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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the relationship between multiple relapses and clinicopathological features in patients with colorectal polyps after resection. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. 300 patients who underwent colorectal polypectomy at Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were enrolled in this study. They were grouped based on 1-year postoperative follow-up outcomes. Among the patients with relapses, those with 3 or more recurrence polyps were included in the multiple relapses group (25 cases), while those with fewer than 3 recurrence polyps were included in the control group (142 cases). Baseline data and initial pathological features of the two groups of patients were comparatively analyzed. The correlation between multiple relapses and pathological features in patients with colorectal polyps after resection was discussed. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the diameter, number, and pathological type of polyps between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of polyp location, polyp color, polyp morphology, and resection method (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that polyps in large diameter, increased number of polyps, and adenomatous polyps were independent risk factors for multiple relapses in patients with colorectal polyps after resection (P<0.05). Pearson analysis results showed that multiple relapses in patients with colorectal polyps after resection were positively correlated with polyp diameter, number of polyps, and adenomatous polyps (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between multiple relapses and polyp diameter, number of polyps, adenomatous polyps in patients with colorectal polyps after resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of cold snare polypectomy (CSP) in the treatment of gastric polyps with a diameter of 5-10 mm. Methods A total of 161 patients with 313 polyps who were found to have sessile gastric polyps with a diameter of 5-10 mm by gastroscopy and underwent gastric polypectomy in Laoshan Campus, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, from 2021 to 2022 were enrolled, and according to the surgical procedure for polypectomy, they were divided into CSP group with 88 patients (162 polyps) and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) group with 73 patients (151 polyps). The two groups were compared in terms of the complete resection rate and en bloc resection rate of gastric polyps, immediate bleeding rate, the rate of use of titanium clip during surgery, delayed bleeding rate, delayed gastric perforation rate, postoperative infection rate, and various inflammatory indicators after surgery. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups in the complete resection rate and en bloc resection rate of gastric polyps, immediate bleeding rate, delayed bleeding rate, delayed gastric perforation rate, and postoperative infection rate (P>0.05), and compared with the HSP group, the CSP group had a significantly lower rate of use of titanium clip (χ2=13.482,P

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To study the clinical features, endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP). Methods: The data of 11 patients with gastric IFP who were admitted to the Shaanxi Provincial People’s hospital from January 1st,2010 to January 1st, 2021 were collected. The endoscopic ultrasound findings and clinical features were analyzed to explore the value of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment. Gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps were mostly asymptomatic, and sometimes could cause bleeding or abdominal pain. Results: Gastric IFP mostly occured in the gastric antrum, all of which occured in people over 40 years old. There was no significant difference between men and women, with an average diameter of 1.2 cm. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed that they were isolated submucosal protrusion, well-defined and smooth surface. They all originated from the submucosa, hypoechoic, well-defined and round like. Endoscopic submucosal excavation in the treatment of gastric IFP had the advantages of short operation time, rapid recovery, acquired intact pathological samples at the same time. Postoperative pathology is helpful for diagnosis. Conclusion: Gastric IFP mostly occur in people over 40 years old, and most of them are isolated submucosal lesions of gastric antrum, and most of them are asymptomatic. Endoscopic ultrasonography is helpful for accurate preoperative evaluation of IFP, and endoscopic submucosal excavation is a safe and effective method to treat IFP, and the postoperative pathology is finally confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the clinical features of intestinal polyps and the risk factors for secondary intussusception in children. