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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] This study seeks to identify and analyze the PIN gene family members in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to investigate their expression patterns in the abscission zone of the fruit pedicel as well as during root development. The ultimate goal is to provide candidate genes for elucidating the function of CaPINs and for breeding new pepper varieties. [Methods] PIN genes were identified through whole-genome screening of pepper, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The expression patterns of these genes in the fruit pedicel abscission zone and during root development were systematically analyzed. [Results] 9 members of the PIN gene family were identified in the pepper genome and designated as CaPIN1 through CaPIN9. These genes are distributed across seven chromosomes, with CaPIN9 remaining unanchored. The proteins encoded by these genes exhibit amino acid length ranging from 358 to 654 residues, molecular weight from 39 251.05 D to 71 170.91 D, and isoelectric point from 6.40 to 9.38. Most of these proteins are stable. Additionally, significant collinearity was observed among the CaPINs, indicating a close genetic relationship with the tomato genome. CaPINs encompass a multitude of elements associated with growth, environmental responses, and hormonal signaling. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that the expression of CaPINs in pepper was tissue-specific. Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that CaPINs exhibited differential expression levels across various fruit pedicel abscission zones and throughout root development. [Conclusion] CaPINs play a crucial role in the development of the pedicel abscission zone and the growth and development of the root system. These genes hold significant potential as candidates for breeding pepper varieties with improved ease of de-stemming and for enhancing genetic traits related to root systems.

To investigate the variation in pepper quality across different regions, three pepper varieties (Jiao yang 6, La yan 101 and Zhuo jiao xin 52) were selected and planted in Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing, Shaanxi and Xinjian Provinces. In order to provide reference for the selection of pepper varieties in different regions, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to evaluate the suitability of each pepper variety for its region by determining the peppers' nutritional quality, such as capsaicin, reducing sugar, amino acids, crude fibre, crude fat, capsaicin. The study revealed that significant variations presented in pepper quality across different producing areas and the coefficient of variation ranged from 5.79% to 50.29%. Among them, capsaicin content varied the most with origin. Notably, the average coefficient of variation was 41.94% for capsaicin and was about 8% for crude fiber and amino acids. The comprehensive evaluation of La yan 101 variety was the highest, then Zhuo jiao xin 52 was the second by principal component analysis. Meanwhile, all three varieties showed higher quality scores when planted in Guizhou Province compared to other four regions. In summary, peppers quality varied significantly among different regions and La yan 101 planted in Guizhou demonstrated the best quality performance. Thus we concluded that these peppers planted in Guizhou Province had quality advantages to other four provinces.

Abstract [Objective] PEX (pollen extensin-like) gene is involved in controlling pollen development, which plays a crucial role in embryogenesis of pollen microspores and haploid culture. In this study, the authors isolated the CaPEX3 gene from pepper and analyzed its protein structure and expression pattern, which provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the function of the CaPEX3 gene. [Methods] CaPEX3 was cloned by PCR, and its protein structure, evolution, and gene regulation were analyzed by bioinformatics. Expression of CaPEX3 in different tissues and pollen of different varieties were detected by qRT-PCR. Pollen viability of different pepper varieties was detected by staining method and their relationship with CaPEX3 expression was analyzed. [Results] The coding region of CaPEX3 was 1 581 bp in length, encoding 526 amino acids, which belongs to the LRX (leucine-rich repeats/extensins) gene family. The protein had phosphorylation and glycosylation sites, signaling peptides, and transmembrane domains. The expression level of CaPEX3 was the highest in flowers, and the gene expression was higher in tissues with high pollen vitality. The regulatory network predicted that CaPEX3 might be involved in the regulation of pollen development through the action of genes related to flower development. [Conclusion] CaPEX3 was specifically expressed in flowers, and a correlation was observed between its expression level and the activity of pollen grains. The analysis of gene expression and the construction of related vectors provided a theoretical foundation and technical support for the subsequent investigation of gene function and mechanism of CaPEX3

