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With the increasing awareness of healthy diet and environmental protection, plant-based meat products have been rapidly developed at home and abroad. The objective of this study was to examine how the ratio of pea tissue protein to gluten, along with the additions of sweet potato starch, rapeseed oil, and red yeast red, affected the sensory scores and chewiness of plant-based meat. On the basis of single factor experiments, the plant-based formula was optimized using Box Behnken response surface methodology and texture analysis, and the optimal formula was tested for physicochemical indicators and in vitro digestion tests. The results showed that the ratio of pea tissue protein to gluten was 7:3 (g/g), along with 6% sweet potato starch, 10% rapeseed oil, and 0.03% safflower red, resulted in plant-based meat with favorable sensory scores (88.31) and chewability (3.131). The protein content of the plant-based meat obtained from the optimal formula was 15.70%, the fat content was 2.33%, and the moisture content was 57.79%. According to texture analysis, there were significant differences in hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness between plant meat and pork loin, beef, and chicken, in addition to elasticity. The results of in vitro digestion analysis showed that the protein digestibility of plant meat was 80.83%, while that of beef was 87.50%. The difference between the two was small, indicating that plant meat had good digestion ability. The plant meat made from pea tissue protein provides reference materials for further development, application, and other related industries.

【Objective】Zengcheng has a long history of planting litchi, and is one of the high-quality litchi producing areas in Guangdong, therefore it is of great significance to systematically collect, identify and evaluate their germplasm resources.【Method】A systematically investigation was conducted on the local litchi resources and ancient litchi resources in six villages in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province.【Result】Information of a total of 160 individual plants was collected, including 45 litchi seedlings, and the fruit characters of 26 fruiting trees were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the seeds of litchi seedlings were mostly full, with low wilted-nut rate (below 25%), low edible rate (below 75%), sour taste and morerately small fruits. However, six representative litchi germplasm resources with high specificity or comprehensive quality were screened out, and their fruits had the characteristics of high wilted-nut rate (93%), long tree-keeping period, early ripening period, purple peel, strong fragrance and special taste, indicating that there were germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive characteristics and specificity in Zengcheng, Guangdong. In regard to the investigation of ancient trees, 18 representative sample sites were selected for systematic investigation, and biological characteristics of 115 ancient litchi trees were collected, and their habitat distribution characteristics and productivity were analyzed. The results showed that the fruit types of ancient trees are relatively single, and the main high-quality varieties were 'Nuomici', 'Guiwei' and 'Huaizhi'. The maximum height of the tree was 25 m, the average height was 9.8 m, the maximum trunk girth was 410 cm, the average trunk girth was 220 cm, and the average crown width was 11.5 m× 12.0 m from north to south. It was speculated that the ages of ancient litchi trees in Lanxi, Zengcheng were mostly between 100 years and 500 years, and the oldest was not more than 1 000 years. The ancient trees showed good yield performance, and the yields distributed in the downhill foothills and plains were high, most with 100 kg, up to a maximum of 300 kg.【Conclusion】Based on the investigation of litchi germplasm resources in Lanxi, Zengcheng, Guangdong Province, six specific or excellent seedling litchi germplasm resources are identified and evaluated according to their fruit characteristics, and the survival status and age of ancient litchi resources are analyzed, and relevant suggestions on resource protection and utilization are put forward. The research results can provide references for exploration and innovative application germplasm resources in Zengcheng, Guangdong Province.

As concerns over environmental contamination and rapid consumption of fossil fuels continue to grow, it is important for energy storage technology to reduce the intermittency of clean and renewable energy sources. So far, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized by SONY corporation in 1991, have been the most widely used rechargeable batteries for various energy storage devices. Due to the ever-increasing demand for lithium employment in mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs), the price of Li resources is rising year by year. It is well known that worthwhile lithium resources are only found in a few countries (mainly in South America). Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as promising alternatives to LIBs for future large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) owing to their low cost, abundant reservoirs of Na resources and similar characteristics to LIBs. Developing high-performance cathode materials is crucial to realize the commercialization of the SIB technology. Sodium transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2), especially for Ni–Mn-based compounds, have received significant attention thanks to their high specific capacity and operating voltage. Normally, layered NaxTMO2 materials have two types of crystal structures: P2 and O3, according to the surrounding Na environment and the number of unique oxygen layers occupied within the lattice. Compared with the O3 phase, the P2-type structure has open diffusion channels for the transport of Na+ and relatively rare phase transitions, which make P2-type Na0.67[Ni, Mn]O2 (NNMO) one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, NNMO materials generally suffer from irreversible P2–O2 phase transformations, Na+/vacancy ordering transitions and Jahn–Teller distortion of Mn(III)O6 octahedra, leading to structural deterioration and performance degradation during the charge and discharge processes. In detail, the P2–O2 phase transition inevitably causes significant lattice volume change (~20%) and even the formation of cracks, resulting in the stripping of active substances from the collector and serious capacity decay during cycling. The Na+/vacancy ordering in NNMO causes the multi-step two-phase reactions, which may increase the activation energy barrier for Na+ hops between adjacent prismatic sites, consequently hindering Na+ diffusion. Additionally, the lattice distortion and P2-P’2 phase transition induced by the Jahn–Teller effect also impede Na+ migration, leading to the sluggish kinetics of Na+ (de)intercalation. In this review, the recent progress on NNMO cathodes is summarized, including ion-doping, surface modification and composite structure. The comprehensive and integrated explanation of the structure–function–performance relationship of these optimized cathodes is further presented. Moreover, the existing challenges of NNMO and possible remedies are also discussed. It is expected that this review can provide new insights into the commercialization of NNMO for SIBs.