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the medical data of 2 669 children with intestinal polyps. According to the presence or absence of secondary intussusception, they were divided into two groups: intussusception (n=346) and non-intussusception (n=2 323). Related medical data were compared between the two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for secondary intussusception. Results Among the children with intestinal polyps, 62.42% were preschool children, and the male/ female ratio was 2.08 : 1; 92.66% had hematochezia as disease onset, and 94.34% had left colonic polyps and rectal polyps. There were 346 cases of secondary intussusception, with an incidence rate of 12.96% (346/2 669). Large polyps (OR=1.644, P<0.001), multiple polyps (≥2) (OR=6.034, P<0.001), and lobulated polyps (OR=93.801, P<0.001) were the risk factors for secondary intussusception. Conclusions Intestinal polyps in children often occur in preschool age, mostly in boys, and most of the children have hematochezia as disease onset, with the predilection sites of the left colon and the rectum. Larger polyps, multiple polyps, and lobulated polyps may increase the risk of secondary intussusception, and endoscopic intervention is needed as early as possible to improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the clinical features of children with colorectal polyps and the efficacy of endoscopic treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 1 351 children with colorectal polyps who were admitted and received colonoscopy and treatment in the past 8 years, including clinical features and the pattern and outcomes of endoscopic treatment. Results Among the 1 351 children, 893 (66.10%) were boys and 981 (72.61%) had an age of 2-<7 years, and hematochezia (1 307, 96.74%) was the most common clinical manifestation. Of all the children, 89.27% (1 206/1 351) had solitary polyps, and 95.77% (1 290/1 347) had juvenile polyps. The polyps were removed by electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps (6 cases) or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation (1 345 cases). A total of 1 758 polyps were resected, among which 1 593 (90.61%) were pedunculated and 1 349 (76.73%) had a diameter of <2 cm. Postoperative complications included bleeding in 51 children (3.77%), vomiting in 87 children (6.44%), abdominal pain in 14 children (1.04%), and fever in 39 children (2.89%), while no perforation was observed. The children aged <3 years had the highest incidence rates of postoperative bleeding and fever (P<0.0125), and the children with a polyp diameter of ≥2 cm had significantly higher incidence rates of postoperative bleeding, vomiting, and fever (P<0.05). Conclusions Solitary polyps, pedunculated polyps, and juvenile polyps are common types of pediatric colorectal polyps. Electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation can effectively remove colorectal polyps in children, with good efficacy and few complications. Younger age and larger polyp diameter are associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the colonoscopy and pathology of colorectal polyps, and its correlation with triglyceride (TG), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR). 422 patients with colorectal polyps were selected as the subjects, the colonoscopic manifestations and pathological distribution characteristics of the patients were analyzed, and the differences of TG, NLR and other indicators between patients with polyp canceration and non polyp canceration were analyzed. A total of 1084 polyps were detected, most of which were sessile polyps. Pathology showed more adenomatous polyps. The age of polyp canceration group was significantly higher than that of non polyp canceration group (P<0.05). The total cholesterol (TO, triglyceride (TG), serum uric acid (SUA) and NLR were significantly higher than that in non polyp canceration group (P<0.05), while platelet count (PLT) was significantly lower than that in non polyp canceration group (P< 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, TG and NLR were the influencing factors of polyp carcinogenesis (P<0.05). Colorectal polyps are mainly sessile polyps, and adenomatous polyps are the main pathological types. The canceration of polyps are affected by age, TG and NLR levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillary sinus membrane lesions have been broadly detected before implant surgery in the posterior maxilla region, resulting in uncertainty regarding maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. In this context, we composed this commentary article based on the current literature and the clinical experience of our department. We discuss the common lesion types shown by CBCT including membrane pathological thickening, polyps/cystic lesions and air-liquid level in the sinus. Maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery can be conducted in patients with membrane thickening of 2-5 mm or with polyps/cysts of less than half of the sinus height (because the above symptoms have little influence on the outcome of surgery). Membrane thickening of more than 5 mm with ostium obstruction, antrochoanalpolyps, mucoceles and cysts of more than half of the sinus height should be carefully treated. Different treatments can be performed such as conducting elevation surgery while retaining the cyst, removing the cyst before surgery or removing the cyst during surgery based on the cyst type and size, inflammation, patency of the ostium, etc. Antibiotics-anti-inflammatory-aspiration, surgical debridement and oral lesions eliminations are generally used for treating post-operative sinusitis. Presurgical radiographic evaluation is the key to diagnosing and treating these membrane lesions. We highly advocate collaboration between our dentists and otolaryngologists on this issue.