【Objective】To explore the role of bZIP gene in response to abiotic stress would provide genetic resources for improving the stress resistance of peppers.【Method】A candidate gene CabZIP42 was obtained and cloned based on transcriptome sequencing in pepper ‘G7’, the molecular characteristics of the encoded protein were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and its expression patterns were analyzed by RT-qPCR in different tissues and under different stress treatments.【Result】The coding region of CabZIP42 was 1233 bp in length, encoding 410 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 44.85 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.47. The CabZIP42 protein contained two conserved domains, the basic amino acid region N-x9-R and the leucine zipper region x6-L-x6-L-x6-L. The secondary structure of the protein was dominated by random coils, and contained a small amount of α-helix. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CabZIP42 had the most recent protein evolutionary relationship with tomato and potato. Promoter prediction analysis showed that there were multiple hormonal and stress-related cis-acting elements on the CabZIP42 promoter.【Conclusion】The expression of CabZIP42 gene was the highest in pepper leaves, and it was involved in ABA signal transduction in response to drought, high temperature and high salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】The orderly transformation and upgrading of rural industries cannot be achieved without precise spatial layout guidance, and the layout of characteristic industries is mostly coordinated within the spatial scale of counties/towns, which fails to highlight the differences in rural land use. Taking the suitability bottom line as a constraint and determining an intensive and compact industrial spatial pattern is the key to promoting the concentrated and large-scale development of characteristic and advantageous industries. Exploring the spatial layout of pepper industry with coupling suitability and compactness can provide ideas for optimizing county-level industrial layout. 【Method】Taking 68 Sichuan pepper villages in Jiangjin district, Chongqing as the research object, an ‘ecological-potential’ comprehensive industrial layout suitability evaluation model was constructed to explore the suitability layout of Sichuan pepper. Then, a multi-agent based spatial optimization configuration model (AgentLA) under the constraint of target scale was introcluced to optimize the connectivity of suitable land parcels, promoting the formation of a compact spatial pattern. 【Result】 (i) When only considering ‘garden land’, Shimen town, Xianfeng town, and Baisha town could not meet the scale requirements. When considering ‘garden land+dry land’, Shimen town and Baisha town could meet the scale requirements. However, when considering ‘garden land+dry land+paddy field’, Xianfeng Town still could not meet the scale requirements. (ii) After adjusting the ecological suitability of pepper using market, management, and production factors, the differences between villages became more pronounced. The highly suitable ones were mainly concentrated in Xiuzhuang village, while the moderately suitable ones were mainly concentrated in villages and communities such as Jiatan community and Yongfeng village, and the barely suitable ones were distributed in all villages and communities. (ii) Differentiated development of rural pepper industry, dividing 68 villages into 4 development zones, with 4 villages and communities including Jiaoxiang community and Xiuzhuang village as priority development zones, 19 villages and communities including Baiping village and Shuanghe village as key development zones, 30 villages and communities including Huangjue village and Xiaoyuan village as general development zones, and 15 villages and communities including Piluo village and Xinqiao community as slow development zones. 【Conclusion】The suitability evaluation model for the comprehensive layout of the ‘ecology-potential’ industry can realistically evaluate the suitability of industrial land, which the AgentLA model can provide a more compact land plan. The combination of the two can provide reference for optimizing the layout and high-quality development of pepper industry in rural areas of Jiangjin district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili pepper is one of the most widely planted vegetables in China. The current production of fresh chili peppers, such as field management and harvesting, faces the challenges of high labor intensity and low efficiency. The chili pepper industry is ever transitioning towards mechanization and intelligent production. The rapid and accurate detection of chili fruits in the natural environment is of great significance for the automatic picking of chili peppers. However, it is still lacking in the adaptive ability and detection accuracy of the model under different light and occlusion conditions. In this study, an improved detection model, called YOLOX_Pepper, was proposed for chili fruit using YOLOX. Firstly, a fusion-efficient channel CA (coordinate attention) attention mechanism was added to the YOLOX feature fusion network, in order to capture the key features of chili fruits. Secondly, the convolution module in the feature fusion module of the backbone network was replaced with Deformable Convolutional DCNv2 (Deformable ConvNets v2), in order to improve the perceptual ability of the model in the case of the complex geometric features of chili pepper length, width, and aspect ratio, due to branch and fruit occlusion. The experimental results showed that the improved YOLOX_Pepper model had mAP (mean average precision) of 93.30%, which was 3.99, 1.58, 3.19, and 2.84 percentage points higher than that of Faster R-CNN, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOX, respectively, with an F1 score of 96%. Under strong light conditions, the mAP of green and red chili fruits of the YOLOX_Pepper model was 69.16% and 89.67%, respectively, and the number of correctly detected green and red peppers was 83 and 304, respectively. Under shadow conditions, the mAP of green and red peppers of the YOLOX_Pepper model was 77.21% and 90.42%, respectively, and the number of green and red peppers was 119 and 255 correctly detected. Under the lack of light conditions, the mAP of the YOLOX_Pepper model for green peppers and red peppers were 77.38% and 75.47%, respectively, and the number of correctly detected green and red peppers were 86 and 311, respectively. The YOLOX_Pepper model performed better in various light conditions, especially in the number and accuracy of detections, compared with the YOLOV5, YOLOV7, and YOLOX models. Under fruit occlusion conditions, the mAP of YOLOX_Pepper was 71.15% and 94.87% for green and red peppers, respectively, and the number of correct detections was 79 and 650 for green and red peppers, respectively. Under branch and foliage occlusion conditions, the mAP of YOLOX_Pepper was 83.98% and 87.10% for green and red peppers, respectively, and the number of correctly detected green and red peppers was 88 and 394, respectively. The improved YOLOX_Pepper model performed better in the chili fruit detection under different occlusions, compared with the YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOX models. The YOLOX_Pepper model showed excellent performance of detection in complex environments. The effectiveness of the improved module can also provide the intelligent production of chili peppers with reliable technical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract [Objective] The study aims to explore the expression and function of the RIN gene, encoding a MADS-box, and analyze its impact on the metabolism of carotenoids in pepper. [Methods] Based on the fruit development transcriptome of pepper, the full-length CDS of the MADS-box transcription factor Ca- RIN gene related to chili ripening was cloned. The bioinformatics, expression pattern, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activation activity were examined, and the effects of VIGS-induced CaRIN gene silencing on carotenoid metabolism were investigated. [Results] (1) The CDS of CaRIN gene was 732 bp in length. CaRIN gene encoded a protein containing 243 amino acids with a molecular mass of 27.95 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.06. CaRIN protein had a typical MEF2_ like MADS domain, belonging to the MICK type transcription factor. (2) CaRIN gene was mainly expressed in flowers and fruits with tissue specificity. CaRIN was located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. (3) The promoter of CaRIN gene had several hormone response elements such as ABRE, and exogenous ABA and ethephon accelerated the fruit to turn red and induced the high expression of CaRIN and related genes. (4) After VIGS-induced gene silencing of CaRIN , the expression level of PSY1, CCS, PDS, CRTZ, LCYB, and NCED1, genes involved in carotenoid metabolic pathway, was decreased by 0.27-0.59 times, and the total carotenoid content in fruits (0.379 mg/g) was decreased compared with the control (0.650 mg/g). [Conclusion] CaRIN may be an important regulatory factor of carotenoid metabolism in capsicum fruits.

【Objective】The study was carried out to explore the distribution patterns of rhizospheric microbial communities in different resistant pepper varieties, aiming to provide a basis for the targeted optimization of rhizospheric microbial community structure of pepper.【Method】Taking the susceptible pepper variety 'Hailan 99' (HL99) and the resistant variety 'Sanxiaqing' (SSQ) as experimental materials, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze and compare the effects of susceptible and non-susceptible soil environments on the community diversity, species composition, correlation networks and function of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of different disease-resistant pepper plants.【Result】Through high-throughput sequencing, a total of 66 617 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from soil bacterial samples were obtained, among which the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, with the relative abundances of approximately 40.1% and 15.3%, respectively. From soil fungal samples, 2 948 OTUs were obtained, among which the dominant phylum was Ascomycota, with an average relative abundance of approximately 47.8%. The rhizospheric microbial community structure and species composition of pepper varieties showed significant differences under different soil conditions. Under susceptible soil conditions, the diversity of bacterial communities in pepper rhizosphere decreased, while the diversity of fungal communities increased. The bacterial OTUs decreased by 6.5%-7.8%, and fungal OTUs increased by 8.8%-9.8%. The relative abundance of Fusarium fungi was significantly higher in the susceptible group (5.0%) compared with that in the resistant group (4.8%), while the relative abundance of beneficial fungi like Mortierella and Trichoderma and beneficial bacteria like Pseudomonas and Bacillus was significantly lower in the susceptible group than that in the resistant group. Overall, under the susceptible soil conditions, the abundance of beneficial rhizosphere fungi and bacteria in the resistant group was higher than that in the susceptible group, contributing to a better soil micro-ecological environment. Based on species abundance tables, the correlation relationships of fungi-fungi, fungi-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria species were calculated respectively at the genus level. The results indicated that the rhizosphere microorganisms of pepper formed a complex ecological network, with high co-occurrence between fungi-fungi and fungi-bacteria (with a positive correlation percentage higher than 50%), suggesting that cooperative relationships outweighed competitive ones. The bacteria-bacteria network structure was more complex, with a positive correlation percentage of about 49.9%.【Conclusion】The rhizospheric microbial community structures of different resistant varieties exhibit significant differences under different soil conditions. The interaction of rhizosphere microorganisms forms a complex microbial ecological network structure. The relative abundance of beneficial fungi and bacteria is higher in the resistant variety than that in the susceptible variety, which suppresses more pathogenic microbes, leading to a healthier soil micro-ecological environment. The key groups identified in this study, including Fusarium, Verticillium, Trichoderma, Bacillus and Pseudomonas, will provide important information for the targeted optimization of rhizospheric microbial community structures and offer crucial theoretical references for the biological control of soil-borne diseases.

