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Objective: To describe the current situation of spermarche/menarche of 13 ethnic minority groups in China in 2014, and analyze the association between spermarche/menarche and nutritional status among ethnic minority groups. Methods: The sample of 13 ethnic minorities (Bai, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Wa, Naxi, Miao, Shui, Buyi, Dong, Zhuang, Yao and Qiang) from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan province and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region were selected from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Healthy of 2014. A total of 25 964 students with completed records of height, weight, spermarche and menarche were selected, including 11 276 boys aged 11-18 years old and 14 688 girls aged 9-18 years old. Probit analysis was used to calculate the median age at spermarche or menarche. All subjects were classification into four nutritional status groups (normal, malnutrition, overweight and obesity) according to the Screening standard for malnutrition of school-age children and adolescents (WS/T 456-2014) and the Screening for overweight and obesity among school-age children and adolescent (WS/T 586-2018) of China. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between spermarche, menarche and nutritional status. Results: The median age at spermarche (95 %CI ) of 13 ethnic minorities were ranged from 13.4 (13.1, 13.7) years old to 15.3 (15.1, 15.5) years old. In the 11 -year age group, all ethnic girls experienced menarche. The median age at menarche (95 %CI ) of 13 ethnic minorities were ranged from 12.1 (11.4, 12.7) years old to13.6 (13.4, 13.7) years old. Logistics regression analysis showed that students with malnutrition experienced spermarche or menarche later than normal weight students, the OR (95 %CI ) for boys about 0.49 (0.42, 0.56) and girls about 0.15 (0.12, 0.19), while overweight and obese students entered puberty at earlier age, the OR (95 %CI ) for boys about 1.37(1.10, 1.72) and girls about 3.21(2.51, 4.12). Conclusion: Boys from 13 ethnic minorities began to have spermatorrhea at the age of 13, and girls from 13 ethnic minorities began menstruating at the age of 9 in 2014. Nutrition status was closely related to spermarche and menarche.

Objective: To understand the nutritional status among Chinese students of five ethnic minorities aged 7-18 years. Methods: Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health in 2014 applied multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling, including 214 354 students from 31 province of China mainland. 73 students whose height or weight information were missing, were excluded. 25 968 minority students aged 7-18 years from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Jilin Provinces were included for data analysis, including Mongolian ( n= 5 107), Hui ( n= 5 308), Uygur ( n= 5 740), Zhuang ( n= 5 267) and Korean ( n= 4 546) students. According to the BMI standard of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) and the new students' health standard of Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 456-2014) , students were defined as wasting, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups and the nutritional status in different minorities and other characteristics was described and analyszed. Results: The prevalences of wasting in Zhuang, Hui, Uygur, Korean and Mongolian students were 6.1% (318/5 267), 5.1% (266/5 308), 3.2% (187/5 740), 2.6% (116/4 546) and 1.3% (65/5 107) in descending order (χ(2)=212.60, P< 0.001), respectively. The prevalences of overweight in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Uygur and Zhuang students were 15.2% (686/4 546), 13.1% (669/5 107), 10.3% (549/5 308), 7.8% (446/5 740) and 7.8% (413/5 267) in descending order (χ(2)=220.80, P< 0.001), respectively. The prevalences of obesity in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Zhuang and Uygur students were 15.3% (695/4 546), 9.5% (488/5 107), 5.7% (304/5 308), 4.6% (242/5 267) and 3.6% (206/5 740) in descending order (χ(2)=647.02, P< 0.001), respectively. The prevalences of wasting in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean rural students were 1.7% (44/2 623), 3.9% (113/2 868) and 3.4% (74/2 154), higher than urban students (all P values <0.05) which were 0.8% (21/2 484), 2.6% (74/2 872) and 1.8% (42/2 392) in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean urban students were 10.8% (269/2 484), 7.6% (193/2 554), 4.1% (117/2 872), 5.9% (153/2 601) and 16.6% (396/2 392), higher than rural students (all P values <0.05) which were 8.3% (219/2 623), 4.0% (111/2 754), 3.1% (89/2 868), 3.3% (89/2 666) and 13.9% (299/2 154) in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Hui, Zhuang and Korean boys were 7.2% (188/2 570), 6.0% (157/2 628) and 17.2% (394/2 282), respectively, higher than that of girls which were 4.2% (116/2 738), 3.3% (85/2 639) and 13.3% (301/2 264) (all P values <0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of wasting, overweight and obesity varied by ethnic minorities in mainland China. The prevalence of overweight and obesity appears higher among mongolian and Korean students, while the prevalence of wasting was higher in Zhuang students.

