid model and the mechanism of air-fluid phase momentum transfer, numerical simulations of ventilated cavitating flow were carried out under various Froude number and ventilation rate. The variation law of cavity shape and cavitation number was obtained in regard to different working conditions. Compared with experimental results, the numerical model is capable of predicting the cavity shape accurately. By further analysis of the velocity field and interfacial shear stress, it is found that, at low ventilation rate, the interphase slip velocity and shear stress appear stronger, which results an easier air package leakage by re-entrained jet. While at high ventilation rate, the possibility of gas leakage from the interface in the form of small bubbles is enhanced due to a delayed breakup point by re-entrained jet. Above conclusions are coincidence with experimental results and hence the validity of numerical model is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial-boundary value problem to the Stokes approximation equations of compressible flow in one dimension is discussed. When ρ0 ϵ H1 (0,1) , u0 ϵ H01 (0,1), global existence of strong solution to the Stokes approximation equations is proved by compact method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the curative effect and safety of the treatment on hematospermia through washing of ureteroscope cathetering via urethra. Methods 43 patients were treated with retrograde intubation via urethra under ureteroscope, seminal vesiculography under X ray of C-type arm, and washing and drainage of seminal vesicle indwelling catheter. Results The symptoms of 43 patients with repeated macroscopic hematospermia caused by seminal vesiculitis were improved in different degrees. Besides, there was no serious complication, such as rectal injury, urethral injury, severe infection, etc. Among them, 7 patients suffered relapse and were cured after secondary operation. The follow-up visit had been done in all cases for 6 to 65 months, and no complication occurred. Conclusion It is safe and effective to cure the hematospermia through the washing and drainage via retrograde intubation under ureteroscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of plasmakinetic resectoscope in the treatment of urethrostenosis complicated with bladder stones. Methods Urethrostenosis was explored by F26 plasmakinetic resectoscope under direct vision in the state of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia ( CSEA). An F3 ureteral catheter or a Zebra urologic guidewire was placed in the bladder via the stricture of the urethra. Patients with severe urethrostenosis were appropriately guided by injection of methylene blue through cystostomy or insertion of a cystoscope with lamphouse and a metal divulsor into the stricture. An incision was then made in cicatrices of the stricture by a cylindrical electrode (PLASMA-CISETM & PLASMA-CUTTM) via the operating sheath channel, followed by plasmakinetic resection of the cicatrices with a resectoscope loop till the resectoscope reached the bladder, and finally the pneumatic lithotripsy through the same channel. The broken stones were flushed out with ELLICK, and a Foley catheter was indwelt for two to six weeks. Regular urethral extensions were performed following Foley catheter removal. Results Urination was markedly improved in all patients following Foley catheter removal compared with pretreatment. Urination was smooth during postoperative urethral extensions without complications. Conclusion Plasmakinetic resectoscope is advantageous in the treatment of urethrostenosis complicated with bladder stones, and it is safe and effective and deserves clinical generalization . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the operation points of the steps of "front -type" hypospadias operation in oral mucosa urethroplasty and scrubbed shaped urethra with meat membrane covering. Methods After correction of chordee of penis of 40 patients with "Front -type" hypospadias, oral mucosa was transplanted and fixed on albuginea surface at the one-third of ventral penile for all the patients to increase the width of the urethra and form the urethra with the selected appropriate size ureter. The skin of dorsal penile was transferred to ventral penile. After clearing the pedicled skin flap, the subcutaneous layer of meat was kept down, and stamped wholly on forming place of urethral reel (including both sides inferior of cut-off cavernous body of glans penis), forming the glans again. Results There was no ankylo-urethria among the 40 "front -type" hypospadias operation, ureteroscopy examination after two months of the operation showed that "all the transplanted oral mucosa survived", and the stamped subcutaneous layer of meat located at both sides inferior of cut-off cavernous body of glans penis adhered with satisfaction, no glans incision dehiscence, there occurred 2 cases of urinary fistula which had been cured by neoplasty, there was 1 case of transferred flap necrosis which had been cured after dressing change. 40 patients were satisfied with penis appearance after operation. Conclusion Following up the operation points of "front-type" hyospadias operation, the success rate of operation can be improverd obviously, the plastic effect is good, and the complications after operation can be reduced, stamped wholly on formed urethra. There is a small probability of incidence of urethral stenosis and urinary fistula after operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the literature on artificial intelligence in forensic research from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection Database, to explore research hotspots and developmental trends. Methods A total of 736 articles on artificial intelligence in forensic medicine in the Web of Science Core Collection Database from 2012 to 2022 were visualized and analyzed through the literature measuring tool CiteSpace. The authors, institution, country （region）, title, journal, keywords, cited references and other information of relevant literatures were analyzed. Results A total of 736 articles published in 220 journals by 355 authors from 289 institutions in 69 countries （regions） were identified, with the number of articles published showing an increasing trend year by year. Among them, the United States had the highest number of publications and China ranked the second. Academy of Forensic Science had the highest number of publications among the institutions. Forensic Science International, Journal of Forensic Sciences, International Journal of Legal Medicine ranked high in publication and citation frequency. Through the analysis of keywords, it was found that the research hotspots of artificial intelligence in the forensic field mainly focused on the use of artificial intelligence technology for sex and age estimation, cause of death analysis, postmortem interval estimation, individual identification and so on. Conclusion It is necessary to pay attention to international and institutional cooperation and to strengthen the cross-disciplinary research. Exploring the combination of advanced artificial intelligence technologies with forensic research will be a hotspot and direction for future research.