Pepper is one of the important vegetable crops and condiments in China. Carrying out researches on pepper genomics is of great significance for understanding the genetics and evolution of peppers, tapping important functional genes of peppers, and using biotechnology to conduct genetic improvement of varieties. The release of the draft pepper genomic map in 2014 marked the entry of pepper into an era of genomics research. Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in pepper genomics research, revealing the basic features of pepper genome deeply and constructing a preliminary pan-genome of pepper. Meanwhile, pepper genomics has been widely applied in exploring the interspecific differentiation and gene introgression of pepper, analyzing the evolutionary mechanism of pepper important traits, elucidating the genetic diversity of pepper, revealing the characteristics of artificial domestication of pepper, tracing the history of global range expansion and dissemination of pepper, and exploring the genes controlling the formation of important traits of pepper and so on. In this paper, we review and summarize the progress made in pepper genomics and its applications over the past 10 years, and look forward to the construction of a higher-quality pepper reference genome and pan-genome as well as the improvement of the research platform for pepper functional genomics, with an aim to provide a reference for pepper genomics and related applications.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】The structure and function of UGT gene family members in pepper were identified and analyzed, laying the foundation for subsequent research.【Method】BioEdit, BLASTP and Pfam were used to align and search for UGT members in pepper. CDD and HMMER databases were used to verify conserved domains. ExPASy, Cell PLOC, MAGA X, MG2C, GSDS, and STRING were used to analyze and predict protein physicochemical properties, phylogeny, chromosome localization, gene structure and protein interaction. Transcriptome data and real-time PCR were used to analyze the expression pattern of UGT gene in various organs during the development of various organs.【Result】The prediction results showed that the 140 CaUGTs family members identified from the pepper gene family encoded amino acids in the range of 253-534 and the isoelectric point in the range of 4.7-8.45, most of the CaUGTs were located outside the cell, and a few were located in the plasma membrane and chloroplasts, and were distributed in 17 groups and mapped on 13 chromosomes, of which 25 members were located in chrom12, and all members contained the conserved domains motif 1 and motif 3. They responded to the action elements related to plant growth and development, stress. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the expression patterns of UGT gene in pepper under different tissues, stress and hormone response showed that UGT gene was of tissue-specific expression differences, and the expression of UGT gene significantly increased or decreased under the conditions of ABA, GA3, high and low temperature stress, and CaUGTs members might play different roles in specific stages of development, and may be involved in regulating the defense response under stress in pepper. 【Conclusion】The distribution and structure of the 140 pepper UGT members are diverse, while the members within the group are highly similar, indicating that the CaUGTs gene may respond to abiotic stress during the growth and development of pepper plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]The study aimed to identify the members of the nitrate transporter protein(NRT)gene family in Capsicum annuum,and analyze their basic properties,chromosomal location,evolutionary relationships,and expression characteristics across different tissues,developmental stages of fruits,and under various abiotic stresses. [Methods]The NRT gene family was analyzed with the bioinformatics methods in genome of ‘Zunla 1'pepper,and the physical and chemical properties of protein,the gene structure,chromosome localization,collinearity analysis,cis-acting elements and evolutionary relationship were determined. Transcriptome data were utilized to examine the expression characteristics of NRT genes in various tissues and fruits during varying developmental stages. The expression profiles were also analyzed under variant abiotic stresses using RT-qPCR. [Results]A total of 73 CaNRT genes were identified in C.annuum and unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes could be grouped into three subfamilies,with a similar gene structure and conserved motifs. The cis-acting element analysis results suggested that CaNRT genes might be regulated by various factors,including light,hormones and adversity stress. Members of the CaNRT1 subfamily exhibited high expression predominantly in roots,stems,and leaves. The CaNRT2 subfamily displayed low expression at all times,while the CaNRT3 subfamily showed differential tissue expression and was primarily highly expressed in roots. The abiotic stress data showed that CaNRT1.18,CaNRT3.3,CaNRT3.1,CaNRT2.1 and CaNRT1.23 responded more strongly to low temperature,high temperature,drought,salt and oxidative treatments. All CaNRT genes exhibited a positive reaction to varying degrees under low-temperature treatment. [Conclusions]73 CaNRT genes were identified in the pepper genome,and several key genes were screened which were involved in the regulation of growth and development and response to multiple abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the effect of y-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and B-amino-butyric acid (BABA) on pepper seedlings and pepper fruits. [Method] Hongguan No. 3' and 'Chuanteng No. 10' pepper cultivars were utilized as test materials. Pepper seedlings were cultured in 1/2 MS solid medium, and pre-treated with 50 mmol/L GABA and 50 mmol/L BABA (GABA and BABA were not added as non-pre-treatment control) to analyze physiological changes after inoculation with Colletotrichum socrillei (inoculated with H₂O as non-inoculation control). Meanwhile, red fruit of peppers were pretreated with 50 mmol/L GABA and 50 mmol/L BABA to analyze the physiological changes after C. socvillei. [Result] After inoculation C. socvillei, the leaves of both Hongguan No. 3' and 'Chuanteng No. 10 pepper seedlings exhibited a decreasing level in chlorophyll a and b as days past inoculations. This decline was significant when compared to the non-inoculated control on 8-day (H₂O). (P<0.05, the same as below). The root growth rate of these two pepper cultivars also showed downtrends with days past inoculation; Both GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups showed a reduced decline in chlorophyll content and root length compared to the non-pre-treatment control group after inoculation with C. socvillei, separately. The chlorophyll content of GABA pre-treatment group remained consistently higher than that of the other treatment groups, with a significant difference observed at 2-day past inoculation. At 8 days past inoculation, the POD activities of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the non-pre-treatment control group separately. Moreover, the MDA contents of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the non-pre-treatment control group. Furthermore, there were minimal significant differences within each GABA and BABA pre-treatment group concerning antioxidant enzymes or MDA levels when comparing from 0-day to 8-day past inoculation. However, the antioxidant enzymes activities of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups were consistently higher than those of the non-pretreatment control group 0 days, and MDA contents of both groups remained comparable to the non-pre-treatment control group 0 days; At 8 days past-inoculation, the POD and SOD activities of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups with red pepper fruits were significantly lower than those of the non-pre-treatment control group, and the MDA contents of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the non-pre-treatment control group separately. Additionally, the lesion diameter of GABA and BABA pre-treatment groups were significantly reduced by 1.34 and 0.68 times, respectively, compared to the non-pre-treatment control group. In addition, the trends in the variation of antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA contents within red pepper fruits pre-treatment groups compared 0-day to 8-day past inoculation were consistent with the results observed in pepper seedlings. [Conclusion] The results show that GABA and BABA increase the leaf chlorophyll content and root growth rate of pepper seedlings after inoculation with C. socrillei. Meanwhile, GABA and BABA enhance disease resistance by activating the antioxidant enzyme system in seedlings and pepper fruits and reducing the accumulation of MDA. This enhancement improves the resistance to anthracnose in both pepper seedlings and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences is the property of South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences is the property of South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effect of natural spices on the shelf life quality of roasted peanut kernels, peanut kernels treated with aqueous extracts of turmeric, fennel, and peppercorns were subjected to accelerated oxidation using the Schaal oven method and were analyzed for acidity, peroxide, malondialdehyde, chroma colourimetry, textural composition, moisture content, water activity, and flavour sensory indexes during the period of storage in the oven, combined with the kinetics and the Arrhenius equation, the shelf life prediction model was completed at 20~63 ℃, validated and applied. The results showed that compared with the control group, the turmeric, fennel and peppercorn aqueous extract treatment groups could effectively inhibit the hydrolysis of oil and fatty acid oxidation, inhibit the increase of peroxide value and malondialdehyde, maintain the chromaticity and texture of peanuts better, and improve the flavour score of roasted peanuts. There was no significant difference between the moisture content of the spices groups and the control group. The water activity was less than 0.60, Aspergillus flavus struggled to thrive. The relative error of the resulting shelf life model was not more than 8.93%, which was used to quickly predict the shelf life of roasted peanuts stored at 20~63 ℃. When the storage temperature was 25 ℃, the shelf life was 170.6 days for turmeric-flavored peanuts, 150.5 days for fennel-flavored peanuts, 169.4 days for pepper-flavored peanuts, and 97.7 days for the control group. Therefore, adding turmeric, fennel and pepper can maintain the quality of the roasted peanuts and prolong their shelf life.