50℃ and 80℃ high temperature aging environments were selected and the quasi-static tensile strength and shear strength of the aluminum alloy-BFRP (basalt fiber reinforced polymer composite) bonded joints aged for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days under high-temperature were measured at the loading rate of 1 mm/min with the designed testing fixture.The failure section of the joint was analyzed by macroscopical analysis.After 80℃ high temperature aging,post curing occurs in adhesive,the mechanical properties are enhanced. Chemical bond fracture occurs in BFRP, and glass transition temperature (Tg) is decreased. After aging for 30 days, the tensile strength of the joint is decreased and the shear strength is increased. After 30 days, the failure section of tensile joint appears to be stratified. Mixed failure of adhesive layer cohesion and fiber tear appears in the shear joint. After 50℃ high temperature aging, the mechanical properties of adhesive are slightly increased. The failure strength of the tensile joint changes little, and the failure mode is dominated by fiber tearing and delamination.The failure strength of shear joint is increased slightly, and the failure mode is mainly adhesive cohesive. According to the secondary stress criterion, the curves of tensile strength and shear strength were fitted.According to the response surface principle, the response surface equation of failure criterion with aging time was established to predict the crack generation and propagation of the adhesive layer of aluminum alloy-BFRP bonded structures.

In order to seek the coordination of energy supply system in economy, security, environmental protection and energy conservation, relying on the "Internet plus", a distributed cooling, heating and power system integrated with power generation unit (PGU), ground source heat pump and energy storage system was constructed. The models about off-design condition of each device were illustrated. On this basis, four operation strategies were put forward: following electric load, following thermal load, following hybrid load and following max efficiency of PGU. Then operation cost, carbon dioxide emission and primary energy were employed as objectives to analyze the operating time, output and performances of the proposed system under off-design condition. The results show that the proposed system has better economy, lower emissions and lower primary energy consumption than the conventional separate system. Under FTL strategy, the operation cost and carbon dioxide emission are the lowest, which are reduced by 32.7% and 45.3%, respectively. Because of the continuous operating, the reduction of primary energy is the most, which is 86.7%. The results can provide some theoretical references for the operation of distributed system.

Abstract: The formation conditions, existence evidence, modification modes and timing of hydrothermal dolomitization in the Sinian Dengying Formation are studied based on the basic geological conditions, mineral assemblages in dolomites, and geochemical features of the Gaoshiti-Moxi area in the Sichuan Basin. The Gaoshiti-Moxi area is a significant exploration target of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and has the basic conditions of regional geology for the occurrence of structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomitization: (1) activity of extensional basement-fault; (2) deep-burial hydrothermal reservoirs; (3) the overlying seal strata. Based on the petrographic analysis and geochemical tests (trace elements (Fe and Mn), stable isotopes (C, O, and Sr), homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, etc.) of the core samples of the Dengying Formation in the study area, combing with the MVT mineral assemblages and geochemical characteristics, the study demonstrates that structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomitization exists in the Dengying Formation of the study area. This type of hydrothermal dolomitization refers to transformation of matrix dolomites by hydrothermal fluids and it consists of three modes: (1) dissolution and cementation; (2) recrystallization and neomorphism; (3) hydrofracturing. It is inferred that there exists multi period of hydrothermal dolomitization, namely, Late Sinian to Early Cambrian, Late Devonian and Late Permian. Key words: hydrothermal dolomitization, MVT mineral assemblages, geochemical features, Sinian, Dengying Formation, Gaoshiti-Moxi area, Sichuan Basin

The energy absorbing property of corrugated tube subjected to axial crushing was researched through theoretical analysis. In view of the energy absorbing mechanism for axisymmetric deformation mode,a calculation formula for the mean crush load was put forward. It shows that the mean crush load is mainly influenced by the tube geometric parameters,material properties and loading rate. The theoretical analysis method was proved with the simulation results. Based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation effects of geometric parameters on the mean crush load were studied. Decreasing corrugation angle or increasing corrugation wavelength leads to accelerated increasing the mean crush load. Compared to the quasi-static crushing tests,the mean dynamic crush loads increase at about 80%. This work provides valuable theoretical guidance and design reference for the application of corrugated tube to structural crashworthiness field.

