Search

Objective： To investigate the value of color Doppler ultrasound combined with serum chemokine C-C motif ligand 3(CCL3) and P-selectin levels for the diagnosis of postoperative lower extremity deep vein thrombosis(LEDVT) in patients with hip fractures. Methods： Eighty patients with hip fractures complicated with LEDVT admitted to Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital from September 2022 to September 2024 were regarded as the LEDVT group, 80 patients with hip fractures without LEDVT were regarded as the non-LEDVT group, and 80 healthy individuals who experienced physical examination were regarded as the control group. The levels of serum CCL3 and P-selectin in three groups were compared. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) was applied to measure the inner diameters of the common femoral vein (CFV) and deep femoral vein (DFV), and the subcutaneous tissue thickening was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to analyze the influencing factors of LEDVT in patients with hip fractures. ROC curve was applied to analyze the diagnostic value of ultrasound combined with serum CCL3 and P-selectin levels for LEDVT in patients with hip fractures. Results： Compared to the control group, both serum CCL3 and P-selectin levels were significantly higher in the LEDVT group (P＜0.05). Compared to the non-LEDVT group, the levels of serum CCL3, P-selectin, CFV, DFV, and subcutaneous tissue thickening were prominently higher in the LEDVT group (P＜0.05). CFV, PFV, subcutaneous tissue thickening, CCL3, and P-selectin were influencing factors for LEDVT in patients with hip fractures (P＜0.05). The combined diagnostic AUC (0.956) was significantly higher than that of any single indicator, with a sensitivity of 81.25% and specificity of 96.25%. Conclusion：The levels of serum CCL3 and P-selectin are obviously upregulated in patients with hip fracture complicated with LEDVT, both of which are influencing factors for the occurrence of LEDVT in patients with hip fracture. Ultrasound combined with serum CCL3 and P-selectin levels has high diagnostic value for LEDVT in patients with hip fractures.

Objective To analyze the changes in important indicators such as P-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and pH value in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) after short-term cryopreservation at -80 ℃, and to provide a theoretical basis for the low-temperature storage of PRP. Methods Each of PRP samples prepared from the blood from 30 healthy donors was divided into 5 aliquots, with 0.5 mL retained per aliquot. These samples were de-signated as group A (fresh sample) and groups B to E (cryopreservation for 5, 10, 15, and 20 d, respectively). The pH values of the five groups were measured. The concentrations of P-selectin, PDGF, and VEGF in each group were determined by the ELISA method. The effect of groups A and E on the vascular formation capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was determined by the angiogenesis assay. Results No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of P-selectin, PDGF, and VEGF as well as the pH values between group A and groups B to E (P >0.05). Compared with the fresh sample (group A), the number of vessels formed from HUVECs in the sample frozen for 20 d (group E) was basically the same, with no significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion The cryopreservation of PRP at -80 ℃ has no significant effects on its pH value and concentrations of P-selectin, VEGF, and PDGF, thus extending the clinical application time of PRP.