【Objective】As one of the four major nutrients required by plants, sulfur is a crucial for plant growth and development, playing a pivotal role in enhancing plant resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Sulfate transporters (SULTR) serve as primary regulators in the absorption and transport of sulfate in plants, playing an irreplaceable role in this process. The understanding of the fundamental characteristics and expression patterns of CaSULTR genes could help to provide theoretical support for advancing researches on SULTR in peppers.【Method】Based on the pepper genome, members of the epper CaSULTR gene family were identified at the whole-genome level. A comprehensive analysis of their physicochemical properties, conserved Motifs and gene structures was conducted. By utilizing publicly available transcriptome data and qPCR technology, the expression patterns of CaSULTR genes under various hormone stress conditions were analyzed. Additionally, differentially expressed genes were cloned for further investigation.【Result】A total of 13 CaSULTR genes were identified and designated as CaSULTR1;1~1;3, CaSULTR2;1~2;2, CaSULTR3;1~3;7 and CaSULTR4;1. These genes were distributed on seven chromosomes in pepper, with amino acid lengths ranging from 641 to 947 aa, molecular weights from 69.65 to 104.36 kD, and isoelectric points between 8.42 to 9.62. Characterized by the hydrophobicity, CaSULTR proteins were classified into four subgroups (Ⅰ-Ⅳ), with subgroup Ⅲ containing the highest number of members. Within the same subgroup, members exhibited relatively small differences in physicochemical properties, and Motifs and gene structures were relatively conserved. With the exception of CaSULTR2;1 and CaSULTR2;2, all members possessed Motif 5. Tissue expression analysis indicated that CaSULTR genes may be involved in the development of organs such as leaves, fruits and flowers, with CaSULTR4;1 exhibiting expression in leaves, roots and stems. Expression profile analysis under hormone stress, coupled with qPCR results, revealed significant up-regulation of CaSULTR1;1 and CaSULTR3;4 under hormone induction.【Conclusion】The expression patterns of CaSULTR genes under hormone stress are identified, suggesting that of CaSULTR1;1 and CaSULTR3;4 may be involved in the regulation of sulfur metabolism by exogenous hormones.

In this study, the wild type 6421 and the fruit color mutant E55 of pepper were evaluated for fruit color, pigment contents and quality components at different developmental stages. The results demonstrated that the fruit color of 6421 and E55 changed from green to yellow and then to red, and from green to brown and then to orange, respectively, as the fruit developed from mature green to ripe. For both 6421 and E55, the color parameters a* and C* increased, while hue angle (h) value decreased. Furthermore, chlorophyll (Chl) content declined, whereas carotenoid (Car) content increased. Additionally, the contents of VC, soluble sugar, soluble protein and capsaicin increased, while cellulose content decreased. At the mature green stage, there was no significant difference between 6421 and E55 in five color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h values), Chl and Car contents or six quality indicators (cellulose, VC, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and capsaicin contents) (P > 0.05). During the color-turning to ripening stages, L*, b* and C* values and VC and soluble sugar contents were significantly higher and soluble protein and cellulose contents were significantly lower in E55 than in 6421 (p 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that for both 6421 and E55, Chl and Car contents were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with each quality parameter except for cellulose content. Among the tested quality indicators, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and capsaicin contents were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with each other, while cellulose content was significantly or highly significantly negatively correlated with the other indicators. This study can serve as a theoretical basis for research on the coloration mechanism of peppers as well as for the screening and breeding of high-quality pepper cultivars.