In order to obtain excellent properties of CrN coating, the CrN coating was prepared by closed unbalanced magnetron sputtering with substrate locating in different positions (one - axis, three - axis) in the system to study the effects of substrate position on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating. Results showed that the positions of substrate and target had no effect on the phase composition of the CrN coating, which all turned out to be CrN (111), CrN (200), and CrN (220) crystal planes. The CrN coating prepared on one - axis possessed smaller grain size, low density, thickness of about 3.2 μm, coating - substrate binding force of HF4, more impurity phase of Cr2N, and friction coefficient of 0.725～0.975, while the CrN coating prepared on three - axis had larger grain size, high density, thickness of about 2.2 μm, coating - substrate binding force of HF1, less impurity phase of Cr2N, and friction coefficient of 0.525～0.700.

Effect of curing characteristics matching of blending polyurethane rubber(MPU) and nitrile rubber(NBR) on properties of MPU/NBR blends was investigated. The results showed that the MPU phase was heat treated at 130 ℃ before the blending process to shorten the vulcanization induction period and made the curing characteristics similar to NBR. The interphase segregation of MPU and NBR could be effectively reduced, and the degree of vulcanization could be increased. The physical and mechanical properties of MPU/NBR blends were improved. When the heat treatment time was 8 min, the tensile strength of MPU/NBR blend increased by 37%, and the heat-resistant oil aging property was significantly improved.

High energy consumption and low energy efficiency are problems that have plagued vessels in operation for many years. Traditional technologies such as thermoelectric generator (TEG) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are difficult to take into account the different characteristics to various waste heat of vessels. Simultaneously, the utilization rate of vessel waste heat is relatively low. To achieve the purpose of various types of waste heat from vessels, this study presents a vessel waste heat cascade utilization device system, which is based on the TEG-ORC combined cycle. The effects of the ORC evaporation pressure on the performance of the system were analyzed, which includes the combined cycle system output power, system thermal efficiency, multi-stage waste heat utilization and power generation cost of the system. The results show that the TEG-ORC combined cycle system improves the waste heat utilization performance and the combined cycle enables the optimization of power generation cost and system thermal efficiency. Based on the condition that the TEG-ORC basic cycle ratio of 0.615, the utilization rate of flue gas waste heat generated by the main engine, fluctuates in a small interval with the increase of ORC evaporation pressure. The waste heat utilization power of each unit, output power and thermal efficiency of the system enhance with the increase in the ORC evaporation pressure. At the same time, the unit power generation cost of the system decreases with the increase in the ORC evaporation pressure. When the ORC evaporation pressure reaches 0.9 MPa, the waste heat utilization rate of the flue gas generated by the main engine is 62.15%, the waste heat utilization power of the system is 1919.68 W, the output power of the system is 139.22 W, the thermal efficiency of the system is 7.25%, and the cost of system unit power generation is 3.09 ¥·(kW·h)–1.

In order to solve the problem that the pin of butterfly laser connected with lead wire breaks in the sweep frequency vibration test, the finite element analysis model is established with different pin length to reflect the influence of lead wire. The stress of the pin is analyzed by mode superposition method under the condition of 20 g and 20~2 000 Hz sinusoidal sweep frequency vibration. Based on Miner criterion, the life of pin under vibration is calculated. The analysis results show that the natural frequency of the original laser pin is higher than 2 000 Hz. After connecting to the lead wire, the natural frequency will be reduced to less than 2 000 Hz, and the resonance will occur under the vibration condition. It is also shown that if the lead wire is fixed appropriately, the natural frequency can be increased to more than 2 000 Hz to avoid resonance. Moreover, the results indicate that the original laser pin has infinite life under vibration condition, but the life of the pin connected by lead wire is greatly reduced. The pin life can be increased to infinite life by fixing the lead wire appropriately.