Objective To explore the changes and clinical significance of D-dimer (D-D), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and P-selectin in patients with acute deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities (DVT) before and after catheterization and thrombolysis. Methods A total of 186 patients with acute DVT in the Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from March 2020 to March 2022 were selected as the study objects. And all of them underwent catheterization and hemolysis and were followed up in the outpatient form 12 months after the surgery. 4 cases were lost to follow-up, and a total of 182 cases completed postoperative follow-up. Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) was divided into PTS group (n = 27) and non-PTS group (n = 155) according to whether postthrombotic syndrome ( PTS) occurred 12 months after the surgery. The general data of the two groups and the expression of D-D, F1+2, P-selectin in plasma before and after thrombolytic therapy were compared, and the influencing factors of PTS were analyzed by Logistic analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under curve ( AUC) were plotted to analyze the value of plasma D-D, F1+2, P-selectin in predicting the occurrence of PTS, and relative risk (RR) was used to analyze the influence of different plasma D-D, F1+2, Pselectin expression on PTS. Results Age, BMI, venous patency score, and plasma D-D, F1+2, P-selectin expression 1 week and 1 month after thrombolysis in PTS group were higher than those in non-PTS group (P < 0.05). Logistic showed that BMI and plasma D-D, F1+2 and P-selectin 1 week and 1 month after thrombolysis were the influential factors for PTS in acute DVT patients (P < 0.05). ROC curve showed that the combined efficacy of D-D, F1+2 and P-selectin 1 month after thrombolysis was significantly better than that of D-D, F1+2 and P-selectin 1 week after thrombolysis in predicting PTS. One month after thrombolysis, the risk of PTS in patients with high plasma D-D, F1+2, P-selectin expression was 4.211, 2.550 and 3.189 times higher than that in patients with low plasma D-D, F1+2, P-selectin expression. Conclusion The expression of D-D, F1+2 and P-selectin in plasma increases after thrombolysis in acute DVT patients, and the combination of D-D, F1+2 and P-selectin can predict the occurrence of PTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical value of serum N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and P-selectin combined with ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in predicting poor electrocardiographic ST-segment regression (STR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI). Methods 100 patients with ASTEMI who were admitted to the emergency Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to July 2022 were selected, and they were divided into STR poor group and STR good group according to electrocardiographic STR after PCI, and 50 healthy volunteers during the same period were selected as control group. Serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of poor electrocardiographic STR in patients with ASTEMI after PCI, and the predictive value of serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels in patients with ASTEMI after PCI was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Compared with the control group, the serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels in the ASTEMI group before PCI were increased (P＜0.05). According to electrocardiographic STR, patients with ASTEMI were divided into STR poor group of 35 cases and STR good group of 65 cases. The serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels in the STR poor group and STR good group after PCI were lower than those before PCI (P＜0.05). The serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels before PCI and after PCI in the STR poor group were higher than those in the STR good group (P＜0.05). The proportion of Killip grade≥2 grade and troponin I in the STR poor group were higher than those in the STR good group, and the total deviation of ST segment was lower than that in the STR good group (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that Killip grade≥2 grade and elevated NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA were independent risk factors for poor electrocardiographic STR after PCI in patients with ASTEMI (P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin combined with IMA in predicting poor electrocardiographic STR after PCI in patients with ASTEMI was greater than that predicted by NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA alone. Conclusion Elevated serum NT-proBNP, P-selectin and IMA levels are independently correlated with poor electrocardiographic STR after PCI in patients with ASTEMI, and the combined value of the three is high in predicting poor electrocardiographic STR in patients with ASTEMI after PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have found that female workers who are exposed to waste sevoflurane for a long time have reduced fertility and increased incidence of abortion and fetal deformity. OBJECTIVE: To imitate the working environment of long-term exposure to waste sevoflurane and investigate the mechanism of embryo implantation disorder induced by low-concentration sevoflurane exposure by observing the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin β1, P-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in endometrium of pregnant mice exposed to low concentrations of sevoflurane, attempting to provide a basis for clinical safe drug use and occupational protection and to lay a foundation for further research on the mechanism of inhalation anesthetics on embryo implantation at gene and molecular levels. METHODS: Forty female Kunming mice and sixteen male Kunming mice, aged 6 weeks, weighting (20±2) g, were caged separately. Forty female mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Mice in the experimental group were exposed to 0.1% sevoflurane, 6 hours per day, while those in the control group were exposed to the air. Thirty days later, the female mice in estrus were caged with mature male mice at a rate of 2:1. Whether the female mice were pregnant was observed at 7:00 am on the second day after mating. The pregnant mice were kept independently in the original condition (n ≥ 8 pregnant mice in each group). Mouse uterus on day 4.5 of gestation was removed and sliced for histological observation. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin β1, P-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in endometrial tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and statistically analyzed. The average integrated absorbance value of positive reactants was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental and control groups, 17 and 15 female mice were respectively found in estrus; 12 and 10 female mice respectively were found vaginal plugs after mating. Five and two female mice were found pseudopregnant on day 4.5 of gestation in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Therefore, there were 7 and 8 pregnant mice in the experimental and control groups, respectively, and the vacant value in the experimental group was replaced by the average value obtained in the same group, which would be subsequently used in the controlled trial. Immunohistochemical results showed that the endometrium (glandular epithelial cells, luminal epithelial cells and stromal cells) of all pregnant mice were positively stained brownish yellow, but the expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin β1, P-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (0.019±0.007, 0.017±0.007, 0.015±0.005, 0.012±0.005) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (0.032±0.014, 0.025±0.008, 0.021±0.007, 0.023±0.005) (P < 0.05). All these findings indicate that long-term exposure to 0.1% sevoflurane may affect the adhesion of mouse embryos to endometrium and the embryo implantation, which may be related to the inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on the expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin β1, P-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 9, causing the imbalance in endometrial immunoregulation, the invasion of trophoblast cells into the endometrium and the inhibition of endometrial decidualization, and miscarriage and bleeding due to damaged vascular endothelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated that the number of stroke cases is increasing recently, and stroke has become a leading cause of death. Patients affected by ischemic stroke, the most prevalent type of stroke, may have different therapeutic efficacies and prognosis if the affected parts are different, and platelet activation may play a vital role in the development of ischemic stroke. Objective To investigate the associations of P-selectin (CD62P) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) expression levels with efficacy and prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke affecting different parts of the brain. Methods Participants were recruited from Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University from October 2019 to June 2021, including 44 neurology patients with ischemic stroke (23 with anterior circulation stroke and 21 with posterior circulation stroke) , and 28 healthy physical examinees. Demographics and routine blood test indicators of all participants were collected. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the degree of neurological impairment, and ELISA was used to detect the levels of CD62P and TXB2 of ischemic stroke patients at baseline, on the 7th and 30th days of treatment, respectively. The Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to assess the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients on the 30th day of treatment. Results Before treatment, both anterior and posterior circulation stroke patients had higher mean levels of CD62P and TXB2 than did the physical examinees (P