Abstract [Objective] Pepper is the largest vegetable crop planted in China. With the land salinization becoming more and more serious, it is urgent to accelerate the functional study of key genes related to pepper salt tolerance. It is of great significance to strengthen the study of mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in peper to promote sustainable development of the pepper industry. [Methods] In the early stage of research, CaNAC36, a NAC transcription factor family gene related to salt stress response in peppers, was discovered. Based on this, the full-length gDNA and cDNA sequences of CaNAC36 were cloned using salttolerant pepper accession PI201224 and salt-sensitive pepper accession PI438643. The expression of CaNAC36 and its interacting genes in different tissues under salt stress was quantitatively analyzed by fluorescence, and the potential relationship between CaNAC36 and its interacting genes was further explored by bioinformatics analysis. [Results] The gDNA and cDNA sequence homology of CaNAC36 in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive materials were 99.86% and 100%, respectively. CaNAC36 showed an up-expression in roots and stems in the salt-tolerant pepper, and a down-expression in roots and leaves in the salt-sensitive peper. Throgh analyzing the annotation information of 48 genes that may interact with CaNAC36, it was found that 14 genes were belonging to transmembrane proteins, transporter proteins, water porins, chloride channel proteins, detoxifying proteins, and other genes, which may have functional interaction with CaNAC36. Further analysis revealed that PI201224 and PI438643 exhibited significant differences in the expression of five related genes, inclding Capana08g002748, Capana00g004514, Capana09g000275, Capana07g001450, Capana02g001031, at different time points and tissues under salt stress. Meanwhile, the promoter region of CaNAC36 and five associated genes was found to contain a large number of stressrelated cis-acting elements. [Conclusion] CaNAC36 was an important regulatory gene in pepper in response to salt stress, and might interact with other genes to improve salt tolerance.

In order to explore the effects of microbial agents on the growth of pepper seedlings, this study took pepper “Chuangjiao No. 1” as the test material, and added three kinds of microbial agents in the self-developed universal seedling substrate, respectively. The indicators of fresh weight, plant height, stem diameter and rhizosphere microbial content of pepper seedlings were measured. The results showed that the fresh weight and plant height of pepper seedlings increased significantly after adding Bacillus subtilis compared with control. The bacterial content of rhizosphere soil could be increased by adding three kinds of microbial agents. The content of actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil could be increased by adding Warbo compound bacteria and Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis was the best of the three microbial agents, which could significantly increase the fresh weight and plant height of capsicum, and increase the content of bacteria and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil of pepper, which was of great significance for promoting the growth of pepper seedlings and the sustainable development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The quality traits of 36 local pepper germplasm resources in Shandong were analyzed by variance analysis, coefficient of variation analysis, membership analysis and cluster analysis of different fruit shapes, regions and cluster categories. The results showed that the variation coefficient of quality traits among different pepper germplasm resources ranged from 14. 37% to 110. 26%, and the variation coefficient of capsaicin content was the largest(110. 26%). In different fruit shapes, the average value of crude fiber content was significantly different between groups(P = 0. 013∗ ). The coefficient of variation of linear pepper was the largest(165. 22%). The average membership degree of the five quality indexes was between 0. 18 and 0. 65, and the comprehensive quality was quite different. The average membership degree was more than 0. 60, and the top three pepper germplasm resources were ranked from large to small as follows : L949(0. 65)= L958(0. 65) > L951 (0. 64)> L933(0. 61)= L945(0. 61)= LP220(0. 61);the six pepper germplasm materials have good quality traits and can be used in medicinal, feeding and food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to fully understand the quality of pepper germplasm resources in Shandong Province, the quality traits of 36 local pepper germplasm resources in Shandong Province were analyzed by different variance analysis, coefficient of variation analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the variation coefficient of quality traits among different pepper germplasm resources ranged from 14.37% to 110.26%, and the variation coefficient of capsaicin content was the largest (110.26%). At the Euclidean distance of 98.3, 36 pepper germplasm resources could be clustered into three groups the first group accounted for 5.56%; group II accounted for 8.33%; group III (TT) accounted for the largest proportion, up to 86.11%. Further analysis of the cluster showed that the difference between ascorbic acid and capsaicin was extremely significant, and the coefficient of variation of capsaicin was the largest in group I and group III, and the coefficient of variation of crude protein in group II was the largest. In summary, group I can be used as an important additive in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries in addition to fresh food and sauce. The group II can be used for medical medicine and livestock feeding, and can be used as an excellent material for industrial pepper variety breeding. Group III has a wide range of utilization and can be widely used in food processing industries such as fresh food, sauce making, hot pot and seasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Floating seedlings have been widely used in recent years, because of the small footprint, short nursery cycle, and high quality of pepper seedlings. The seeding link of pepper floating seedling is required for one hole and one-grain precision seeding. Among them, manual spot seeding can usually sow with high labor intensity and low seeding efficiency. The high seeding quality is confined to the complex and costly structure of the pneumatic precision seed-metering device. While the mechanical seed-metering device is more suitable for the round or pelletized vegetable seeds, rather than the small pepper seeds. In this study, a low-cost, lightweight, and simplified mechatronic precision seed-metering device was designed for the pepper floating seedlings, according to the magnetic return-type seed-metering device. A series of mechanisms were designed for the reciprocating motion, rotating, and seed dropping. The seed metering device was improved from the filling and discharging of magnetic return-type seed-metering device by means of various mechanisms. The important factors were selected as the diameter of the filling hole and the depth of the seed-dropping hole in the magnetic return-type seed-metering device. The single grain rate was improved for the high quality of sowing. The triaxial dimensions of the pepper seeds were then measured to determine the size of the filling and dropping holes. In reciprocating motion, the crank radius and seed displacement were determined for the minimum radius of the crank. In rotating, the minimum torque of the motor was determined by the center of mass and force analysis. The influencing factors were selected as crank diameter, crank motor speed, rotating motor angular speed, rotation angle, and seed volume in the trial test. One-factor test was carried out to obtain better ranges in the crank diameter, crank motor speed, rotating motor angular speed, rotation angle, and seed volume. Among them, the crank diameter, crank motor speed, and seed volume shared a significant influence on the performance of the seedmetering device. A three-factor and three-level orthogonal test was conducted to establish a regression model, where the crank diameter, crank motor speed, and seed volume were taken as test factors, while the target variables were the single-seed qualified, reseeding, and missed seeding indexes. The bench test was also carried out to verify the model under the optimal combination of parameters. The test results show that the crank diameter of 30 mm, crank motor speed of 230 r/min, and seed volume of 4 000 grains under the rotation angle of 30° and rotating motor angular speed of 0.07 rad/s (i.e., productivity of 240 trays/h). The seed-metering device performed better with a single-seed qualified index of 91.04%, a reseeding index of 5.21%, and a missed seeding index of 3.75%. The seeding performance fully met the industrial requirements of floating seedlings in pepper production and small-seeded seed-metering devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is an important vector of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and the effector MpC002 plays a key role in the feeding process. CMV and MpC002 are both present in aphid saliva, but little is known about their interaction and how MpC002 facilitate virus transmission. Therefore, this study aims to preliminarily investigate the mechanism by which CMV influences the expression of MpC002 for interfering the population growth of GPA. .【Method】 The CMV copy number was calculated by the standard curve y=-3.163 1x+39.763, via applying the absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 【Result】 The CMV content in the peach aphid fed with CMV-infected pepper reached the highest at 10 s, then the CMV content decreased gradually along with the feeding time, and its virulence acquisition process conformed to the characteristics of non-persistent transmission. In addition, the expressions of MpC002 in the peach aphids fed on CMV-infested peppers within 5 min-24 h significantly decreased to 37%-58%, compared with those before feeding. While feeding on CMV-infested peppers, the average developmental duration of third, fourth instar and the entire nymph stages were 1.58, 2.07 and 6.47 d, which were significantly longer than those fed on the untreated peppers (1.25 d, 1.47 d and 5.33 d) ; in contrast, the developmental duration of the first and second instars did not show significantly difference between CMV-infested and untreated peppers. The average laying period, the total peach aphid number and the average peach aphid in a single day were 10.03 d, 16.87 and 1.67, which were significantly shorter than those of untreated peppers (14.27 d, 39.73 and 2.82) . In addition, analysis of GPA life table parameters revealed that the net growth rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase were 16.87, 0.21, and 1.21, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of peach aphids feeding on untreated peppers (39.73, 0.31, and 1.36, respectively), whereas the mean generation time (13.02 d) and the population doubling time (3.26 d) were both significantly longer than those of peach aphids feeding untreated peppers (12.00 d and 2.30 d) .【Conclusion】CMV significantly inhibited the expressions of MpC002, and then prolongated the developmental duration and decreased the reproduction, which in turn adversely affected its population growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The genetic transformation of pepper mediated by Agrobacterium was a very difficult process, and no efficient transformation system had been established so far.Green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene is a common reporter gene in plant genetic transformation.In the study, GFP was used as the reporter gene to optimize the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of pepper.【Method】By using GFP expression system, three types of explants(cotyledons, hypocotyls and Flamingo-bill explants)from 3 pepper varieties('HP' '8214' and 'L55')were counted according to the adventitious bud differentiation rate, adventitious root differentiation rate and fluorescence positive rate.The effects of factors including infection concentration and infection time, pre-culture time and co-culture time on adventitious bud differentiation rate, adventitious root differentiation rate and fluorescence positive rate were explored.【Result】The adventitious bud differentiation rate of Flamingo-bill explants was significantly higher than that of the hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, among which the 'L55' Flamingo-bill explant had the highest adventitious bud differentiation rate of 77.59%.Therefore, the 'L55' Flamingo-bill explant was selected for subsequent research.Under 4 different combinations of Agrobacterium infection concentration and infection time, all of them could produce adventitious buds, adventitious roots and GFP-expressing calluses.When the infection concentration of Agrobacterium was OD600=0.05 and the infection time was 30 min, the adventitious bud differentiation rate and fluorescence positive rate of Flamingo-bill explants were the highest, reaching 48.39% and 4.84%, respectively.Under 6 different pre-culture and co-culture time combinations, the Flamingo-bill explants also produced adventitious buds and adventitious roots, and the highest adventitious bud differentiation rate and fluorescence positive rate were 48.44% and 12.50%, respectively, under the treatment of pre-culture for 1 d and co-culture for 1-2 d.Finally, PCR detection of adventitious roots and calluses with GFP fluorescence expression showed that the 3 target genes GFP, Kan and Cas9 all presented signal in the fluorescence positive tissues, indicating that the T-DNA insertion mediated by Agrobacterium was successful and the transformation was stable.【Conclusion】The explant type of pepper, Agrobacterium infection concentration, infection time, pre-culture time and co-culture time all have effects on the genetic transformation efficiency of pepper.Screening appropriate transformation conditions with GFP as a reporter gene could improve the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of pepper.