Objective: To analysis the clinical characteristics and to summarize therapy experience of pediatric patients with cardiac syncope caused by anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus (ALCA-R). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data including clinical manifestations, myocardial injury biomarkers, radiological features, treatments and prognoses of pediatric patients with ALCA-R who were admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital from November 2015 to June 2018. Results: Four female patients were included in this analysis, age of onset was 7 to 14 years. All the patients presented with exercise-induced syncope and acute myocardial infarction. During the course, three patients presented with acute left heart failure, and one patient had history of sudden cardiac arrest. Laboratory data showed significant elevation of both the creatine kinase and troponin levels in four patients. All electrocardiogram (ECG) showed left main coronary artery occlusion, echocardiography suggested the possible anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in one child. Coronary CT angiography (CTA) revealed there was no coronary ostium in the left coronary sinus, and the left coronary artery had an anomalous origin from the right sinus. The left main coronary artery passed between the ascending artery and the root of the main pulmonary artery, which was compressed by these two large vessels. Two patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance examination, which detected late gadolinium enhancement in ALCA-R with an interarterial course. Unroofing of the left coronary ostium (cut-back procedure) was performed in two patients, and the other two patients who were not operated were recommended to restrict their physical activities. During a regular follow-up period of 12-43 months, all the children survived without recurrent cardiovascular event. Conclusion: If an adolescent presents with exercise-induced syncope, acute myocardial infarction and even sudden death, and ECG shows left main coronary artery occlusion characteristics, we should consider the possibility of developmental abnormality of coronary artery, particularly the ALCA-R. Once diagnosed as ALCA-R, patients should be recommended to avoid strenuous activities，early recognition and surgical treatment are imperative for these patients.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 cases and to provide the basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic disease. Methods: Thirty-four COVID-19 patients diagnosed with RT-PCR in the isolation ward of the Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui autonomous region (infectious diseases hospital) from the January 22 to February 4, 2020 were selected as the research subjects. The clinical data were collected. Excel was used to describe the relationship between clinical classification and age distribution, contact history and date of onset. SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used for analysis. The general information, clinical symptoms, blood test, virus nucleic acid test results, epidemiology, CT imaging, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. Results: There were 5 mild cases (5/34), 24 ordinary cases (24/34), 5 severe cases (5/34). The elderly was more common in severe patients. The main clinical symptoms were fever (27/34)and dry cough(26/34). The peripheral blood showed normal or decreased leukocyte count (33/34), decreased lymphocyte count (12/34). The increase of C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer was related to the severity of the disease. Some patients had mild liver and kidney damage. Six patients were diagnosed through 3 or more times of nucleic acid tests. Sixteen cases had Wuhan related history,13 cases were close contacts, 5 cases had no confirmed route. The clustered infections were found in 6 families. In typical cases, CT showed single or multiple patchy ground glass shadow with thickening of interlobular septum. In severe cases, diffuse lesions of both lungs were found, with ground glass shadow, consolidation shadow and strip shadow coexisting. Thirty-four patients were treated with interferon-α and Lopinavir/Ritonavir with good prognosis. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 were similar to that of general viral pneumonia but with strong infectivity. Close contact and family aggregation caused disease outbreaks. COVID-19 could not be excluded if two nucleic acid tests were negative and high-resolution CT was helpful for differential diagnosis. Early detection, early isolation, early diagnosis and early treatment are important for good prognosis. The effectiveness of antiviral drugs needs to be further verified.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and improve the diagnosis and treatment of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right coronary sinus with an interarterial course (ALCA-R-IAC) between the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery in children. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestation, laboratory test, radiological feature, treatment and prognosis were conducted in four female children presented with ALCA-R-IAC in Beijing Children's Hospital from November 2015 to June 2018. Results: The four girls with onset age of 7.5-14.7 years were diagnosed with ALCA-R-IAC by CT coronary angiography (CTCA). Four children presented with exercise-induced syncope and clinical manifestations of acute myocardial infarction including 3 patients with acute left heart failure, 1 cardiogenic shock and 1 cardiac arrest. Nervous system involvement was found in one patient. Troponin I increased significantly to 20.65-50.00 μg/L in the four patients. Electrocardiogram (ECG) developed signs of left main coronary artery involvement. Echocardiography revealed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 25%-45% in three children and suspected anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in one child. CTCA showed an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the right coronary sinus, which had an interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery leading to a slim left main coronary trunk. Two children underwent unroofing procedure and the other two children in whom physical activities were restricted received conservative managements. During a regular follow-up period of 12-43 months, all the children survived without recurrent symptoms and had good prognosis. Conclusions: ALCA-R-IAC can present as exercise-related syncope and acute myocardial infarction, even sudden death in children and adolescents. CTCA is helpful to clarify the early diagnosis of ALCA-R-IAC. Surgical intervention is the main treatment for ALCA-R-IAC and strenuous physical activities should be avoided.

Objective: To understand the genotypes and nucleotide polymorphisms of Echinococcus granulosus metacestode from humans and sheep in Tianjun region, Qinghai Province., Methods: The specific primers were designed according to the cox1 and nad1 genes of E. granulosus mitochondrial genome sequences accessed by GenBank. The primers were used to detect the cyst samples from 16 sheep and 2 humans infected with E. granulosus in Tianjun region of Qinghai Province by PCR, then the PCR amplification products were sequenced, the genotypes and nucleotide polymorphisms of the cox1 and nad1 genes were analyzed., Results: The 18 isolated samples all belonged to E. granulosus G1 genotype. Among all the isolates, 9 haplotypes existed in the cox1 gene with 16 nucleotide mutation sites, and there were 0 to 5 nucleotide differences with the highest variation rate of 0.31%, whereas 7 haplotypes occurred with 15 nucleotide mutation sites, and there were 1 to 8 nucleotide differences with the highest variation rate of 0.89% for the nad1 gene., Conclusions: The epidemic genotype of E. granulosus is G1 in humans and sheep in Tianjun region of Qinghai Province, and the nucleotide polymorphisms of the cox1 gene were more abundant than those of the nad1 gene, and the resolution of the nucleotide polymorphisms of cox1 gene is higher than that of the nad1 gene used in E. granulosus isolates.