Endometrial polyps (EPs) is a kind of pathological changes of endometrium, which is composed of endometrial glands and endometrial stroma containing blood vessels. Although EPs is a common gynecologic disease, the pathogenesis is still unclear. With the wide use of hysteroscopy, the diagnosis and treatment level of EPs has been significantly improved. Many studies using molecular biology and sequencing technology have shown that microbiota exists in the upper and lower genital tract of healthy women, and that the composition of microbiota is different. Recent studies have found that the change of genital tract microbiota is closely related to female reproductive health. The correlation between the genital tract microbiota and the pathogenesis of EPs is one of the research hotspots. The genital tract microbiota may participate in the development of EPs by affecting local immune regulation, causing inflammatory response, changing hormone levels, increasing the number of pathogenic microbiota and affecting cell proliferation/apoptosis. Here we review the correlation between the genital tract microbiota and EPs, which can provide a reference to explore the pathogenesis of EPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the expression and significance of EP receptors in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSw NP). Methods: Collected 20 cases of eosinophilic CRSw NP (eosinophilic CRSw NP, ECRSw NP), 20 cases of noneosinophilic CRSw NP (noneosinophilic CRSw NP, non-ECRSw NP) polyps and 14 normal control group nasal hooks Protruding mucosa. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of four EP receptor subtype proteins in nasal tissues of each group; immunohistochemical staining was performed on serial sections to detect the relationship between EP receptors and activated eosinophils; use Real-time PCR detected the expression levels of EP receptor and IL-5/IL-13 m RNA in each group. Results: EP receptors are mainly expressed on nasal mucosal epithelium, glands and subepithelial inflammatory cells, and EP1 receptors are selectively expressed on subepithelial inflammatory cells. Compared with the control group and non-ECRSwNP, EP1 mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in the ECRSw NP group, but there was no significant difference in the expression of EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors among the three groups. Immunohistochemical staining of serial sections showed that EP1-positive eosinophils accounted for 50% of the total EP1-positive cells. Polyp tissue EP1 m RNA was positively correlated with IL-5 (r=0.55; P <0.001) and IL-13 (r=0.69; P<0.001) mRNA expression levels. Conclusion: The up-regulation of EP1 expression in ECRSw NP is related to the infiltration of a large number of eosinophils. EP1 receptor may participate in the occurrence and development of ECRSw NP tissue inflammation through chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To obtain the age distribution of the detection rates of colorectal polyps, adenomas, and high-risk adenomas among people with average risk of colorectal cancer of different genders. Method Selection Clinical data of asymptomatic health examiners who underwent colonoscopy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from January 1, 2016 to September 29, 2019, of different genders and years The comparison of the detection rates between and within groups of ages was performed using the χ2 test. As a result, a total of 1069 patients were included in the study. The detection rate of polyps was 37.8%, and the detection rate of adenomas was 37.8%. 18.4%, the detection rate of high-risk adenomas was 3.1%. The detection rate of polyps, adenomas, and high-risk adenomas increased significantly as the patients grew older, and the differences were statistically significant. Significance (P<0.05). The detection rates of male polyps, adenomas and high-risk adenomas [46.5% (242/520), 22.3% (116/520), 4.6% (24/520)] are significantly higher than women [29.5% (162/549), 14.8% (81/549), 1.6% (9/549)], the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The detection rate of male adenoma in a specific age group and 10 years younger The detection rate of female adenomas is comparable. Conclusion The detection rate of polyps, adenomas, and high-risk adenomas in the average risk population of colorectal cancer showed a linear increase with age. The detection rate of meat, adenoma and high-risk adenoma is higher than that of women. The optimal screening age for women with an average risk of colorectal cancer may be later than that for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the distribution situation of gallbladder polyps among different populations and the correlation between the various factors and the pathological features of gallbladder polyps. Methods A total of 1027400 persons (containing partial inpatients) undergoing the healthy physical examination (their native place and residence place were the counties and districts in the western Guangdong area) in this hospital from January 2005 to January 2015 were selected. The early morning venous blood was collected for detecting blood glucose, liver function and blood lipids. The healthy status of liver and gallbladder was examined by adopting the B type ultrasound. The occurrence rate of gallbladder polyps was calculated by grouping according to different sexes, ages, occupations and lesion characteristics. Then their correlation with pathological character conducted the univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Among 1 027 400 persons undergoing physical examination, 15490 cases had different degrees of gallbladder polyps with the occurrence rate of 1.51%; there was statistically significant differences among different sexes, ages and occupations (P