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) belongs to the genus Capsicum in the Solanaceae family and is widely cultivated around the world as a vegetable and spice crop. In addition to its application as a cooking ingredient and spice, pepper also has a wide range of uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments involved in many important metabolic processes in plants, such as photosynthesis, photoprotection, photomorphogenesis and growth and development. Carotenoid is one of the main nutrients of pepper fruit, which has various biological activities. To cultivate varieties with higher carotenoid content, it is necessary to understand its biosynthesis and molecular mechanism of regulation. The development of molecular biology and biotechnology has promoted the identification of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, providing opportunities for breeding new varieties of pepper with higher carotenoid content. In this review, the physiological role of carotenoid, carotenoid and pepper fruit color, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, structural genes and regulatory factors of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, molecular genetics of pepper fruit color and QTL sites related to pepper fruit color are described. GGPS, PSY, PDS, ZDS, LCY, CCS are port enzymes and rate-limiting enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway of pepper, and the expression abundance and activity of them directly regulate the carotenoid content in pepper. Transcription factors such as MYB306, DIVARICATA1 and BBX20 are involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper. The diversity of carotenoid biosynthesis and regulatory genes determines the amount and content of carotenoid monomer and affects the color of pepper fruit. Based on the current research progress, future research on carotenoid metabolism of pepper is prospected in order to provide new ideas for breeding new varieties of biofortified pepper rich in carotenoids in the future.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPS) have been shown to improve the salt tolerance of plant due to the potential to eliminate free radicals and the antioxidation properties. However, the effects and mechanisms of seed priming with CeO2NPS on pepper plant are unclear. To reveal impacts of CeO2NPS seed priming on the germination and seedling growth of peeper plants under salt stress, using the Maoshu 360 variety of pepper（Capsicum annuum）as material, a total of seven concentrations of treatments (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mmol·L-1) and a control of un-treatment were carried out to investigate effects of CeO2NPS seed priming on seed germination rate, seedling biomass, and physiological and biochemical indexes under salt stress. The results were as follows: (1) In the seed priming with 0.5 mmol·L-1 CeO2NPS, soluble protein, content of proline, activity of catalase (CAT), content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and ratio of AsA/DHA significantly increased and levels of the superoxide anion (O2-) significantly decreased. There was no loss of viability for the seeds primed with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Indeed their germination rate and germination potential were enhanced under salt stress, and their germination index, and vigor index were improved under salt stress. (2) Under salt stress, seedlings from seeds primed with 0.4 mmol·L-1 CeO2NPS showed the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and root length; additionally, soluble protein content, AsA content and AsA/DHA ratio were also improved. In conclusion, seed priming with CeO2NPS can not only enhance seed germination under salt stress by decreasing seed water potential, accelerating storage substances metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity but also promote seedling growth through boosting protein synthesis and ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH).