TC4 titanium alloy bulk specimens were prepared by laser deposition manufacturing.The effect of annealing treatment on mechanical properties, microstructure of LDMed TC4 titanium alloy was studied by optical microstructure (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The experimental results show that the microstructure is basketweave structure after α+β two-phase region annealing treatment and is transformed to Widmanstatten structure after β phase region annealing treatment.The mechanical properties still show significant anisotropy after annealing:Z-direction samples exhibit low strength and high plasticity, while XY-direction samples show high strength and low plasticity.The samples have a greatly decrease in strength and plasticity after β phase region annealing treatment.The annealing temperature has obvious influence on the anisotropy of the samples. The tensile properties of XY-direction samples are evidently scattered.Both direction samples exhibit ductile fracture after α+β two-phase region annealing treatment. The strength and plasticity of the samples decrease greatly after β single phase region annealing treatment, and the XY-direction samples are brittle fracture.

Based on the density functional theory simulation method, the adsorption behaviors of four typical mine gases (CO, CO2, CH4 and N2) on the surface oxygen-containing functional groups of coal are simulated from the atomic level. The adsorption mechanism of four kinds of gases on coal surface functional groups is investigated. Four kinds of gases simulate the adsorption behavior of six common functional group structural units on the coal surface: phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, ether bond, alcoholic hydroxyl group and alkyl group. The results show that the adsorption energy, adsorption configuration and frontier orbit are calculated and analyzed. The adsorption strength of coal and four gases exists: CO2>N2>CO>CH4, and the order of adsorption of oxygen-containing functional groups on each coal surface model is: carboxyl group> alcoholic hydroxyl group> phenolic hydroxyl group> carbonyl group> Ether bond > alkyl group.

Based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami type kinetics equations and the Koistinen-Marburger equation,a fully coupled thermomechanical-metallurgical finite element model was established for a door anti-collusion bumper of boron steel 22 Mn B5 in hot stamping. The characteristics of temperature,microstructure and hardness distribution on the door anti-collusion bumper were investigated. The effects of holding force and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of door anti-collusion bumper hot stamped parts were also analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the cooling rate of the top is 137.3℃·s-1 and the cooling rate of the side wall is 69.8℃·s-1. Different cooling rates lead to different microstructure and hardness distributions on the door anti-collusion bumper. With the increasing of holding force,the holding time when the door anti-collusion bumper gets 95% martensite can be shorten,and this can speed up the production efficiency. In addition,we analyzed the microstructure and hardness at the top and side wall of the door anti-collusion bumper. Experimental results show that when the holding time is 10 s,the top and side wall transfer to fully lath martensite,and the hardness at the top is about 508 HV,higher than that at the side wall of 474 HV.

Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were randomly divided into conventional treatment group and Medtronic EDM system continued external drainage group. After treatment, two groups were compared with the cure rate during hospitalization, the incidence of hydrocephalus, headache duration, duration of disturbance of consciousness, intracranial pressure returned to normal time and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) red blood cell recovery time. The results indicated that Medtronic EDM system continued external drainage was superior to the conventional treatment. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). This can explain the use of Medtronic EDM system in continuous lumbar drainage is significantly effective in treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.04.019

Different ranks coking coals were heated to different temperatures by simulating coking process, and the heated residues were studied by making use of HD-type polarizing microscope and IR spectrum. The results indicate that the vitrinite of coal begin to break firstly, then soften and melt in pyrolyzing process. The vitrinite of the same coking coal change differently, furthermore, the degrees of breaking and softening owe different for vitrinite of different rank coals. When coal is heated to solidifying temperature, its pyrolyzing products show the optical characteristics of coke. As the temperature rises, the optical textures change sequentially. Molecular structure of organic matter of 1/3 coking coal and fatty coal as this test samples change similarly in the process of pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDOC) are pathological conditions of alterations in consciousness caused by various severe brain injuries, profoundly affecting patients' life ability and leading to a huge burden for both the family and society. Exploring the mechanisms underlying pDOC and accurately assessing the level of consciousness in the patients with pDOC provide the basis of developing therapeutic strategies. Research of non-invasive functional neuroimaging technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG), have demonstrated that the generation, maintenance and disorders of consciousness involve functions of multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions, and their networks. Invasive intracranial neuroelectrophysiological technique can directly record the electrical activity of subcortical or cortical neurons with high signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution, which has unique advantages and important significance for further revealing the brain function and disease mechanism of pDOC. Here we reviewed the current progress of pDOC research based on two intracranial electrophysiological signals, spikes reflecting single-unit activity and field potential reflecting multi-unit activities, and then discussed the current challenges and gave an outlook on future development, hoping to promote the study of pathophysiological mechanisms related to pDOC and provide guides for the future clinical diagnosis and therapy of pDOC.