Objective: To prepare dopamine modified and cartilage derived morphogenetic protein 1 (CDMP1) laden polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite (PCL-HA) composite scaffolds by three-dimensional (3D) printing and evaluate the effect of 3D scaffolds on in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs)., Methods: A dimensional porous PCL-HA scaffold was fabricated by 3D printing. Dopamine was used to modify the surface of PCL-HA and then CDMP-1 was loaded into scaffolds. The surface microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and porosity and water static contact angle were also detected. The cytological experiment in vitro were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A (PCL-HA scaffolds), group B (dopamine modified PCL-HA scaffolds), and group C (dopamine modified and CDMP-1 laden PCL-HA scaffolds). The hBMSCs were seeded into three scaffolds, in chondrogenic culture conditions, the cell adhesive rate, the cell proliferation (MTT assay), and cell activity (Live-Dead staining) were analyzed; and the gene expressions of collagen type Ⅱ and Aggrecan were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR., Results: The scaffolds in 3 groups were all showed a cross-linked and pore interconnected with pore size of 400-500 μm, porosity of 56%, and fiber orientation of 0°/90°. For dopamine modification, the scaffolds in groups B and C were dark brown while in group A was white. Similarly, water static contact angle was from 76° of group A to 0° of groups B and C. After cultured for 24 hours, the cell adhesion rate of groups A, B, and C was 34.3%±3.5%, 48.3%±1.5%, and 57.4%±2.5% respectively, showing significant differences between groups ( P <0.05). Live/Dead staining showed good cell activity of cells in 3 groups. MTT test showed that hBMSCs proliferated well in 3 groups and the absorbance ( A ) value was increased with time. The A value in group C was significantly higher than that in groups B and A, and in group B than in group A after cultured for 4, 7, 14, and 21 days, all showing significant differences ( P <0.05). The mRNA relative expression of collagen type Ⅱ and Aggrecan increased gradually with time in 3 groups. The mRNA relative expression of collagen type Ⅱafter cultured for 7, 14, and 21 days, and the mRNA relative expression of Aggrecan after cultured for 14 and 21 days in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B, and in group B than in group A, all showing significant differences ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Co-culture of dopamine modified and CDMP1 laden PCL-HA scaffolds and hBMSCs in vitro can promote hBMSCs' adhesion, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation.

Objective: To study the diagnostic value and pitfalls of ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) of soft tissue tumors., Methods: One hundred and six cases of CNB specimens encountered during the period from 2007 to 2012 were enrolled into the study. The pathologic diagnosis using CNB was compared with that using surgical specimens. Diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using Chi-square test, with respect to the histologic pattern (such as spindle cell and myxoid), biologic behavior (benign versus malignant) and immunohistochemical results. The 59 cases of sarcoma were subdivided into three grades according to FNCLCC grading system., Results: Histologic diagnosis could be made in 84.0% (89/106) cases. Thirteen cases were non-diagnostic on CNB. There were 4 cases on CNB showing diagnostic discrepancy with surgical specimens. Four cases of "benign lesions" on CNB found to be myxoid liposarcoma and lipoma-like liposarcoma upon resection. In general, myxoid pattern (9/17) seen on CNB showed less diagnostic correlation with surgical specimens, as compared to spindle cell and other histologic patterns (P < 0.01). The rate of diagnostic correlation was 79.7% (49/59) for the 59 cases of sarcoma studied, with grade 2 and grade 3 sarcoma showing better correlation (in contrast to 7/17 for grade 1 sarcoma) (P < 0.01). Comparative analysis showed no significant difference between benign/borderline tumors and sarcomas. The application of immunohistochemical study did not result in significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy on CNB., Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided CNB is a reliable tool in pathologic diagnosis of soft tissue tumors and shows a high accuracy rate especially for high-grade sarcoma. Tumors with myxoid pattern, lipomatous tumors and grade 1 sarcomas are associated with lower diagnostic accuracy on CNB. Correlation with clinicoradiologic findings would also be helpful in diagnostic evaluation and surgical planning.