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum thrombomodulin (TM), P-selectin, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and coagulation function and postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with traumatic fracture. Methods: 100 cases of traumatic fracture patients with postoperative occurrence DVT from January 2018 to January 2020 in our hospital were selected as the DVT group, at the same time, and 100 cases of traumatic fracture patients without DVT as the non DVT group. The serum TM, P-selectin, HDL-C, plasma coagulation function index [thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-Dimer (D-D)] were compared between the two groups. Ultivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of DVT in patients with traumatic fracture. Results: The serum TM, P-selectin, plasma D-D, FIB levels and proportion of age ≥ 60 years in the DVT group were higher than those in the non DVT group, and the serum HDL-C levels were lower than those in the non DVT group (P＜0.05). In DVT group, serum TM and P-selectin were positively correlated with plasma D-D and FIB (P＜0.05), while serum HDL-C was negatively correlated with plasma D-Dand FIB (P＜0.05), and there were no significant correlation with other plasma coagulation function indexes (P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years, serum TM≥ 9.50 IU/mL, P-selectin ≥ 70.00 ng/ml, HDL-C<1.00 mmol/L, plasma D-D≥ 700.00 g/L and FIB≥ 4.00 g/L were the risk factors of postoperative DVT in patients with traumatic fractures (P＜0.05). Conclusion: In patients with traumatic fractures, the serum TM and P-selectin are higher than those without DVT, and HDL-C is lower than those without DVT, Combined detection of serum TM, P-selectin, HDL-C and coagulation function indicators may help to reduce the risk of DVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between D-dimer（D-D), P-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）and deep vein thrombosis（DVT） in patients with lower extremity fracture. Methods: 80 patients with lower extremity fracture complicated with DVT were selected as DVT group from February 2017 to October 2019, 95 patients with lower extremity fracture without DVT who were treated at the same time were selected as non DVT group. The clinical datas between the two groups were compared. The risk factors of DVT in patients with lower extremity fracture were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression. The diagnostic value of serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF in patients with lower extremity fracture was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve. Results: Compared with the non DVT group, the levels of serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF were significantly increased in DVT group（P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF were risk factors for DVT in patients with lower extremity fracture（OR=1.996, 2.335, 1.743, P<0.05）. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that area under curve（AUC）of serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF were 0.771, 0.790 and 0.812 respectively, the AUC of DVT in patients with lower limb fracture diagnosed by combination of serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF were 0.945. Conclusion: The levels of serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF in patients with lower extremity fracture complicated with DVT are significantly increased and serum D-D, P-selectin and VEGF are the main risk factors of DVT in patients with lower extremity fracture. The combined detection of the three has a certain clinical significance in the diagnosis and prediction of DVT in patients with lower extremity fracture.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is the main pregnancy-specific disease that causes maternal and perinatal death. In recent years, with the improvement of the level of treatment of premature infants, the active treatment of pre-eclampsia after 34 weeks of gestation will get good maternal and perinatal outcomes, but the treatment of early -onset pre -eclampsia patients is still unsatisfactory, so the prediction of pre -eclampsia has become a research hot spot. Studies found that pre -eclampsia is associated with the imbalance of coagulation-fibrinolysis system. In many researches, some factors are used to predict preeclampsia, for instance, platelet parameters, coagulation quadruple, PAI-1, vWF, P-selectin, and D-dimer. This article reviews the progress of these indicators to predict pre-eclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: E-selectin and P-selectin are important adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response in vivo, and inflammatory response plays a positive role in promoting early fracture healing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the alterations and significance of E-selectin and P-selectin in the tissues surrounding fracture of mice. METHODS: Thirty-six BALB/c mice were selected for establishing stable tibia fracture model. The mouse models were randomly divided into 1-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-hour and 3-day groups. The hematoma tissue surrounding the fracture was removed at corresponding time, and contralateral tibial tissues at the healthy side were used as controls. The concentrations of E-selectin and P-selectin in tissues were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The concentrations of E-selectin and P-selectin in the tissues surrounding the fracture were significantly higher than those in the healthy side (P < 0.01). E-selectin reached a peak at about 6 hours. P-selectin was the highest at about 24 hours. In summary, the concentrations of E-selectin and P-selectin in the tissues surrounding the fracture were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that E-selectin and P-selectin may mediate the migration and adhesion of inflammatory cells during the early stage of mouse fracture and play an important role in the pathological process of bone repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia are poorly understood by now, which is important reason for maternal-fetal death. P-selectin is one of adhesion molecules, having a start and an enlarged role of inflammation and thrombus formation, resulting in coagulation dysfunction, damage to the capillary endothelial cells, thereby causing specific maternal-fetal clinical manifestations, which mainly comes from platelets. Many studies have confirmed that P-selectin play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In the article, we will make a review about this progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the effects of rivaroxaban on serum HIF-1α, P-selectin and TNF-α of patients with lower extremity venous thrombosis. METHODS: 120 patients with lower extremity venous thrombosis admitted into Hanchuan People’s Hospital from Feb. 2015 to Feb. 2016 were selected to be divided into observation group and control group via the random number table, with 60 cases in each. The control group were treated with conventional treatment, while the observation group additionally received rivaroxaban based on the control group. The treatment effects of two groups were observed. RESULTS: The total effective rate of observation group was 91. 67%(55/60), significantly higher than that of control group [65. 00% (39/60) ]; the level of serum HIF-1α, P-selectin and TNF-α in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group,with statistically significant difference (P < 0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Rivaroxaban intreatment of lower extremity venous thrombosis can relief the clinical symptoms, decrease level of serum HIF-1α, P-selectin and TNF-α and improve the treatment effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of P-selectin in colorectal cancer cells. Methods The protein expression of P-selectin was detected by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer tissues (n=116) and corresponding non-tumor normal mucosa(n=57). The differences of P-selectin expression in colorectal cancer tissues, corresponding non-tumor normal mucosa and the clinical pathological significance were compared and analysed in two groups. Results The expression of P-selectin protein was found not only in vascular endothelial cells but also in colorectal cancer cells. The positive rate of P-selectin expression was apparently higher in colorectal cancer cells (77.6%, 90/116) than that in normal mucosa (17.5%, 10/57, χ2=56.49, P ＜0.05). However, there were no significance in positive rates of P-selectin in colorectal cancer cells between tumors with different diameters, different degrees of differentiation, different depths of infiltration and with or without lymph node metastasis (80.6% vs. 74.1%, 79.0% vs. 74.3%, 78.4% vs. 76.9%, 82.7% vs. 73.4%, P＞0.05). Conclusion The high expression of P-seletin in colorectal cancer cells is an important characteristic of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of vitamin D3 to platelet activation by tumor cell culture medium., Methods: The peripheral blood platelets of BALB/c mice were isolated. The platelets were activated in 4T1 culture fluid for 24 h. The platelets were divided into 7 groups: control group, activation group, 1 nmol/L vitamin D3 group, 10 nmol/L vitamin D3 group, 50 nmol/L vitamin D3 group, 100 nmol/L vitamin D3 group, and positive drug (0.1 μmol/L eptifibatide) group. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the platelet proliferation at 24, 48 and 72 h. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD61 and CD62p and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) at 24, 48 and 72 h. ELISA was used to detect the level of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) at 24, 48 and 72 h., Results: The CD41 + /CD61 + and CD41 + /CD62p + ratio, PECAM-1 content and RAGE expression of platelets in activated group were all significantly increased as compared with those in control group (P<0.05). Compared with the activated group, the platelet proliferation, proportion of CD41 + /CD61 + and CD41 + /CD62p + , content of PECAM-1 and RAGE expression in vitamin D3 groups were all decreased (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Vitamin D3 shows antiplatelet effect and can inhibit platelet proliferation and activation.