Joint attention deficit is one of the core disorders in children with autism, which seriously affects the development of multiple basic skills such as language and communication. Virtual reality scene intervention has great potential in improving joint attention skills in children with autism due to its good interactivity and immersion. This article reviewed the application of virtual reality based social and nonsocial scenarios in training joint attention skills for children with autism in recent years, summarized the problems and challenges of this intervention method, and proposed a new joint paradigm for social scenario assessment and nonsocial scenario training. Finally, it looked forward to the future development and application prospects of virtual reality technology in joint attention skill training for children with autism.

Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) is a type of psychological visual stimulation experimental paradigm that requires participants to identify target stimuli presented continuously in a stream of stimuli composed of numbers, letters, words, images, and so on at the same spatial location, allowing them to discern a large amount of information in a short period of time. The RSVP-based brain-computer interface (BCI) can not only be widely used in scenarios such as assistive interaction and information reading, but also has the advantages of stability and high efficiency, which has become one of the common techniques for human-machine intelligence fusion. In recent years, brain-controlled spellers, image recognition and mind games are the most popular fields of RSVP-BCI research. Therefore, aiming to provide reference and new ideas for RSVP-BCI related research, this paper reviewed the paradigm design and system performance optimization of RSVP-BCI in these three fields. It also looks ahead to its potential applications in cutting-edge fields such as entertainment, clinical medicine, and special military operations.

Coding with high-frequency stimuli could alleviate the visual fatigue of users generated by the brain-computer interface (BCI) based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). It would improve the comfort and safety of the system and has promising applications. However, most of the current advanced SSVEP decoding algorithms were compared and verified on low-frequency SSVEP datasets, and their recognition performance on high-frequency SSVEPs was still unknown. To address the aforementioned issue, electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 20 subjects were collected utilizing a high-frequency SSVEP paradigm. Then, the state-of-the-art SSVEP algorithms were compared, including 2 canonical correlation analysis algorithms, 3 task-related component analysis algorithms, and 1 task discriminant component analysis algorithm. The results indicated that they all could effectively decode high-frequency SSVEPs. Besides, there were differences in the classification performance and algorithms' speed under different conditions. This paper provides a basis for the selection of algorithms for high-frequency SSVEP-BCI, demonstrating its potential utility in developing user-friendly BCI.

High-frequency steady-state asymmetric visual evoked potential (SSaVEP) provides a new paradigm for designing comfortable and practical brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. However, due to the weak amplitude and strong noise of high-frequency signals, it is of great significance to study how to enhance their signal features. In this study, a 30 Hz high-frequency visual stimulus was used, and the peripheral visual field was equally divided into eight annular sectors. Eight kinds of annular sector pairs were selected based on the mapping relationship of visual space onto the primary visual cortex (V1), and three phases (in-phase[0º, 0º], anti-phase [0º, 180º], and anti-phase [180º, 0º]) were designed for each annular sector pair to explore response intensity and signal-to-noise ratio under phase modulation. A total of 8 healthy subjects were recruited in the experiment. The results showed that three annular sector pairs exhibited significant differences in SSaVEP features under phase modulation at 30 Hz high-frequency stimulation. And the spatial feature analysis showed that the two types of features of the annular sector pair in the lower visual field were significantly higher than those in the upper visual field. This study further used the filter bank and ensemble task-related component analysis to calculate the classification accuracy of annular sector pairs under three-phase modulations, and the average accuracy was up to 91.5%, which proved that the phase-modulated SSaVEP features could be used to encode high- frequency SSaVEP. In summary, the results of this study provide new ideas for enhancing the features of high-frequency SSaVEP signals and expanding the instruction set of the traditional steady state visual evoked potential paradigm.

