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Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pharmacogenomics is an emerging tool to improve the efficacy and safety of drug treatment through the DNA analysis in the genes related to drug concentrations (pharmacokinetics) and drug actions (pharmacodynamics). Clinicians need to integrate the genomic data in their benefit-risk assessment and then provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time. This tool can help to prevent an ineffective treatment, select right dose and reduce adverse drug reactions that are common in the current practice under the trial-observation-adjustment model. Pharmacogenomics may have extensive impacts on unique paediatric patients to enhance a better relationship between medical professionals and affected children or their guardians and to improve the drug compliance. Clinicians should embrace the advancements in pharmacogenomics and actively participate in clinical research to identify the ancestor-related alleles and develop the population-specific gene panel. It will allow patients to enjoy more achievements in pharmacogenomics by implementing it in first line clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

分子标记物可使高危非致残性缺血性脑血管事件（high r isk n on-disabling ischemic cerebrovascular events，HR-NICE）患者的临床诊断、危险度分层、治疗方案和预后判断更加精确，但不 同种族人群间存在卒中发生的原因以及基因位点的差异，从而使其对强化抗血小板治疗的获益也 不尽相同。由于基因类型和蛋白存在与否的不同，患者对相同药物可能存在不同的收益，所以在决定 诊疗方案时应充分考虑到这一差异，进行个体化治疗。新型抗凝和抗血小板药物无需代谢、直接起 效，可能为未来的精准化治疗带来新的思路。 Abstract: Molecular markers could help physicians make more accurate clinical diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment plan and prognosis evaluation for patients with high risk non-disabling ischemic cerebrovascular events (HR-NICE). However, race/ethnic difference may influence the stroke etiology and gene locus, so that the effect of aggressive antiplatelet therapy is distinct with different varieties. Due to the different genotyping and protein, patients may gain different benefit from the drug therapy, so that individualized treatment should be adapted to the differences. New anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents can work directly, which may provide new direction for the future.

Objective ： To compare and analyze the differences between imipenem and meropenem in clinical application . Methods ： The chemical structures ,pharmacological effects ,pharmacodynamics ,pharmacokinetics ,bacteriological efficacy ,clini­cal efficacy ,safety and pharmacoeconomics of imipenem and meropenem were analyzed and summarized through consultation of related literature .Results and Conclusion ： Due to the differences of chemical structures ,meropenem can be used alone ,while imi­penem has to be used in combination with cilastatin sodium .These two drugs exert antibacterial activity by binding to different sites of penicillin-binding protein .The peak concentration of imipenem in human blood is higher than that of meropenem .The maintenance time of effective blood concentration and the time to steady blood concentration in tissue of imipenem are longer than those of meropenem .The permeability of meropenem is better than that of imipenem and it can more readily pass through the blood-brain barrier .Corresponding to the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infection ,meropenem is preferred ,except in the case of infection by Acinetobacter baumannii and bacterial resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa .With respect to gram-positive bacterial infection ,imipenem is preferred for treatment .Due to the fact that hospital-acquired infection is a dominant factor , meropenem can achieve better clinical efficacy in the treatment of severe hospital -acquired infection .The rate of adverse drug reactions of these two drugs is quite similar ,except that imipenem is more toxic to central nervous system than meropenem .In addition ,these two drugs are relatively safer in clinical application .Pharmacoeconomics comparison further indicated that the cost-effectiveness of meropenem is relatively lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resiquimod, an analogue of imiquimod, has immunomodulatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. As a Tolllike receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 agonist, resiquimod could stimulate immune cells to produce a large number of inflammatory cytokines, promote Thl response and inhibit Th2 response, thus playing an important role in treatment of anti-virus, anti-tumor and anti-atopic diseases. In this paper, the pharmacochemical properties, pharmacological effects and clinical application of resiquimod were systematically reviewed, so as to provide reference for research and application of resiquimod in dermatology and other related specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