Objective: To investigate the predictive effect of platelet activation index expression before and after adenosine bisphosphate activation on bleeding risk in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)., Methods: Eighty-nine patients with ITP admitted in our hospital from January 2017 to October 2018 were selected and inrolled in ITP group, the bleeding scoreing and grading were performed by using the ITP-BAT for ITP patients, then 89 ITP patients were divided into 4 subgroups: nothing bleeding symptom group, mild bleeding symprom group, mode rate bleeding symptom group and severe bleeding symptom group according to bleeding scores and grades obtained from ITP-BAT detection. At the same time, 22 persons underwent the health physical examination were selected and enrolled in control group. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was used as activator for all patients and controls. The flow cytonetry was used to analyze the expression of platelet membranc glyco protein (GPⅠb, GPⅡb /Ⅲ a) and P-selectin before and after ADP activation, the multiple linear person's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of bleeding degree of ITP patients before and after ADP acbivation with the expression levels of GPⅠb, GPⅡb/Ⅲa and P-selectin., Results: After the ADP activation, the expression level of GPⅠb significantly decreased, while the expression levels of GPⅠb, GPⅡb/Ⅲ a and P-selectin significantly increased in control group, nothing bleeding symptom group and mild bleeding symptom group; but the expression level of GPⅠb significantly increased, while the expression level of GPⅡb/Ⅲ a significantly decreased in moderate and severe bleeding symptom group, the both differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). however, the expression level of P-selectin in moderate and severe bleeding symptom groups before and after ADP activation was not statistivally significant (P＞0.05). Before ADP activation, the expression level of GPⅠb in ITP subgroups was lower than that in control group, the expression level of GPⅡb/Ⅲ a in ITP subgroups was higher than that in control group, the expression level of P-selectin in moderate and severe bleeding symptom groups was higher than that in control group (P＜0.05). After ADP activation, the expression levels of GPⅠb and P-selectin in ITP subgroups both were lower than those in control group, the expression level of GPⅡb/Ⅲa in ITP subgroups was higher than that in control group (P＜0.05). The comparison among ITP subgroups showed that before ADP activation, the expression level of GPⅠb in moderate and severe bleeding symptom groups was lower than that in nothing bleeding symotom and mild bleeding symptom groups, while the expression levels of GPⅡb/Ⅲa and P-selectin were higher than those in nothing bleeding symptom and mild bleeding symptom groups (P＜0.05), however, after ADP activation, the expression level of GPⅠb in moderate and severe bleeding symptom groups was higher than that in nothing bleeding symptom and mild bleeding symptom groups, while the expression levels of GPⅡb/Ⅲ a and P-selection in moderate and severe bleeding symptom groups were lower than those in nothing and mild bleeding symptom groups (P＜0.05). The correlation analysis showed that before ADP activation, the expression levels of GPⅠb and GPⅡb/Ⅲa positivdy correlated with the bleeding risk (r=0.483, 0.504), and the P-selectin not correlated with the bleeding risk (r=0.000); however, after ADP activation, the expression level of GPⅠb and GPⅡb/Ⅲ a negatively correlated with the bleeding risk (r=-0.627, -0.406, -0.108)., Conclusion: The expression level of platelet activation indicators before and after ADP activation is of certain value for prevention of bleeding risk in ITP patients and can be used as a reference indicator for the treatment and efficacy evaluation.

Objective: To investigate the coagulation abnormality and tumor-associated hypercoagulable state in lymphoma-bearing mice by measuring the changes in coagulation indices (D-D, vWF, TF) and platelet activation indices (P-selectin, GPIIbIIIa)., Methods: The mouse model with lymphoma was established by the subcutaneous injection of 38B9 lymphoma cells into BALB/c mice, and the tumor formation was evaluated by using MRI and B ultrasonography. The D-D, vWF and TP levels of blood samples from inner canthal vein of tumor-bearing mice on 1 d, 14 d and 21 d were detected by using ELISA, the platelet activation indices (P-selectin, GPIIbIIIa) were detected by using flow cytometry., Results: The lymphoma-bearing mouse model was successfully established. The levels of D-D, vWF and TF as well as platelet activation indices P-selectin and GPIIbIIIa in the peripheraI blood were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Lymphoma-bearing mice showed abnormalities of coagulation and platelet activation, which relates with the tumor hypercoagulable state in lymphoma-bearing mice.

