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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia are prevalent metabolic disorders in middle-aged and elderly populations, with overlapping pathogenic mechanisms. The liver and skeletal muscle secrete hepatokines and myokines, which play crucial roles in maintaining energy homeostasis by activating metabolic signaling pathways and mediating crosstalk in the muscleliver axis. This review explores the specific mechanisms by which myokines and hepatokines contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD and sarcopenia, aiming to elucidate the regulatory network between the liver and skeletal muscle.

The peptides and cytokines secreted by skeletal muscles during training, namely myokines, play an important regulatory role inpromoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy and in improving skeletal muscle strength. The myokines induced by resistance training could produce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This review firstly introduced the discovery and function of myokines as well as the mechanism of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. Then reviewed the role and research progress of several recognized myokines in resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy, including insulin-like growth factor -1, irisin, interleukin-6, interleukin-15, myostatin, decorin, and follistatin . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone and muscle are closely interrelated.Muscle can synthesize and secrete a series of myokines,which play important roles on the growth,development and function of the bone.Myokines can regulate the function of osteoblasts,osteoclasts and osteocytes,which can be divided into factors that promote bone anabolism,increase bone catabolism or regulate bone turnover in a double-edged way.This article reviews the advance of myokines which have important regulatory effects on bone metabolism,to reveal the regulatory network between muscle and bone,and provide new targets for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases.

The beneficial effects of exercise on health are well documented by evidence-based medicine, and it has been suggested that the health promotion of exercise is at least in part attributable to the "crosstalk" or "interaction" between organs (tissues) caused by exerkines released into the circulation by organs (tissues) during exercise. The classification, function and mechanism of exerkines are summarized, and the relationship between the myokines, adipokines, osteokines and hepatokines released by exercise and the occurrence and development of diseases is explained. It is believed that exercise-induced myokines, adipokines, osteokines and hepatokines can have a wide range of effects on the shape, structure, function and metabolism of the human body through "self-crosstalk" and "crosstalk" between organs (tissues) and organs (tissues), and participate in the maintenance of individual health. The effect of this crosstalk depends on the form of exercise, exercise intensity, exercise duration, exercise frequency and other factors. The conclusions can provide a new perspective for the understanding of the mechanism of exercise health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease that seriously endangers health. In recent years, many studies have reported that the occurrence of osteoporosis is related to the degradation of bone microenvironment angiogenesis. It is considered that there is a close temporal and spatial relationship between bone formation and bone angiogenesis, which is called "angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling". In addition to delivering oxygen and various nutrients into bone, endothelial cells themselves can secrete certain factors that affect the activity of osteogenic and osteoclastic cells, and certain factors secreted by osteogenic and osteoclastic cells can also act on endothelial cells to influence angiogenesis. The relationship between H subtype capillaries in bone and bone metabolism is particularly close, so it has gradually become a new focus in the treatment of osteoporosis. The cross talk in the musculoskeletal system is enhanced during exercise, and certain muscle factors, metabolic small molecules, and skeletal muscle specific mi RN As secreted by muscle may affect bone angiogenesis, and additionally exercise may directly affect the activity of osteogenic and osteoclastic ce11s, thereby indirectly regulating bone angiogenesis. This paper will introduce the vascular system in the bone, the changes of bone vessels during osteoporosis and the mechanism of bone vessels improving osteoporosis, and focus on the changes of bone vessels during exercise and the mechanism of exercise affecting bone angiogenesis, so as to find new evidence for exercise promoting bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone repair is a complex process involving biological events at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. Fracture healing mainly involves three physiological processes including inflammation, repair and remodeling. During the repair process, the main event is the recruitment, proliferation, extension and accumulation of bone stem cells. Substantial evidence suggests that stem cells originate from local osseous tissues, particularly the periosteum. However, bone repair can still occur in the circumstances of severe periosteal trauma. It seems that there are other potential sources of stem cells which can compensate for missing or damaged stem cells. Considering its proximity to bone, its close relationship with bone growth and development, and having been considered as a secretory organ, muscle is a potential and significant source of cells and growth factors for bone repair. In this review we summarized the role of muscle as source of bone stem cells, myokines secreted by muscle, and itself as an important component in bone repair, aiming to provide new insights for orthopedic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines and peptides produced and released by muscle cells and exert either autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects are defined as myokines. Myokines are capable of exerting specific endocrine effects on organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas and bone, thereby impacting the structure and function of numerous organs and tissues, as well as playing an important role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis. So far, researches have confirmed hundreds of different myokines, including irisin, myonectin, myostatin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can affect glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as energy equilibrium. The generation, physiology, mechanism of action and potential clinical value of these metabolism-associated myokines will be reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the effects and mechanisms of various myokines secreted by skeletal muscle on various bone tissue cells., Methods: Literature related to myokines and their regulation of bone tissue cells was reviewed and analyzed comprehensively in recent years., Results: Bone and skeletal muscle are important members of the motor system, and they are closely related in anatomy, genetics, and physiopathology. In recent years, it has been found that skeletal muscle can secrete a variety of myokines to regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone cells; these factors mutual crosstalk between myoskeletal unit, contact each other and influence each other, forming a complex myoskeletal micro-environment, and to some extent, it has a positive impact on bone repair and reconstruction., Conclusion: Myokines are potential targets for the dynamic balance of bone tissue cells. In-depth study of its mechanism is helpful to the prevention and treatment of myoskeletal diseases.