Objective: To study the histologic features and immunohistochemical findings of interfollicular stromal cells in hyaline-vascular Castleman's disease (HVCD), and to explore the role of these stromal cells in the pathogenesis of this disease., Methods: The clinical findings and microscopic features of 23 cases of HVCD cases were reviewed. Immunohistochemical study for CCL21, MSA, CD21, CD35, S-100 and CD34 was carried out., Results: According to the criteria proposed by Danon et al., stroma-rich variant of HVCD contained prominent interfollicular zone which occupied at least 50% of the lymph node area. In the current study, there were 14 cases of stroma-rich HVCD and 9 cases of conventional HVCD. Eleven of the stroma-rich HVCD had paraneoplastic pemphigus and contrastly, no pemphigus lesion obtained in all the 9 cases of conventional HVCD. The association between stromal cell hyperplasia and paraneoplastic pemphigus was statistically significant (P < 0.01).In all the conventional HVCD cases studied, CCL21 and MSA were positive in the stromal cells.The stromal cells in 13 of the 14 cases of the stroma-rich HVCD were also positive for CCL21 and MSA, however, staining for CD21, CD35, S-100 and CD34 was negative in both groups. There was no statistical significance obtained (P > 0.05) between the differences of the staining results., Conclusions: Stroma-rich HVCD and conventional HVCD represent two distinctive histologic variants and have a different association with paraneoplastic pemphigus. Most of the stromal cells locating in the interfollicular areas are fibroblastic reticular cells in origin, with the immunophenotype as CCL21(+)/MSA(+)/CD34⁻/CD21⁻/S-100⁻. The stromal cells proliferation correlate with the occurrence of paraneoplastic pemphigus, nevertheless, more cases are expected for a further study of the underlying pathogenesis.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical and pathological subtypes of Castleman's disease (CD) and their relationship with complications., Methods: The clinical complications of 53 patients with CD and the relationship of these complications with clinical and pathological subtypes were analyzed retrospectively., Results: Among 53 CD patients, 32 (60.4%) were classified as uni-centric type and 21 (39.6%) multicentric type. Histopathological examination showed that 37 cases (69.8%) were hyaline vascular variants (HV), 9 (17.0%) plasmacytic variants (PC), and 7 (13.2%) mixed cellular variants (Mix). Complications were identified in 32 (60.4%) patients, including the involvements of skin, internal organs and hematopoietic system. Some complications were closely associated with the clinical subtype of CD: the majority of complications in the 32 uni-centric CDs were paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) and bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), and those in 21 multi-centric CDs were the involvements of kidney and hematopoietic system. The complications were different among the three kinds of histopathological subtypes: PNP and BO were the predominant complications of HV variants, while the internal organ and hematopoietic system involvements were those of PC and Mix variants. The clinical and histopathological classification of CD patients with PNP were different obviously from other subtypes of CDs. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the survival rate of those with complications was significantly lower than those without complication (P = 0.028)., Conclusion: The clinical complications of CDs are related to their clinical and histopathological subtypes. CD patients with PNP should be considered as a unique entity to tailor the therapy. The presence of clinical complications is an independent prognostic factor in CD patients.

Objective: To describe the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) in adults and to evaluate the methods of diagnosis and treatment., Methods: Two patients were successfully diagnosed and treated in our hospital and the literature on the subject was reviewed., Results: Two adult patients (19 and 34 years old) diagnosed in our hospital had 5 and 10 years of history of hemoptysis respectively, and chest CT showed bilateral diffuse alveolar opacities over mid and lower zones. Tests of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), rheumatoid factor (RF), antineutrophilic cytopasmic antibodies (ANCA) and Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody were negative. Haemosiderin-laden macrophages were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) whose color was yellow. Microscopic examination of the lung tissue specimens obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) revealed hemorrhage and numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the alveoli and no vasculitis or capillaritis were seen. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of IPH. Steroid therapy had good effects., Conclusion: IPH is a diagnosis of exclusion of other causes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). IPH adults have relatively good drug responses and relatively good prognoses.

Objective: To study the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR in the lungs of the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and to explore the possible autoimmunity mechanisms of lung fibrosis., Methods: Methods Immunohistochemistry (SP method) was used to detect the expression of HLA-DR in the lung specimens from 10 IPF patients and in 5 specimens of normal lung tissue immediately adjacent to lung carcinomas as controls., Results: HLA-DR antigens were expressed in the hyperplastic bronchi-alveolar epithelial cells in IPF, but not in the epithelial cells of the normal control lung tissues. The accumulated positive scores of HLA-DR of the IPF group was 27, significantly higher than that of the control group (2, Z = - 3.002, P = 0.001)., Conclusions: Inappropriate HLA-DR expression is present in the bronchi -alveolar epithelium in IPF. Immune dysfunction may play an important role in the development of IPF.

To clarify the reason causing difference of serum proteins adsorbability on different carbonaceous materials, FT-IR-ATR spectra of human serum albumin (HSA) and human serum fibrinogen(HFG) before and after adsorbing on diamond like carbon film (DLC),diamond film (DF) and graphite were analyzed. It has been shown that there are hydrogen bond because of -NH at the interfaces of HSA-DLC, HFG-DF and HFG-graphite. Based on the results, earlier research conclusion that the adsorbability of HSA on DLC higher than that on DF and graphite, but on DF and graphite the adsorption of HFG takes precedence can be explained rationally.

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is characterized by lymphomatous infiltration of the peripheral nervous system. We report a case of neurolymphomatosis (NL) which was confirmed by sural nerve biopsy. Sural nerve specimen from a 49-year-old female patient with weakness of limbs was examined with routine histochemical and immunohistochemistry staining, in which the first antibodies against CD3, CD20, CD45, CD45RO and CD68 were used. Numerous T-lymphoma cells invaded in the adipose tissue of epineurium of sural nerve. The nerve biopsy showed marked axonal degeneration of myelinated fibers. The clinical and histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of neurolymphomatosis.