Objective: To observe the effects of acidic oligosaccharides (AOS) on P-selectin levels in the serum and the pulmonary arteries of pulmonary hypertensive rats induced by monocrotaline. Methods: Sixty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group ( n =10), model group ( n =10), Alprostadil group ( n =10), low-dose AOS group (AOS-L, n =10), medium-dose AOS group (AOS-M, n =10) and high-dose AOS group (AOS-H, n =10). The rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension was made by a single intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline(60 mg/kg). Five weeks after injection, pulmonary arterial (PA) acceleration time (PAT) and ejection time (ET) were measured by color Doppler ultrasound. Then, the Alprostadil group was treated by Alprostadil 5 μg·kg(-1)·d(-1)intraperitoneally. Acidic oligosaccharides was administered by intraperitoneal injection to rats in the AOS-L group(5 kg(-1)·d(-1)), AOS-M group (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1))and AOS-H group (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)). Control group and model group were given normal saline instead. At the end of experiments, the death rate was recorded and PAT/ET was measured. We calculated the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) of all rats sacrificed under anesthesia. Precision-cut lung slices were stained with HE for observation of the structure of middle and small arteries. The expression level of P-selectin in serum and pulmonary arterial tissues were detected by ELISA and Western blot respectively. Results: AOS significantly increased the level of PAT/ET ( P <0.01), and attenuated RVHI ( P <0.01). AOS significantly improved intima-media proliferation in small-to medium-sized pulmonary arteries, and attenuated perivascular inflammation. AOS and Alprostadil significantly down-regulated the protein expression of P-selectin in serum and pulmonary arteries ( P <0.01). Conclusion: In this rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, AOS decreased the expressions of P-selectin in serum and pulmonary arteries in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective: To prepare the quality control material for detection of platelet membrane glycoproteins by flowcytometry and evaluate the appearance traits, homogeneity and stability of it. Methods: Fresh platelets from the blood group O donors were fixed by the certain concentration of aldehyde solution and then washed by the imidazole buffer. After that, adding certain concentration of lyophilized protection solution into the preparations. The preparations were dispensed to be lyophilized and then were kept refrigerated in 2-8 ℃.According to the protocol of control of lyophilized biological products, the quality indicator for monitoring the prepared process, containing the appearance traits, the residual water, the platelet recovery and the rehydration quality were evaluated. The homogeneity and stability of these preparations were evaluated according to the CNAS-GL03 Guidance on evaluating the homogeneity and stability of samples used for proficiency testing and the ISO Guide 35 Reference material - general and statistical principles for certification . Results: The appearance traits and the rehydration quality of the quality control materials meeted the requirements, with the residual water distributed between 3.96% to 4.04% and the platelet recovery rate ranged from 68% to 72%.The homogeneity evaluation showed that there was no significant difference among the groups( P >0.05). The stability test indicated that the positive rate of platelet membrane glycoproteins CD42b, CD41 and CD62P of the quality control material was -0.14%, -0.14% and 0.74%, respectively, at 16 weeks after storage. There was no linear trend between the percentage of positive platelets with membrane glycoproteins and time( P >0.05). Conclusions: The quality control material for detection of platelet membrane glycoproteins by flow cytometry prepared by us meets the needs of the appearance traits, the residual water, the rehydration quality, the homogeneity and the longtime stability.It is hopeful to be used as internal quality control of the assay in clinic laboratory, the external quality assessment and proficiency evaluation.

Objective: To study the relationship between platelet activation and the degree of bleeding in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) . Methods: 43 patients with ITP were assessed based on ITP-BAT bleeding grading system. Platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) Ⅰb, GPⅡb/Ⅲa and P-selectin expression were detected by flow cytometry analysis with and without adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulation. Association of platelet activation with platelet count, immature platelet fraction (IPF) , bleeding severity were evaluated. Results: GPⅡb/Ⅲa and P-selection expressions on unstimulated platelet in ITP patients were higher than those in healthy controls (65.69±10.73 vs 7.16±0.99, t =4.130, P <0.001; 15.43±1.41 vs 12.55±1.03, t =2.070, P =0.043, respectively) , and GPⅠb expression was lower than that in healthy controls (240.11±24.93 vs 295.11±22.15, t =2.417, P =0.020) . Comparatively to healthy individuals, following ADP stimulation, GPⅡb/Ⅲa expression in ITP patients increased (133.96±12.17 vs 39.67±4.99, t =5.256, P <0.001) , whereas GPⅠb and P-selection expressions decreased (37.09±3.94 vs 109.77±23.66, t =3.901, P <0.001; 149.06±19.14 vs 205.73±21.00, t =2.070, P =0.043, respectively) . ADP-stimulated GPⅠb, ADP-stimulated and unstimulated P-selection, proportion of GPⅠb, P-selection levels with/without ADP stimulation were significantly associated with platelet counts ( P <0.05) . ADP-stimulated P-selection and proportion of P-selection levels with/without ADP stimulation were significantly associated with IPF ( P <0.05) . There were significant differences in the expressions of unstimulated P-selection, ADP-stimulated P-selection, ADP-stimulated GPⅠb stratified by bleeding grades ( P <0.05) . The ratios of P-selection, GPⅡb/Ⅲa and GPⅠb with/without ADP stimulation in ITP patients were significantly different among various bleeding grades ( P <0.05) . Higher proportion of GPⅠb with/without ADP stimulation was associated with higher risk of bleeding ( OR =3.05, P =0.011) . Lower proportion of GPⅡb/Ⅲa and P-selection with/without ADP was associated with higher risk of bleeding ( OR =0.32, P =0.023; OR =0.04, P =0.006, respectively) . Conclusion: Platelet activation index could accurately assess the degree of bleeding in patients with ITP, and also be used as the observation index and reference index for treatment.