Objective: To analysis the vitamin A nutritional status of 6-to 17-year-old children and adolescents between 2010-2012 in rural China., Methods: Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2010-2012 project, the serum vitamin A samples of children and adolescents from survey sites of rural area were selected by random sampling method, and 5888 cases of samples were detected using the high performance liquid chromatography method to evaluate their vitamin A nutritional status., Results: The serum retinol concentration of children and adolescents in rural area was( 1. 44 ± 0. 58) μmol/L, and were( 1. 40 ± 0. 56) μmol/L in general rural areas and( 1. 46 ± 0. 60) μmol/L in poverty rural areas respectively( t = 1. 88, P < 0. 05). The serum retinol concentration of6-to 11-year-old were( 1. 31 ± 0. 53) μmol/L and( 1. 37 ± 0. 60) μmol/L, and serumretinol concentration of 12-to 17-year-old were( 1. 52 ± 0. 57) μmol/L and( 1. 52 ±0. 60) μmol/L( t = 11. 90 and t = 5. 54, P < 0. 05). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 5. 53%, and were 6. 14% in general rural areas and 4. 55% in poverty rural areas, respectively( P > 0. 05). The prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency were 18. 75%, and were 19. 17% in general rural areas and 18. 07% in poverty rural areas, respectively( P > 0. 05)., Conclusion: The situation of vitamin A deficiency in rural China are still widespread, the high prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency is more prominent.

Objective: To describe the energy and dietary nutrients intake trends among Chinese population from 2002 to 2012., Methods: Data of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake were collected from 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey, 2010-2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance, and energy and dietary nutrients intake were analyzed. The 3-consecutive days-24-hour dietary recall and food weighting method were used to collect food, edible oil and condiment intake information. The dietary nutrients intake was calculated based on the energy percentage in one family and the China Food Composition., Results: Compared with 2002, the average energy intake per reference man per day of Chinese people declined to 2172. 1 kcal from 2250. 5 kcal in 2010-2012. Dietary protein intake was basically flat. Dietary fat intake in 2010-2012 was 79. 9 g, with urban level higher than rural level. Compared with that in 2002, fat intake increased by 4 g, and urban residents' intake fell slightly, making urban / rural gap narrower. Theintake of micronutrient such as vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc was still lower than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes and falling continually., Conclusion: In the last decade, Chinese urban / rural residents' dietary energy supply was sufficient, and the dietary nutrients intake had improved. However, there were excessive intake of fat and low intake of micronutrient was still a problem among Chinese population. There was significant difference between the urban and rural area, and the dietary quality among Chinese population especially rural residents should be improved.

Objective: To investigate optimistic factors affecting nutrition status of infants under 3-year-old in rural areas of western China., Methods: The data used in this study came from a cross-sectional survey on primary health and maternal and child health care in western rural China. The method of stratified multistage cluster random sampling was used to obtain the sample of children. Composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) was used to classify the infants with normal nutrition or malnutrition. Logistic regression model was employed to investigate optimistic factors effecting nutrition of infants from 3 levels as family, mother and children themselves., Results: 14,532 qualified infants were obtained, 57.4% of them were boys. According to CIAF, 72.1% of children were found in normal nutritional status. Prevalence of malnutrition was 27.9% and 10.3% of children were both underweighted and retarded in growth. The result showed the children with better nutrition were from such families with high income, fathers with higher education and fewer children. Higher education for mothers and breastfeeding were optimistic factors effecting nutrition of infants under 6-month after family factors being controlled for. For children over 6 months old, the optimistic factors were heavy mother body weight and more education acquired, exclusive breast feeding within 4-month, introduction of foods containing more protein., Conclusion: Family factors strongly influence nutritional status of rural children. Improving mothers'education and adding protein intake for children older than 6 months make their nutrition status better.