In this study, the diamond like carbon (DLC) samples made from different processes and processing conditions, were subjected to the test of platelet adhesion. The surface energy parameters such as surface tension, critical surface tension, interface tension, adhesive power, and polar branch and chromatic dispersion branch of surface tension based on determining balanced contact angle of ethanol, water and different ratios of ethanol/water solution on surfaces of the samples were calculated, respectively. Then the effects of these parameters on the amounts and deformation index of the platelets adhering to the samples were assessed by analyzing the T-type correlation degree in the Grey system. The results showed: (1) all degrees of correlation between surface energy parameters and adhesion amounts of platelet are positive, but for deformation index, the correlation degrees are negative except for critical surface tension; (2) the adhesion amounts of platelet increase with the rising polar branch of surface tension, while the deformation index increases with rising chromatic dispersion branch of surface tension; (3) Both adhesion amounts and deformation index of platelet are positively correlated with critical surface tension to a higher degrees; (4) the effects of polar branch of surface tension on adhesion amounts and deformation index of platelet keep pace with the surface tension, interface tension and adhesive power. Thus two important conclusions have been obtained: (1) the adhesive characteristic of platelets to the surface of DLC is closely related with the surface energy of DLC; the hemocompatibility of DLC is decided by the balance between the polarity of DLC surface and the limited humidifying water on the surface; there is a blood compatible range delimited by critical surface tension; (2) adhesion and deformation of platelets on surface of DLC have different energy mechanism: polar surface is advantageous to the adhesion, while the deformation is achieved with the aid of chromatic dispersion action stem from the surface.

In the present paper, adhesive test, morphology observation, classified counting and deformation index calculation of the platelets on seven DLC samples made by different processes were carried out after XPS analysis, respectively. Then the effects of carbon phase components on amounts and deformation index of the platelets adhered to the samples were investigated by using the analysis of T-type correlation degree in the grey system theory. It has been shown from results that the amounts and the deformation index of the platelets adhered to the DLC samples made by plasma source ion implantation-ion beam enhanced deposition (PSII-IBED) are obviously less than those of DLC samples made by plasma CVD. The correlation degrees (negative) between the DLC carbon phase and the amounts as well as the deformation index of platelets are much more than those of the other four carbon phase components; besides, larger correlation degrees (positive) only appear between the deformation index of platelets and the C-H carbon phase or C-O carbon phase. It has been indicated that: (1) the effect of DLC carbon phase on platelets adhesion is much greater than that of the other four carbon phase components, the key to improvement in the hemocompatibility of DLC is to increase the DLC carbon phase content; (2) it is necessary to restrain the form or decrease the C-H carbon phase content and C-O carbon phase content so as to control their promotive action on deformation of the platelets adhered to the surface of DLC; (3) using PSII-IBED process to prepare DLC is helpful to improving the hemocompatibility of DLC. These conclusions are essential for designing and improving the deposition process of DLC.

Objective: To study the pathologic features, differential diagnosis and role of open lung biopsies (OLB) in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)., Method: The authors reviewed the pathologic, clinical and radiologic features of five cases of UIP (one autopsy case and four OLB cases), with follow-up information., Results: The typical histologic features were a non-uniform distribution of alveolar inflammation, fibroblastic foci, interstitial fibrosis and honeycomb change. There also was associated metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and accumulation of alveolar macrophages., Conclusions: Characteristically, UIP exhibits temporal heterogeneity under low-power light microscopy, which includes changes in both the early and end stages. Open lung biopsy is an important diagnostic adjunct for suitable patients with atypical radiologic features on computerized tomography. Correlation between clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings is also essential for a correct diagnosis.

In order to clarify the mechanism of blood coagulation for carbonaceous biomaterials, the plasma rich in platelet was obtaining through the centrifugation of fresh human blood containing anticoagulant. Adhesive tests of platelets to surfaces of DLC, diamond film(DF) and graphite was carried out at 37 degrees C. Then, morphology observation, counting and deformation index calculation of the platelets adhering to surfaces of the three kinds of materials were analyzed by SEM. It has been shown that there is no any platelet on the surface of DLC, but on DF and graphite, a lot of platelets are observed with serious deformation of type III-V. The adhesive amounts of platelet on the surface of graphite are more than those on DF, but deformation index of platelets on the surface of DF is more than that on graphite. Three major conclusions have been obtained through comparative analyses with our previous researches and related literatures: (1) Adhesion, deformation and collection of platelets occurred in succession on material surfaces resulting from protein adsorption are the major mechanism of blood coagulation of carbonaceous materials; (2) Deformation degree of platelets is more important hemocompatibility index than consumption ratio of platelets for carbonaceous materials; (3) The purer the DLC, the better is the hemocompatibility. These conclusions possess important directive function for improving and designing carbonaceous materials used in artificial mechanical heart valves.

Objective: To study the pathogenesis and the differential diagnosis of Castleman's disease., Methods: Histopathology, immunohistochemical staining and clinical courses of 26 cases of Castleman's disease (CD) were studied with follow-up study of 16 cases., Results: The present study included 6 cases of multicentric type, 20 cases of localized type in the clinical aspects and 19 cases with hyaline vascular type, 4 cases with plasma cell type, 3 cases with mixed type in the histologic aspect. The Multicentric type presented systemic lymphadenopathy, anemia, hyperglobulinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skin changes, and lung disorder and kidney disfunction, of which 1 case died of respiratory and renal insufficiency. 13 of the 20 localized cases were of the hyaline vascular type, and with good prognosis. 7 of the 20 cases showed paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with hyperglobulinemia (4/7) and lung disease (5/7). The pathologic features composed of proliferation of the mantle zone B cell, follicular dendritic cell, plasma cell and small vessels. In immunohistochemical staining, kappa and lambda light chains were detected in each CD case., Conclusions: Many diseases are similar to CD clinicopathologically. It is important to make differential diagnosis through pathological study. Castleman's disease is a lymphoproliferative disorder. The pathogenesis of this multicentric disorder may be associated with autoimmune disease.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the X-ray and CT features of patients with suggestive of SARS at the early stages., Methods: The study comprised 112 patients (43 men, 69 women; aged from 16 to 82 year) with clinically proved SARS. Chest radiograph was performed in all the patients and CT of thorax in 22 patients during the first week of the onset., Results: In the early stage, the most common findings were patchy ground-glass opacification (GGO) (79.5% on X-ray and 81. 8% on CT) and mixed lesions of GGO with irregular consolidation (21.4% on X-ray and 45.5% on CT) and/or granulomas (14.3% on X-ray and 27.3% on CT). A majority of lesions were located in the middle and lower field (70.9%) with peripheral distribution (69%). Other findings on CT included intralobular and interlobular septal thickening (carzy-paving pattern) (36.4%), bronchiectasis (18.2%) and small pleural effusion (22.7%)., Conclusion: Common radiologic findings of SARS are ground-glass opacification and mixed lesions of GGO with irregular consolidation and/or granulomas and lower location and peripheral distribution.