There are few researches on the modulation effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on complex spatial cognition. Especially, the influence of tDCS on the neural electrophysiological response in spatial cognition is not yet clear. This study selected the classic spatial cognition task paradigm (three-dimensional mental rotation task) as the research object. By comparing the changes in behavior and event-related potentials in different modes of tDCS before, during and after the application of tDCS, this study analyzed the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of tDCS on mental rotation. The comparison between active-tDCS and sham-tDCS showed no statistically significant difference in behavior between different stimulation modes. Still, the changes in the amplitudes of P2 and P3 during the stimulation were statistically significant. Compared with sham-tDCS, the amplitudes of P2 and P3 in active-tDCS mode showed a greater decrease during the stimulation. This study clarifies the influence of tDCS on the event-related potentials of the mental rotation task. It shows that tDCS may improve the brain information processing efficiency during the mental rotation task. Also, this study provides a reference for an in-depth understanding and exploration of the modulation effect of tDCS on complex spatial cognition.

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has been widely used in the research of brain-computer interface (BCI) system in recent years. The advantages of SSVEP-BCI system include high classification accuracy, fast information transform rate and strong anti-interference ability. Most of the traditional researches induce SSVEP responses in low and middle frequency bands as control signals. However, SSVEP in this frequency band may cause visual fatigue and even induce epilepsy in subjects. In contrast, high-frequency SSVEP-BCI provides a more comfortable and natural interaction despite its lower amplitude and weaker response. Therefore, it has been widely concerned by researchers in recent years. This paper summarized and analyzed the related research of high-frequency SSVEP-BCI in the past ten years from the aspects of paradigm and algorithm. Finally, the application prospect and development direction of high-frequency SSVEP were discussed and prospected.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) can establish a direct communications pathway between the human brain and the external devices, which is independent of peripheral nerves and muscles. Compared with invasive BCI, non-invasive BCI has the advantages of low cost, low risk, and ease of operation. In recent years, using non-invasive BCI technology to control devices has gradually evolved into a new type of human-computer interaction manner. Moreover, the control strategy for BCI is an essential component of this manner. First, this study introduced how the brain control techniques were developed and classified. Second, the basic characteristics of direct and shared control strategies were thoroughly explained. And then the benefits and drawbacks of these two strategies were compared and further analyzed. Finally, the development direction and application prospects for non-invasive brain control strategies were suggested.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) have become one of the major paradigms in BCI research due to their high signal-to-noise ratio and short training time required by users. Fast and accurate decoding of SSVEP features is a crucial step in SSVEP-BCI research. However, the current researches lack a systematic overview of SSVEP decoding algorithms and analyses of the connections and differences between them, so it is difficult for researchers to choose the optimum algorithm under different situations. To address this problem, this paper focuses on the progress of SSVEP decoding algorithms in recent years and divides them into two categories-trained and non-trained-based on whether training data are needed. This paper also explains the fundamental theories and application scopes of decoding algorithms such as canonical correlation analysis (CCA), task-related component analysis (TRCA) and the extended algorithms, concludes the commonly used strategies for processing decoding algorithms, and discusses the challenges and opportunities in this field in the end.

Biometrics plays an important role in information society. As a new type of biometrics, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have special advantages in terms of versatility, durability, and safety. At present, the researches on individual identification approaches based on EEG signals draw lots of attention. Identity feature extraction is an important step to achieve good identification performance. How to combine the characteristics of EEG data to better extract the difference information in EEG signals is a research hotspots in the field of identity identification based on EEG in recent years. This article reviewed the commonly used identity feature extraction methods based on EEG signals, including single-channel features, inter-channel features, deep learning methods and spatial filter-based feature extraction methods, etc. and explained the basic principles application methods and related achievements of various feature extraction methods. Finally, we summarized the current problems and forecast the development trend.

Motor imagery (MI), motion intention of the specific body without actual movements, has attracted wide attention in fields as neuroscience. Classification algorithms for motor imagery electroencephalogram (MI-EEG) signals are able to distinguish different MI tasks based on the physiological information contained by the EEG signals, especially the features extracted from them. In recent years, there have been some new advances in classification algorithms for MI-EEG signals in terms of classifiers versus machine learning strategies. In terms of classifiers, traditional machine learning classifiers have been improved by some researchers, deep learning and Riemannian geometry classifiers have been widely applied as well. In terms of machine learning strategies, ensemble learning, adaptive learning, and transfer learning strategies have been utilized to improve classification accuracies or reach other targets. This paper reviewed the progress of classification algorithms for MI-EEG signals, summarized and evaluated the existing classifiers and machine learning strategies, to provide new ideas for developing classification algorithms with higher performance.