【Objective】The study aims to explore the fermentation condition of Sargassum organic fertilizer and evaluate its quality and effect on cold resistance of pepper, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the preparation process optimization of seaweed fertilizer and its application in agriculture.【Method】With Sargassum, chicken manure, coconut bran and tung seed cake as fermentation raw materials, solid-state fermentation technology was used to determine the carbon to nitrogen ratio, initial water content and fermentation inoculant addition amount of Sargassum organic fertilizer in the process of preparation. And the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, pH, moisture, heavy metals and fecal coliforms were detected. Seed germination tests were also conducted to determine its non-toxicity to plants. By taking a pot experiment, three treatments were set up: blank group (CK), commercial organic fertilizer group, and Sargassum organic fertilizer group, and preliminary exploration of the effect of Sargassum organic fertilizer on the cold resistance of peppers was conducted by comparing the chilling injury index, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugar content and proline mass fraction of leaves.【Result】The results showed that the optimal conditions for solid-state fermentation of Sargassum organic fertilizer were as follows: the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 25∶ 1, the initial water content was 50%, and fermentation inoculant addition amount was 2%. Under the condition, the maximum temperature of the fermentation stack reached 69 ℃, and the temperature of above 55 ℃ was kept for 6-7 days. The testing indexes met the national standard with organic matter content (dry basis) of 72.46%, total nutrients (dry basis) of 5.42%, water content of 28.96%, pH of 7.5, seed germination rate of 89%, and extremely low heavy metals and fecal coliform, etc. Compared with blank and commercial organic fertilizer treatment, the chilling injury index of pepper seedlings treated with Sargassum organic fertilizer decreased by 20.70% and 13.49%, respectively; the mass fraction of malondialdehyde decreased by 23.41% and 14.18%, respectively; the soluble sugar content increased by 27.96% and 21.94%, respectively; the mass fraction of proline increased by 15.49% and 9.01%. The above-mentioned results indicated that Sargassum organic fertilizer could effectively enhance the cold resistance of peppers.【Conclusion】The optimal process conditions of Sargassum organic fertilizer were fermentation carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25 ∶ 1, initial water content of 50%, fermentation inoculant content of 2%, and fertilizer quality reached the relevant national standards. It was non-toxic to plants and could effectively improve the cold resistance of peppers.

【Objective】In modern vegetable facility cultivation, the quality of vegetable seedlings plays a very important role in the economic benefits of subsequent agricultural production. Continuous light is a common special light mode in artificial light plant factory. Exploring the effect of continuous light combined with light quality on the growth and development of pepper seedlings could provide an important technical reference for efficiently improving the resistance of pepper seedlings.【Method】The pepper backbone parent '6421' was used as the test material, and 6 light treatment groups were set up: normal white light irradiation group (CW), normal blue light irradiation group (CB), normal red light irradiation group (CR), continuous white light irradiation group (TW), continuous blue light irradiation group (TB) and continuous red light irradiation group (TR). The effects of continuous photoperiod treatment combined with red and blue light on the growth and physiological characteristics of pepper seedlings were studied.【Result】(1) TR significantly increased the plant height and stem diameter of pepper seedlings by 20.5% and 10.6%, respectively, compared with the CW group. After TR treatment, the seedling index increased significantly by 2.38 times, while TB significantly reduced the plant height and stem diameter of pepper seedlings by 17.1% and 14.3%, and the root-shoot ratio increased significantly by 2.62 times. (2) There was no significant difference in Pn and Gs of pepper seedling leaves between TR and TB, but Tr and Ci of TB were significantly lower than those of TR. Compared with CW, Tr and Ci of TB were significantly reduced by 62.5% and 51.1%. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of pepper seedling leaves showed opposite results after different light treatments. The Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, NPQ and qP values of pepper seedling leaves in TB group were significantly higher than those in TR group. The qP of TB and TR was significantly higher than that of CW, increasing by 36.1% and 26.1%, respectively. (3) The antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic substances of pepper seedlings were significantly different after continuous red light treatment and continuous blue light treatment. TB significantly increased SOD, POD and CAT in leaves of pepper seedlings. The POD and CAT activities of pepper seedling leaves were also significantly increased after TR treatment, while the MDA content of pepper leaves after TB and TR treatments was significantly reduced by 55%-56% compared with that of CW.【Conclusion】Continuous light conditions have a positive effect on the growth and development of pepper seedlings at the seedling stage, and the antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic substances of pepper seedlings under continuous light irradiation combined with monochromatic red and monochromatic blue light treatments increase to different degrees to better counteract the light stress environment and improve the adaptability of pepper seedlings.

【Objective】CMB1 gene plays an important role in the regulation of inflorescence structure and fruit ripening in plants, but the function and regulatory mechanism of CMB1 gene in pepper have been rarely reported. Therefore, the role of transcription factors related to the regulation of carotenoid synthesis and CMB1 gene in pepper was studied so as to provide a reference for pepper breeding.【Method】The coding sequences of CMB1 were cloned by the homology sequence method, and the expression patterns of CMB1 in fruits of red and yellow peppers with wrinkled skin at different development stages (green ripening stage, color change stage, mature stage) were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.【Result】The ORF length of CMB1 gene was 732 bp in both red pepper and yellow pepper, encoding 243 amino acid residues. Sequence alignment showed that the mutation occurred at the 11th site of CMB1 base sequence, G mutated to T, resulting in amino acid sequence mutated from G (Glycine) to V (Valine). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the CMB1-encoded protein of wrinkled skin red pepper had a molecular mass of 20 923.21, a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.59, an instability coefficient of 57.28, and a total mean hydrophilicity (gravimetric) index of -1.001. The CMB1-encoded protein of wrinkled skin yellow pepper had a molecular mass of 27 958.47, a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.10, an instability coefficient of 53.54, and a total mean hydrophilicity (gravimetric) index of -0.809. Both CMB1 of wrinkled skin red and yellow peppers were unstable hydrophobic proteins, both contained 38 phosphorylation sites, both were devoid of transmembrane structures and signal peptides, and both had typical MADS-box structural domains and K-box structural domains. Evolutionary tree analysis revealed that pepper CMB1 was most closely related to Solanaceae and most distantly related to Leguminosae. The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the expression of CMB1 increased sequentially in the three stages of green ripening, color change, and maturity of pepper fruits, and the expression of CMB1 in the three stages was significantly higher in wrinkled skin red pepper than in wrinkled skin yellow pepper.【Conclusion】Pepper CMB1 is a member of MADS-box, and its expression in pepper fruit is similar to that of carotenoid in pepper, suggesting that CMB1 is mainly involved in regulating the synthesis of carotenoid like capsanthin.