Objective: To study the diagnosis and differentiation of primary small round cell tumors of bone., Methods: Thirty-nine cases were studied by light microscopy and immunochemistry of O13, NSE, S-100, Actin and LCA., Results: 20/22 cases of EW/PNET were positive for O13.16/22 cases of EW/PNET and one case of small cell osteosarcoma were positive for NSE. S-100 was positive in EW/PNET, small cell osteosarcoma and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. All malignant lymphomas were positive for LCA. 6 cases of small cell osteosarcoma have osteoid production. Islands of cartilage were found in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma., Conclusion: O13 is a specific valuable marker for the diagnosis of EW/PNET. Histologic features of the osteoid in osteosarcoma and the cartilage in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma are important for the diagnosis.

Objective: To investigate the correlative factors of the prognosis by observing the immunohistochemical features of small bowel stromal tumors(SBST)., Methods: Thirty-three cases of stromal tumors with expressed CD117 were examined by the light microscope. The expressions of Ki67 and p53 protein with EnVision + staining were detected in the tumors and compared with the morphology., Results: The group included 20 males and 13 females whose ages ranged from 21 to 71 years (median: 46 years); the tumors were situated in duodenum (5 cases), jejunum (22 cases) and ileum (6 cases). Grossly, tumors size was from 1.5 to 20 cm. In eleven cases tumors showed foci of tumor cell necroses. In all these cases, mitotic counts ranged from 0 to 62 mitotic figures per 50 HPF (high-power fields), six of 33 tumors had no mitotic figures per 50 HPF, 5 cases had 1-2 mitotic figures and 22 cases had > or = 3 mitotic figures. Histologically, 4 cases classified as benign, 4 cases as borderline and 25 cases as malignant. Follow-up of 7 cases with benign and borderline tumors were alive without tumor. In the malignant group of 23 cases, 6 patients died of disease, 10 patients were alive with evidence of metastatic disease, and 7 patients were alive without tumor. Immunohistochemically, 31 of 33 stromal tumors were positive for Ki67, 16 cases of malignant tumors showed significant staining (> 5% cells). 31 of 33 tumors were positive for p53 protein, and all the 25 (100%) malignant tumors showed staining. In 12 of the 25 cases, the staining was strong and diffuse(> 50% cells). When the Ki67 and p53 proteins were negative or showed focal expressions (Ki67 < 1% and p53 < 10%), the patients presented a good prognosis. And when there were strong expressions (Ki67 > 5% and p53 > 50%), the patients portended a poor prognosis., Conclusion: Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki67 and p53 protein was a better method in the prognosis. When Ki67 showed strong position, it was a bad sign. When p53 protein showed strong position, it might be the potential malignant parameter. When Ki67 and p53 proteins were all strong expressions, these patients portended a poor prognosis. In addition to the invasion and metastasis, tumor size, mitotic counts and tumor cell necrosis were also helpful parameters for diagnosis of malignancy.

Objective: To study the expression of CD(44) in pneumocytes in pulmonary sarcoidosis., Methods: CD(44) and AE(1)/AE(3) were detected by immunostaining in lung tissues from 21 cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis, 5 cases of tuberculosis, 4 cases of idiopathic interstitial fibrosis, 3 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis and 8 normal controls. The numbers of CD(44) positive cells and AE(1)/AE(3) positive cells (total alveolar epithelial cells) per three high-power fields were counted, and the ratio of CD(44) cells to AE(1)/AE(3) cells (84 +/- 6) were calculated., Results: The total number of alveolar epithelial cells (110 +/- 32) and the density of CD(44) cells were significantly higher in sarcoidosis than in the normal lungs. CD(44) (18 +/- 4) staining was localized in the pneumocyte membrane and the positive cells were mostly type II pneumocytes as confirmed by histology., Conclusion: Proliferation of pneumocytes and increased expression of CD(44) in pneumocyte membrane, especially in the type II pneumocytes, may play an important role in lung inflammation and repair in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical, histopathologic and CT features of localized Castleman disease complicated with paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) and pulmonary involvement., Methods: The clinical, laboratory, histopathologic records and data of computed tomographic (CT) images of 4 patients of Castleman disease with PNP were reviewed., Results: All of the four patients presented with PNP which was confirmed by pathological and immunological studies and also developed lung abnormalities, including bronchiolitis obliterans (n = 3), lung abscess (n = 1) and multiple lung infarction (n = 1), 2 to 5 months after the onset of PNP. Castleman's tumor, which was found incidentally during routine examination, manifested as a solitary and huge mass (5 to 14 cm in size) which markedly enhanced homogeneously on CT in the retroperitoneum (n = 3) and mediastinum (n = 1). Histologically, three cases were of hyaline-vascular type and the other one was of mixed type. Complete remission of PNP occurred 2 weeks to 8 months after surgical resection of the tumor. The condition of two patients with bronchiolitis obliterans failed to be improved. They had been presenting dyspnea and irritable cough 3 to 15 months after surgery., Conclusion: PNP and lung abnormalities are rare and severe complications of localized Castleman's disease. Early diagnosis and surgery are very important for prognosis.

