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Small penis is a disease of sexual dysplasia, which might be related to chromosome or genetic abnormalities, pubertal dysplasia, endocrine abnormality, and other factors. Hypogonadism is common in small penis. Children with small penis often have small testes, short stature, and male secondary sexual deficiencies, and the incidence of infertility is high in adulthood. Small penis can be early detected by accurately measuring the stretched penile length, screening the pathogenic causes, and differentiating it from buried or concealed penis. Once definite diagnosis is made, positive clinical intervention should be initiated. Early treatment can improve the prognosis of small penis, the patient's quality of life and the rate of natural pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate the expression of the Pim-1 gene in the LNCaP cells of the animal model of orthotopically implanted prostate cancer by surgical castration simulating androgen-deprivation therapy., Methods: We equally allocated 32 male BALBc-nu mice into 4 groups, androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC), androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) , castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and blank control, and established the models of orthotopically implanted tumor using human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. We detected and ,compared the expressions of Pim-1, PSA, and androgen receptor (AR) in the tumor tissues of different groups by RT-PCR. qRT-PCR, ELSIA and immunohistochemistry., Results: The relative gray scales in the ADPC and CRPC groups were 0.59 ± 0.01 and 1.14 ± 0.02, with statistically significant differences from 0.62 ± 0.03 in the ADT group (P < 0.05), and the Δ Ct values of Pim-1 were 6.15 ± 0.34 and 4.56 ± 0.23 in the former two groups, also with significant differences from 5.11 ± 0.21 in the latter (P < 0.05). The results of 2-ΔΔ Ct relative quantification analysis showed that the amplification products of Pim-1 in the ADT and CRPC groups increased 2.05 and 3.01 times respectively that of the ADPC group. The concentration of PSA was significantly higher in the ADPC ([480 ± 25] pg/ml) and CRPC ([870 ± 23] pg/ml) than in the ADT ([170 ± 32] pg/ml) and blank control groups (0 µg/L) (P < 0.01). The mean optical densities of Pim-1 and AR proteins were 0.017 ± 0.002 and 0.032 ± 0.009 in the ADPC group and 0.024 ± 0.002 and 0.040 ± 0.011 in the CRPC group, both with significant differences from those in the ADT group (0.018 ± 0.001 and 0.019 ± 0.006) (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Pim-1 is highly expressed in nude mice with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy and plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer.

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process of normal cell physiological development, in which epithelial cells transform into mesenchyme cells through a specific program. EMT plays a key role in inflammatory reaction, cell development, tumor invasion, and metastasis and has an interrelation with prostate cancer stem cells. Recent researches show the involvement of EMT in the development and metastasis of prostate cancer. This article reviews the specific roles and action mechanisms of EMT in the progression of prostate cancer.

Objective: To study the etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of giant prostatic calculus with neurogenic bladder disease and prostate diverticulum., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of a case of giant prostatic calculus with neurogenic bladder disease and prostate diverticulum and reviewed the relevant literature. The patient was a 37-year-old man, with urinary incontinence for 22 years and intermittent dysuria with frequent micturition for 9 years, aggravated in the past 3 months. He had received surgery for spina bifida and giant vesico-prostatic calculus. The results of preoperative routine urinary examination were as follows: WBC 17 -20/HPF, RBC 12 - 15/HPF. KUB, IVU and pelvic CT revealed spina bifida occulta, neurogenic bladder and giant prostatic calculus., Results: The patient underwent TURP and transurethral lithotripsy with holmium-YAG laser. The prostatic calculus was carbonate apatite in composition. Urinary dynamic images at 2 weeks after surgery exhibited significant improvement in the highest urine flow rate and residual urine volume. Seventeen months of postoperative follow-up showed dramatically improved urinary incontinence and thicker urine stream., Conclusion: Prostate diverticulum with prostatic giant calculus is very rare, and neurogenic bladder may play a role in its etiology. Cystoscopy is an accurate screening method for its diagnosis. For the young patients and those who wish to retain sexual function, TURP combined with holmium laser lithotripsy can be employed, and intraoperative rectal examination should be taken to ensure complete removal of calculi.