Objectives: To study the effects of Danqi Capsule on platelet function in healthy people., Methods: Sixteen healthy volunteer were divided into low dose (4 capsules/time, 3 times/d) and high dose group (6 capsules/time, 3 times/d), and received Danqi Capsule by orally administration for 2 weeks. The venous blood were collect at 3 time points: one week before taking Danqi Capsule (control), one week after taking Danqi Capsule (1 week), two week after taking Danqi Capsule (2 weeks). Blood samples were used for the measurements of conventional coagulation examination, complete blood count, liver and kidney function test, platelet aggregation test, the plasma levels of P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) , and maximum aggregation (MA)., Results: In both dosage group, Danqi capsule(1 week/2 weeks) administration showed no difference in conventional coagulation examination, complete blood count, liver and kidney function test, or the plasma level of vWF ( P >0.05), but showed difference (decreased) in platelet aggregation test and the plasma level of P-selectin (vs. control, P <0.05)., Conclusions: Danqi Capsule inhibits platelet activation and platelet aggregation, but not affects the plasma level of vWF, the coagulation function or the hepatorenal function in normal subjects.

Objective To observe the correlation between blood glucose fluctuation in type 2 dia- betes mellitus ( T2DM) patients and vascular endothelial injury/platelet activation/protein kinase Cβ1 (PKCpβ1). Methods Capillary blood was collected from finger tips of 38 T2DM patients at 7 time points, i.e., before 3 meals, 2 h after 3 meals, 21:00 pm before sleep. The mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursions (MAGE) was calculated. The peripheral blood platelet aggregation rate (PAG) induced by a- denosine diphosphate (ADP) and platelet membrane protein level of CD62p were determined by platelet fluorescent aggregometer and flow cytometry respectively. HbAlc was measured by ion-exchange high- performance liquid chromatography. Serum levels of E-selectin, von Willebrand factor ( vWF), and PKCβ1 were detected by ELISA. Meanwhile, liver and renal functions, blood lipids were also measured. Their blood pressure was measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. By taking HbA1c as a moni- tored index for assessing long-term glucose control, MAGE as an indicator for assessing glucose fluctua- tion, the correlations between serum markers for vascular endothelial injury (levels of E-selectin and vWF)/platelet activation indices (PAG and CD62p expression) and PKCβ1 level/MAGE respectively were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multivariant Logistic regression. The correlations be- tween PKCβ1 level and MAGE/HbA1 c were also analyzed. Results In simple correlation analysis, there were no significant correlations between age/BMI/course of disease/medical history/serum levels of E-se- lectin/vWF/PKCβ1/PAG/CD62p expression and MAGE (P >0. 05). There were significant correlations be- tween vascular endothelial injury markers ( E-selectin and vWF)/platelet activation indicators ( PAG, CD62p expression) and MAGE (r =0. 468, 0. 609, 0. 451 , 0. 674; P <0. 01). There were significant corre- lations between PKCβ1 and glucose assessment indicators (MAGE and HbA1c)/vascular endothelial inju- ry markers ( E-selectin and vWF) , platelet activation indicators ( PAG and CD62p expression) (r = 0. 643, 0. 705, 0. 394, 0. 665, 0. 441 , 0. 577; P <0. 01). Conclusion PKCβ1 , the key regulatory gene of coronary artery disease with blood stasis syndrome, was closely related with the degree of vascular en- dothelial injury and aggregation level of platelet activation in T2DM patients with blood glucose fluctuation.

Objective: To review the current progresses in purification strategies, biological characters, and functions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) (EPC-EVs)., Methods: Recent relevant publications on the EPC-EVs were extensively reviewed, analyzed, and summarized., Results: EPC-EVs are usually isolated by differential centrifugation and exhibit a homogenous pattern of spheroid particles with a diameter ranging from 60 to 160 nm under transmission electron microscopy. EPC-EVs are positive for cell-surface markers of EPCs (CD31, CD34, and CD133), and negative for markers of platelets (P-selectin and CD42b) and monocytes (CD14). Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of EPC-EVs in ischemic injuries, anti-Thyl glomerulonephritis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and also shown their predictive role in cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases., Conclusion: An alluring prospect exists on the EPC-EVs-related research. Further studies are required to decipher the composition of EPC-EVs and their precise role in pathophysiological processes, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms for their targeting and function.

Objective: To explore the expression levels of terminal complement complex (C5b-9) and CD62p on platelets and the soluble C5b-9 (sC5b-9) level in serum in patients with PNH or PNH-aplastic anemia (AA)., Methods: Serum levels of sC5b-9, complement C3 and C4 were detected by using ELISA in 25 patients with PNH/PNH-AA. The quantities of C5b-9 and CD62p on the membrane of platelets were detected by flow cytometry., Results: ①In PNH/PNH-AA group, the serum sC5b-9 level [390.27(265.73-676.87) μg/L] was lower than that in control group [540.39(344.20-1 576.78) μg/L] (P<0.01). ②The platelet PNH clone (CD59⁻CD61⁺/CD61⁺) size [50.58(23.29-81.60)%] was bigger in the PNH/PNH-AA group than that [23.57(15.58-29.02)%] in control group (P<0.01). The percentages of C5b-9 deposition (C5b-9⁺CD61⁺/CD61⁺) were higher on the PNH clone platelets (CD59⁻CD61⁺) in the PNH/PNH-AA group [(17.53 ± 6.27)%] than those on the normal platelets (CD59⁺CD61⁺) in PNH patients 11.33±5.03）%］ and control [(10.88±3.58)%] group (P<0.01). ③ The expression of CD62p (CD62p⁺CD61⁺/CD61⁺) on PNH clone platelets in PNH patients [(61.98 ± 11.71)%] was higher than that on the normal platelets in PNH patients [(43.76±11.30)%] and control group [(38.23±18.07)%] (P<0.01). In addition, the expression of CD62p on normal platelets was higher in PNH patients than control (P<0.05). ④The deposition of C5b-9 positively correlated with the expression of CD62p on the platelets (r=0.559, P=0.002)., Conclusion: Deficiency of CD59 antigen on platelets in PNH patients may lead to the deposition of C5b-9 on its membrane and its dysfunction, which may contribute to thrombosis events in PNH.