【Objective】A comprehensive evaluation on germplasm resources of high-quality local Erjingtiao pepper varieties in Sichuan was conducted, with a view to giving full play to their roles in new variety breeding and industrial processing.【Method】Erjingtiao pepper varieties from nine different production areas of Sichuan including Jianyang, Fushun, Xichong, Mianyang, Santai, Jiajiang, Shuangliu, Huidong and Qionglai were selected as the research materials, and their agronomic traits, nutritional quality indexes and flavor characteristics were comprehensively evaluated by field observation, quality detection and electronic nose analysis.【Result】In terms of agronomic traits, there were significant differences among different varieties in the node of first flower, main stem height, stem diameter, plant height, crown length, crown width, leaf length and leaf width. The mean values were 6.83~12.67, 18.08~27.33 cm, 9.08~15.39 mm, 98.17~141.5 cm, 86.33~136.67 cm, 69.75~117.50 cm, 9.62~15.86 cm and 2.74~4.56 cm, respectively. The differences in the appearance of different varieties of fruits were relatively small, the fruit shape indexes were all above 10, with red mature fruits, glossy fruit surface, soft fruit texture and wrinkled fruit skin, which were the typical fruit characteristics of Erjingtiao pepper. However, there was a great difference in fruit length among different varieties, with the longest fruit length of Qionglai Erjingtiao (25.02 cm) and the shortest fruit length of Huidong Erjingtiao (11.23 cm). However, the difference of fruit width was little, ranging from 1.08 to 1.76 cm. In terms of nutritional quality, there were significant differences among different varieties. The variable coefficients were between 8.35 to 45.72, of which capsaicin content had the greatest difference, with the highest content in Qionglai Erjingtiao (0.54 mg/g), and the lowest one in Xichong Erjingtiao (0.13 mg/g). However, except for Jianyang Erjingtiao, with the lowest color value of only 7.35, there was no significant difference in color value among other varieties. Meanwhile, there were some correlations among different quality indexes, and soluble sugar was significantly positively correlated with total protein and Vc, which was conducive to screening pepper varieties with high nutrition. The first three varieties of Erjingtiao with better comprehensive quality traits were selected by membership function analysis. The Qionglai Erjingtiao, ranking first, belonged to the high-spicy and high-nutrient variety, followed by Shuangliu Erjingtiao and Xichong Erjingtiao, belonged to the varieties of medium-spicy and low-spicy with high nutrition, respectively. The fruit flavor characteristics of different Erjingtiao varieties were similar, and only some varieties could be distinguished by electronic nose, but the flavor of the pulp and seed of the same pepper variety could be distinguished well.【Conclusion】The varieties of Erjingtiao pepper in different production areas of Sichuan have formed various agronomic traits and quality characteristics through long-term natural and artificial selection, and they can be screened according to different needs in the process of germplasm resources utilization and product selection.

【Objective】'Huifeng 2' is an F1 hybrid variety which is highly favoured by farmers and consumers due to its characteristics of mid-early maturity, strong disease resistance, storage and transportation resistance and good quality. To ensure the quality of seeds, it intends to establish a set of quick and easy methods for seed purity and authenticity identification.【Method】Based on the publicly available SSR molecular markers of pepper genome, SSR markers with obvious polymorphisms, clear bands and stable amplification were screened by using the male and female parents of 'Huifeng 2' as materials. Then, the purity of the hybrid seeds of 'Huifeng 2' was identified, and the accuracy of the molecular marker was verified by using morphology identification in the field. In addition, the authenticity of four varieties, including 'Yuehong 1', 'Huifeng 1', 'Huifeng 2' and 'Huifeng 5', was identified with the screened markers.【Result】Two SSR markers, L0143 and L0622, were selected for their obvious polymorphism and clear bands with stable amplification. The PCR amplification bands of marker L0143 were 149 bp in the female parent W2280 and 141 bp in the male parent W2102, and the amplification bands of marker L0622 were 208 bp and 196 bp in the female parent and male parent, respectively. When used alone, the two markers could accurately identify the purity of 'Huifeng 2' seeds, and the simultaneous use of the two markers could distinguish the four varieties of 'Yuehong 1', 'Huifeng 1', 'Huifeng 2' and 'Huifeng 5', which could be used to identify their authenticity.【Conclusion】The SSR molecular markers L0143 and L0622 selected in this study can identify the purity and authenticity of 'Huifeng 2' hybrid seeds rapidly, accurately, and effectively with low-cost, which are simple to operate and can replace the traditional method of identifying the purity and authenticity of hybrid seeds. It has a high commercial application prospect.

To study the effect of Chinese prickly ash essential oil on the flavor of salt-baked shrimp, headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) in combination with sensory evaluation and relative odor activity values (ROAV) were used for analysis. The results showed that both Chinese prickly ash powder and Chinese prickly ash essential oil could significantly stimulate the attractive pepper flavor of salt-baked shrimp and reduce their fishy flavor as well as had no significant effect on the background odor of salt-baked shrimp. Compared with the control group (no Chinese prickly ash powder and Chinese prickly ash essential oil), the volatile substances in salt-baked shrimp were enriched after the addition of Chinese prickly ash powder and Chinese prickly ash essential oil. A total of 30 volatile compounds were identified in the control group, with the key ones including heptanal, capraldehyde, nonanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, hexanal, linalool, 1-octen-3-ol, and D-limonene. 52, 54 and 51 volatile compounds in the Chinese prickly ash powder group were identified, respectively. And 53, 54 and 54 were in the Chinese prickly ash essential oil group, respectively. Both Chinese prickly ash powder and Chinese prickly ash essential oil could keep the key volatile components well in salt-baked shrimp. Adding Chinese prickly ash powder and Chinese prickly ash essential oil to salt-baked shrimp could significantly (P

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