UGT1A1 is an important gene in the process of drug metabolism. With the development of pharmacogenom-ics,which have been found that the UGT1A 1 gene polymorphisms is relevant to the level of metabolism, affect the occurrence. development and treatment of disease. As the study progressed. the substrates of IJGT1A 1 have constantly been extended, including bilirubin, estrogen, irinoteean and some other drugs with a number of studies. Research on the relationship between UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms and these substrates have showed that UGT1AI gene polymorphisms play an important significance on the clinic diagnosis and treatment. prognostic judgments and drug side effects. The research progress of the role of UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms to drug metabolism and clinical effects were reviewed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: To conduct bibliometrics analysis on studies of applied researches of pharmacogenomics in oncology, to investigate die current research situation in this field. METHODS: Web of Science was retrived, bibliometrics analysis was adopted to collect and analyze the collected studies from Jan. 1st 1982-Apr. 19th 2017 in terms of published year, nations and (or) regions, research institutes, journals, authors, research fields, cited frequencies, etc. RESULTS: 3 495 studies were involved finally, the number of studies presented an increasing trend during 1982-2013, which reached the top in 2013 and then gradually decreased. A total of 91 nations and (or) regions were involved, the number of studies in America was significantly more than that of other nations and (or) regions. 3 987 research institutions were involved, the University of Chicago ranked the first. These studies were published on 876 journals, 987 studies (28. 240% ) were published on the top 10 journals ranked in number of published studies, the first journals; 16 JCR categories were involved in the top 10 journals. 16 807 authors were involved, 140 of which had published over 10 studies; among the top 10 authors ranked in the number of published studies, 7 were from America, the author ranked the first was Mcleod IIL from the II. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center of America. These studies had involved 87 research fields, the top 4 were respectively medicine and pharmacology, oncology, gene genetics, biotechnology and applied microbiology. The 3 495 studies had been cited for 94 500 times, with an average cited frequency of 27.04 times, the correspondent authors of the top 3 studies ranked in cited frequency were respectively from Britain, Germany and France, the fourth to the tenth were from America; the top 1 study was “Systematic Identification of Genomic Markers of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer Cells”. CONCLUSIONS: The applied researches of pharmacogenomics had achieved great progresses in oncology, yet in a slowdown in recent years, researchers have paid most attention on the relationship between gene expression and the sensitivity of antineoplastic agents; at present, America owns the best research ability , our country also own well research ability, but there is still a certain gap between. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhongguo Kejishi Zazhi (Chinese Journal for the History of Science & Technology) is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The clinical practice of pharmacogenomics promotes the development of precision medicine. From the perspective of a pharmacist, the author analyzed the leading roles and specific responsibilities of pharmacists in pharmacogenomics, discussed the challenges to incorporate pharmacogenomics into patient cares and provided reference for the domestic pharmacists to carry out pharmacogenomics services in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To probe into the clinical practice on the formulation of chemotherapy regimen on rectal cancer with utilization of gene detection of precision medicine. METHODS: A multi-subjects consultation was conducted in the chemotherapy of one case of rectal cancer on elderly male patient, gene detection with the combination of illness states was carried out to choose chemotherapeutic drugs and formulate the dosage regimen, so as to proceed the chemotherapy. RESULTS: Based on the results of gene detection combined with molecular pathology, the final chemotherapy regimen was defined as the combination of irinotecan with capecitabine and cetuximab. By the end of Aug. 14th in 2016, patients had received 12 courses of chemotherapy, levels of tumor markers of arcino-embryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 had been reduced significantly, indices of hemogram were basically normal. CONCLUSIONS: The application of gene detection of precision medicine can foresightedly assess the responses and adverse drug reactions of specific drugs, which helps to improve clinical efficacy, reduce the incidence of drug reaction and avoid irrational medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the value of pharmacogenetic testing for improving the efficacy and safety of treatment with cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and cyclophosphamide (CTX) for PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy and for determing individualized and precise treatment plans for the patients., Methods: A total of 63 patients with PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology at our hospital from January, 2019 to October, 2021 were enrolled in this study. Thirty-three of the patients underwent pharmacogenetic testing before taking the immunosuppressive drugs selected based on the results of genetic screening for sensitive targets, and the other 30 patients were empirically given immunosuppressive drugs according to the guidelines (control group). The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drugs were analyzed for all the patients. The two groups of patients were compared for demographic and biochemical parameters including 24-h urine protein, serum albumin, renal function, and serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody both before and at 3 months after the beginning of the treatment., Results: Among the 33 patients undergoing pharmacogenetic testing, 51.5% showed a GG genotype for cyclosporine, and 61.6% had an AG genotype for tacrolimus; for CTX, 51.5% of the patients showed a homozygous deletion and 63.6% had an AA genotype. After treatment for 3 months, serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody, 24-h urine protein, and serum albumin levels were significantly improved in pharmacogenetic testing group as compared with the control group ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Individualized and precise administration of immunosuppressive drugs based on pharmacogenetic testing better controls proteinuria and serum antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibodies and increases serum albumin level in patients with PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy.

From the perspective of the long - term goal of Precision Medicine (PM), the core meaning of "precision", in addition to the meanings of being precise and accurate, consists also the meaning of "personalized medicine", . It is the "precise", identification of various aspects of the human condition to actualize the "precise: treatment for an individual- Obviously, this concept correlates to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theories ： treatment according to person, locality, and time-syndrome differentiation and treatment. In this way, TCM that has a core characteristic of "personalized medicine" is closer to the aims of "precision medicine" and may actualize "precision" much easier. In order to be successful for TCM to migrate to "precision medicine", the problems to face are mostly technical issues, the first and foremost is the establishment of a "precise" states description system. This paper, based on the concept of complexity science, artificial intelligence, big data, and the modern tests and measuring techniques, proposes to establish a precise body states description system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral anticoagulants play an important role in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.Warfarin,a traditional oral anticoagulant,is limited in clinical use due to its limitations such as narrow therapeutic window and requirements on frequent monitoring and dose adjustment.Direct oral anticoagulants(DOACs)such as dabigatran,rivaroxaban,apixaban,and edoxaban are increasingly used to prevent and treat venous thrombosis or thrombus formation.However,recent studies have documented inter-individual variability in plasma drug levels of DOACs.This article summarizes the recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of DOACs.

Based on the pharmacogenomics theory, this study developed a software system for interpretation of drug gene loci and guidance on clinical safe medication with the purpose of providing clinical guidance on the safety and effectiveness of drug use through accurate and efficient detection and interpretation of drug gene loci. The system infrastructure was built on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) design and Docker container virtualization approach to achieve a rapid and automatic interpretation of genetic results and best available drugs. The front end was established on HTML5 and JavaScript to realize visualization of analysis results and user interaction. The system was tested and validated to show robust performance which is reliable in clinical use. It will show high impact on the development of pharmacogenomics and clinical practice of patients with personalized medicine.