Objective: To evaluate the association between homocysteine level and prethrombotic status and long-term thromboembolic events in patients with primary hypertension., Methods: Results between 110 hypertensive patients with elevated homocysteine (HCY) level were compared with 110 hypertensive patients with normal HCY level which were enrolled from October 2003 to November 2009. Fibrinogen (FIB), viscosity, thrombomodulin (TM), granule membrane protein (GMP-140), prethrombin F1+2 fragment (F1+2), D-dimer fragment (D-Dimer) and antithrombin III (AT-III) were measured and correlated to HCY and prethrombotic state. The endpoints of the study were arterial and venous thromboembolic events. The variables linked with arterial and venous thromboembolic events were included in Cox proportional hazard models. The event-free survival was illustrated with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared by the Log-rank test., Results: The patients were followed up for 8-122 months (median follow-up time was 85 months). Compared with hypertensive patients with normal HCY, the plasma level of TM ((4.8±1.2) µg/L vs. (4.5±1.0) µg/L, P = 0.045), GMP-140 ((18.8±3.2) µg/L vs. (17.1±4.3) µg/L, P = 0.001), F1+2 ((1.2±0.4) nmol/L vs. (1.0±0.6) nmol/L, P = 0.004) were significantly higher while the plasma level of AT-III ((95.3±10.4) % vs. (98.6±10.6)%, P = 0.021) was significantly lower in hypertensive patients with elevated HCY level. FIB, viscosity of plasma and D-dimer were similar between the two groups. Multiple regression analyses indicated that HCY level was negatively correlated with AT-III (β = -0.199, P = 0.011) and positively correlated with age (β = 0.217, P = 0.04), female gender (β = 5.667, P = 0.001) and TM (β = 2.341, P = 0.003). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that age and HCY level were independent prognostic risk factors of thromboembolic events (OR 1.046, 95% CI 1.013-1.082, OR 1.052, 95% CI 1.027-1.078, respectively) (all P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that there was a significant difference in the event-free survival between the two groups (Log-rank test, P = 0.027)., Conclusions: Compared with normal HCY hypertensive patients, the levels of plasma prothrombin activators such as TM, GMP-140 and F1+2 were significant increased and anti-thrombin factor such as AT-III was significant decreased in hypertensive patients with elevated HCY. Old age and high HCY level were independent prognostic risk factors of thromboembolic events. The event-free survival in hypertensive patients with elevated HCY is lower than in hypertensive patients with normal HCY level.

Objective: To study the effect of anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on coagulation and inflammation markers in sepsis patients., Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial ( RCT ) was conducted. Eighty-seven patients suffering from septic shock undergoing mechanical ventilation in Department of Critical Care Medicine of Subei People's Hospital from June 2012 to September 2014 were enrolled. The hemodynamic changes before and after PLR were monitored by pulse indicated continuous cardiac output ( PiCCO ) and PVI monitoring. Responsive group: positive fluid response was defined as an increase in cardiac index ( CI )≥10% after PLR. Unresponsive group: negative fluid response was defined as an increase in CI<10% after PLR. The hemodynamic parameters, including heart rate ( HR ), mean arterial pressure ( MAP ), central venous pressure ( CVP ), stroke volume variation ( SVV ), CI and PVI, and the changes in cardiac parameters (ΔHR, ΔMAP, ΔCVP, ΔSVV, ΔCI, and ΔPVI ) before and after PLR were determined. The relations between hemodynamic parameters and their changes with ΔCI were analyzed by the Pearson analysis. The role of the parameters for volume responsiveness prediction was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves., Results: There were no significant differences in values of all parameters, including CD62p, D-dimmer, IL-6, TNF-α, and APACHE II score at 1 day of treatment. The values of all parameters in observation group were gradually decreased. CD62p at 3 days of treatment and D-dimmer, IL-6, TNF-α, and APACHE II score at 5 days of treatment were significantly lower than those at 1 day of treatment. The values in the control group were decreased at first and then increased, as D-dimmer, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher on the 5th day than those at 1 day of treatment. Compared with control group, CD62p, D-dimmer, IL-6, TNF-α and APACHE II score on the 7th day of treatment were significantly lowered in observation group [CD62 (μg/L): 22.64±2.88 vs. 31.52±2.81, D-dimmer (g/L): 1.32±0.46 vs. 4.79±0.82, IL-6 (ng/L): 5.84±1.87 vs. 49.64±3.12, TNF-α (ng/L): 21.04±3.15 vs. 130.58±6.26, APACHE II score: 9.71±2.02 vs. 14.17±2.38, all P < 0.05]. Correlation analysis showed that in observation group, CD62p, D-dimmer, IL-6, and TNF-α were positively correlated with APACHE II score (r value was 0.907, 0.868, 0.880, 0.693, respectively, all P=0.000). The incidence of MODS in observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [26.7% (8/30) vs. 46.7% (14/30), χ (2)=3.943, P = 0.028]., Conclusions: LMWH, which was given early in sepsis, can significantly down-regulate the expression of CD62p, D-dimmer, IL-6 and TNF-α, and reduce the incidence of MODS. Some indicators regarding coagulation and inflammation can be used as supplementary indicators to severity scores, and it may be able to improve the accuracy of scoring systems for sepsis.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of evaluating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse with targeted myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE)., Methods: Phospholipid microbubbles targeted to P-selectin (MBp) and control microbubbles (MBc) were created by conjugating monoclonal antibody against murine P-selectin or isotype control antibody with the lipid shell via "avidin-biotin" bridging. Ten mice with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion were injected intravenously of MBp and MBc in a random order with a 30 min interval. After 5 min of intravenous injection of microbubble, targeted MCE imaging was performed in all mice. And then the video intensity (VI) was determined., Results: A significant ultrasonic enhancement was observed in ischemic region of MBp-group. Increment in VI value of ischemic region in MBp-group was great and it amounted to (26.0 +/- 6.2) U. However, increment in VI value of ischemic region in MBc-group was minor and it was merely (9.1 +/- 0.9) U. Difference was evident in ischemic region between of two groups (P < 0.05). In both MBp-group and MBc-group, the VI value of ischemic region was significantly greater than that of non-ischemic region (6.5 +/- 1.0) U vs (6.4 +/- 0.8) U (P < 0.05). There was no obvious difference in the VI of non-ischemic region between two groups., Conclusion: Molecular imaging of P-selectin with targeted contrast echocardiography can effectively evaluate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Platelet plays an important role in thromboembolic diseases. It is demonstrated that recurrent pulmonary embolism may cause pulmonary hypertention. In recent years, P-selectin (granule membrane protein, GMP140) was found to be a surface marker for platelet activation. In order to investigate the role of platelet in chronic cor pulmonale, the changes of P-selectin on platelet membrane and its effect on platelet adhesiveness (PAdT) and platelet aggregation (PAgT) were studied. The results showed that the changes of P-selectin PAdT and PAgT in chronic cor pulmonale were significant than those in chronic pulmonary diseases and controls (P < 0.01). There was positive correlation between P-selectin and PAdT (r = 0.6831, P < 0.01) as well as PAgT (r = 0.7142, P < 0.01). The levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibrinogen (Fg) were markedly increased in chronic cor pulmonale as compared with chronic pulmonary disease and control group (P < 0.01). There was also positive correlation between vWF and PAgT (r = 0.4143, P < 0.05) as well as between Fg and PAgT (r = 0.4392, P < 0.05). It is concluded that platelet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic cor pulmonale.