The genetic data of MICA microsatellite were obtained by genotyping 577 samples in 13 population groups of China, which are Han-YN, Han-GD, Han-SD, Bai, Dai, Lahu, Li, Naxi, Sala, She, Tu, Wa and Zang-YN, with genescan. Five alleles have been observed in the population groups, which are A4, A5, A5.1, A6 and A9. A5 allele is the most frequent in all population groups except Lahu and Li, while the most frequent allele for Lahu and Li is A5. 1 and A4 respectively. The second most frequent allele is the A5.1 in Han-YN, Han-SD, Dai, Naxi, Sala, She, and Wa. The lest frequent allele for Han-YN, Han-GD, Lahu, Naxi, She, Wa is the A6 which is not observed in Li. A4 allele is the lest frequent in Han-SD, Bai, Dai, Sala, Tu, Zang-YN. The results show that the distribution of MICA microsatellite is different in these population groups, and the polymorphism information contents (PIC) of this microsatellite is high. It is a potential useful marker in the study of human origin and migration, personal identification, gene mapping and location, and disease diagnosis.

Objective: To study the pathological characteristics of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of bone and soft tissue., Method: Five patients with bone and soft tissue of PNET (2 men and 3 women) were studied by light microscope and immunohistochemistry. The age of the patients was 18, 18, 43, 14, 32 years and the primary sites of involvement were the ilium (n = 2), axillary fossa (n = 1), condyle of femur (n = 1), and diploe (n = 1). X-ray films showed bone osteolytic destruction, and no periosteal reaction or calcification. Surgery was performed in the patients., Result: All patients received combined chemotherapy and 3 received radiotherapy. Three patients died of metastatic tumor of lung 20, 13, and 5 months after invasion. 1 patient metastatic tumor of lung 20 months after invasion, and 1 patient bone extensive metastasis 1.5 months after surgery., Conclusion: The treatment of PNET of bone and soft tissue awaits further study.

Objective: To study the diagnosis and differentiation of EW and PNET., Methods: Fourteen cases of Ewing's sarcomas (EW) and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy (EM). Twelve cases were followed up. Schmidt criterion was used for the differential diagnosis of EW and PNET., Results: There were 6 cases of EW and 8 cases of PNET. Six of 8 PNET cases had Homer-Wright (H-W) rosettes. In this series, 12/14 cases were positive for O13 (HBA71) staining. NSE was positive in 3 cases of EW. All PNET cases were positive for neural markers, and 5 of them were positive for more than two of these markers. Electronmicroscopically, there were neurosecretory granules (4/4 cases), nerve-like protrusions and microfilaments (1/4 case) in PNET. In 3 of 6 EW and 1 of 6 PNET, PAS staining was positive. During the follow-up period from 2 months to 5 years, 3 cases with intraosseous EW remain alive and free of tumor. The remaining patients are dead or having their tumors metastasized., Conclusion: EW is more primitive in cell differentiation, while PNET has more neural differentiation. The presence of H-W rosettes is an important morphologic feature of PNET. To differentiate EW from PNET is of clinical significance O13 is a useful marker for the diagnosis of EW/PNET.

HLA-I and HLA-DR antigenic profiles of 34 livers with HBV infection and 15 non-HBV infected livers were analyzed. HLA-I antigen was detected on the membrane of the hepatocytes in 19 infected livers, but not in the non-HBV infected livers except in one congenital polycystic liver. The number of HLA-I Ag positive hepatocytes were correlated with the extent of the liver damage, and the positive rate of HLA-I was lower in the livers of the high HBV reduplication group (HBeAg+, HBeAb-) in comparing with the group with low HBV duplication (HBeAg-, HBeAb+). Only in two cases of chronic active hepatitis, HLA-DR Ag was detected to be expressed on the membrane of hepatocytes. The expression of HLA-I Ag on the membrane of liver cells may play a role in the recognition of hepatocytes as targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes which may represent an important event in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular necrosis.

The effects of stimulating periaqueductal gray (PAG) on the nociceptive neuron discharges of pronucleus evoked by stimulating the splanchnic nerve in cats were studied. The two kinds of inhibitory action were observed. One was called early phase or prompt inhibition phase which occurred within 30 ms to 150 ms after stimulation of PAG. The other was called slow-pase or sustained inhibition which occurred from a few minutes to more than ten minutes after the stimulation of PAG. The results showed that PAG played an important role in the analgesia of visceral pain. Both kinds of inhibition may be blocked by naloxone, this suggests that endogenous opiate like substances involved in these inhibitory processes caused by stimulating role in the inhibitory effect of PAG.