Objective: To investigate the clinical presentations and pathologic features of undifferentiated sarcoma of the prostate with cartilage metaplasia, and to clarify its category., Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of a case of undifferentiated sarcoma of the prostate with cartilage metaplasia treated by surgical resection. The tumor tissue was subjected to routine HE and immunohistochemical staining, its histological structure and immunohistochemical expression were observed under the light microscope, and relevant literature on its manifestations was reviewed., Results: The case was pathologically diagnosed as gray prostate tumor, with chondrosarcomatous and undifferentiated malignant mesenchymal components under the light microscope. Immunohistochemical staining revealed vimentin (+), local CD117 (+/-), SMA (-), Des (-), myoglobin (-), CD34 (-), CK7 (-), and CK8 (-). Tumor metastasis was found 2 months after the operation, and the patient died 4 months later., Conclusion: Undifferentiated sarcoma of the prostate with cartilage metaplasia is a very rare and highly malignant aggressive tumor, which can be diagnosed by biopsy and immunohistochemistry.

Objective: To study the clinical manifestations, pathological characteristics and treatment methods of prostate cancer with five different histological features., Methods: We reported 1 case of prostate cancer with five different histological features and further analyzed the diagnosis, pathology and treatment of the disease by reviewing the relevant literature., Results: The patient was an 84-year-old male, admitted due to difficult urination and dribbling urine for 1 year, hematuria for 8 months and deterioration for 2 weeks. Prostate cancer was indicated by rectal examination, ultrasonography, CT, MRI and PSA, and confirmed by biopsy. Considering the general condition of the patient, we performed electrotransurethral resection under epidural anesthesia to alleviate his urinary symptoms and remove suspected tumor tissues. Postoperative pathology showed the case to be prostate adenocarcinoma, histologically characterized by cribriform carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, diffuse invasive carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, and mucinous adenocarcinoma, with a Gleason score of 9. Bicalutamide and goserelin were administered postoperatively. Systemic metastasis occurred 10 months later, and the patient died 1 year after the operation., Conclusion: Prostate cancer with five different histological features is extremely rare. Its early diagnosis is difficult and mainly depends on pathological and immunohistochemical examinations, and radical prostatectomy can be considered for its treatment.

Objective: To investigate the antitumor effect of recombinant IFN-alpha-2b-BCG on mouse bladder cancer MB49 cells in vitro, and to explore its antitumor mechanisms., Methods: MB49 cells were co-cultured with recombinant BCG or wild BCG, and than were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The cell growth was assessed by MTT assay, and apoptosis rate and MHC-I of the MB49 cells was detected by flow cytometry using AO and Hoechst33258 fluorescence immunostaining., Results: The hIFN-alpha-2b-BCG-treated tumor cells showed slow growth, detachment of some cells, and various degree of degeneration. Light microscopy revealed organelle disorganization, chromatin aggregation, nuclear pyknosis, and cytolysis in some cells. Cellular membrane bulged and some bubbles were seen under fluorescence microscope using AO staining. Hoechst33258 assay also depicted frequent apoptosis in the tumor cells. The MTT assay showed that rBCG more actively than the wild BCG inhibited the proliferation of MB49 cells. The apoptosis rate of the recombinant BCG group was 19.7% and 46.6% at the time point of 24 h and 48 h, respectively, significantly higher than 10.8% and 20.9%, respectively, in the wild BCG group. The results of flow cytometry indicated that both types of BCG enhanced the expression of MHC-I in the MB49 cells, but more effective in the recombinant BCG group., Conclusion: The recombinant hIFN-alpha-2b-BCG has more strong immuno-modulatory properties, anti-tumor effect on MB49 cells and induces apparent cytotoxicity in the bladder cancer cells in vitro.