Platelet number and alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) level on platelet surface were determined in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 20 normal subjects. The results showed that platelet number decreased significantly after AMI, especially on the second day after onset and that the level of GMP-140 increased rapidly after AMI and reached a peak on the second after the attack. Both returned to the normal on the 5-7th day after the heart attack. Correlative analysis between increase of serum CK-MB and platelet number was negative (r = -0.6123, P < 0.005), and positive between that and GMP-140 level (r = 0.5895, P < 0.01). Platelet number decreased markedly in cases with heart failure and cardiac death. The results indicate that platelets are involved in the pathological process of AMI.

The levels of alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) on the surface of platelet and serum TXB2 were determined in 55 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 20 healthy individuals before and after exercise test. Among the 55 CHD patients, 36 had positive and 19 had negative results. The number of GMP-140 molecules on the platelet surface and serum TXB2 level were significantly increased in the patients with positive exercise test, P < 0.05. The increase was transient and GMP-140 returned to the preexercise level 15 minutes after the exercise test. In contrast, GMP-140 and TXB2 levels were not elevated in CHD patients with negative exercise test and also in normal subjects after exercise. The result indicates that platelet activation may be related to the exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in CHD patients.

From Oct. 1990 to June 1991, alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP 140) were measured by MoAb radioimmunoassay in normal non-pregnant women (n = 24), normal late pregnancy (n = 26), late pregnancy with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) (n = 27), and oral contraceptive users (n = 23). The results showed that (1) platelet GMP 140 of late pregnant women were significantly higher than that in nonpregnant controls; (2) There was no difference in GMP 140 between late pregnant group and PIH group; (3) Differences were not found among mild, moderate and severe PIH subgroups; (4) Platelet GMP140 was remarkably higher in oral contraceptive users than that in normal controls.

The degree of activation and damage of platelets during various stages of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was studied with monoclonal antibody SZ-51 specific for an alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) on the surface of activated platelets. The number of platelets fell significantly at the commencement of CPB and reached the minimum at the end of CPB; GMP-140 molecules on the platelet surface increased significantly after the commencement of CPB and reached the peak between the ending of bypass and administration of protamine and returned to normal level at 2 hours postoperatively, however, the concentration of GMP-140 in plasma began increasing at the end of CPB and reached the peak at 2 hours postoperatively and became normal at 24 to 48 hours after operation. The results indicate that platelet activation and damaging occur during CPB.

A monoclonal antibody specific for alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) of platelets was used to evaluate the platelet activation degree in 16 cases with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 14 cases with unstable angina (UA). The number of GMP-140 molecules on platelet surface reached the highest 48 hours after AMI attack and returned to baseline at the seventh day. The concentration of GMP-140 in plasma began to increase at the first day and decreased to normal at the tenth day. The degree of platelet activation in patients with UA is less than that of AMI.

To detect specifically the localization of thrombus in vivo, we prepared a monoclonal antibody (McAb) SZ-51 specific for an alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) exposed on the surface of activated human platelets. 131I labeled SZ-51 antibody combined preferentially with thrombus induced by thrombin in vitro. Owing to McAb SZ-51 crossreaction with the activated platelets of dogs, thrombi in both femoral artery and vein were prepared and imaged with SPECT in dogs. The ratio of radioactivity between thrombi and blood pool was significantly increased in both arterial and venous thrombus after injection of 131I-SZ-51, especially at the 4th hour. Moreover, the imaging of arterial thrombus is better than that of venous thrombus. However, both arterial and venous thrombi could not be imaged by the injection of 131I-nonimmune IgG. These findings were in agreement with the radioactivity ratios between the removed thrombi and blood 24 hours after injection. Therefore, these results indicate that McAb SZ-51 has the power of detecting thrombi in vivo.