Endometrial polyps (EP) are a common cause of reduced fertility in women and an independent factor affecting embryo implantation via artificial assisted techniques. Excessive exposure to estrogen, chronic inflammatory stimuli, or cell proliferation/apoptosis imbalance may be associated with its pathogenesis. The mechanism by which EP causes infertility is still unclear, and may be related to the formation of mechanical interference in the implantation of embryos in the uterine cavity and the alteration of the microenvironment of the endometrium. The probability of malignancy is very low. In most cases, EP with diameter <1 cm has the possibility of self-resolving, and you can choose expectant treatment. For infertile women, the choice of transcervical resection of polyp (TCRP) can improve the natural pregnancy rate and assisted reproductive success rate of infertile patients. There is currently no specific treatment regimen recommended for EP patients newly diagnosed during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Related clinical studies have shown that frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) after TCRP can improve clinical pregnancy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of en­dometrial lesions, to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis of endometrial lesions. Methods: A total of 158 cases of suspected endometrial lesions, who were treated in Beijing First Flospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine from March 2011 to March 2014, were selected and were detected by transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy respectively. The diagnostic value of the two meth­ods was compared with the results of pathological diagnosis as the gold standard. Results: In the results of pathological examination, 143 patients were diagnosed as endometrial lesions, including 23 cases of endometrial hyperplasia (16.08%), 31 cases of endometrial polyps (21.68%), 24 cases of uterine submucosal myoma(16.78%), 19 cases of endometrial carcinoma(13.29%), 46 cases of chronic nonspecific endometritis(32.17%). The accuracy rate(94.41%) of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial lesions was higher than that(81.12%) of transvaginal ultrasound, and the difference was significant (P<0.05); there were no statistical differences in the accuracy rate of the di­agnosis of submucosal myoma of uterus and endometrial carcinoma between transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy(P>0.05), and the accuracy rate of transvaginal ultrasound in endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps and chronic nonspecific endometritis was lower than that of hysteroscopy, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The specificity of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrial lesions was lower than that of hysteroscopy (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in sensitivity and AUC between the two methods (P>0.05). Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasonography is a simple and effective method in diagnosis of endometrial diseases, and Flysteroscopy has higher accuracy and higher specificity in diagnosis of endometrial diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundic gland polyps is refers to the mucous membrane of stomach bottom body formed by multiple wide base polypoid, uplift of the gastric body gland epithelial hyperplasia. Domestic and foreign studies have proved a high incidence of this disease in females aged from 40 to 60 years old, the age and sex were significantly different. Over the past the incidence of this disease is considered closely associated with familial adenomatous polyposis, but in recent years we found no familial adenomatous polyposis population can also had gastric gland polyps. Researchers studied the familial adenomatous polyposis, Hp infection, the application of proton pump inhibitors, p- catenin gene mutation and bile reflux of correlation with the disease, some study believe that Hp infection is negatively correlated with this disease, a long term use of proton pump inhibitors can lead to the occurrence of disease, the p- catenin gene mutation affects the APC / p- catenin pathway, then leads to the generation of the gastric fundus. But the risk factors associated with disease occurrence and pathogenesis, is still inconclusive around the world. This review is to summarize the research progress of this disease and put forward the idea further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyps (EP) is a benign local lesion of the endometrium. It is common in women of childbearing age. Observational studies have shown that EP has an adverse effect on fertility, but its pathogenesis is not clear. Diagnosis methods of EP usually include two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound and three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound, saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) and hysterosalpingography (HSG) and hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy and biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of EP. In most cases, small and asymptomatic polyps can adopt expectant therapy, however, in order to improve the natural conception or pregnancy rate of assisted reproduction, surgical resection of endometrial polyps is still the first choice for the treatment of infertility patients, and the curative effect is remarkable. Relevant evidence suggests that endometrial polypectomy in the course of ovarian stimulation improves the success rate of in vitro fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of transumbilical single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional three-trocar conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods A total of 62 patients with gallstones or gallbladder polyps who were admitted to Yan′an People′s Hospital from January 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled, and according to the admission number, these patients were divided into three-trocar group with 32 patients treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy with three holes and single-port group with 30 patients treated with single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The two groups were compared in terms of time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, abdominal wall beauty score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score before surgery and at 1 and 3 days after surgery, application of analgesics, levels of liver function parameters alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) before surgery and at 24 hours after surgery, hospital costs, and complications during the 1-month follow-up. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the matched t-test was used for comparison before and after treatment. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Compared with the three-trocar group, the single-port group had a significantly higher abdominal wall beauty score after treatment (4.89±0.10 vs 3.15±0.34, t=4.910, P=0.039), a significantly shorter length of postoperative hospital stay (2.58±0.53 d vs 4.35±0.24 d, t=-5.459, P=0.032), a significantly longer time of operation (78.15±4.21 min vs 50.84±5.12 min, t=4.455, P=0.047), a significantly lower VAS score at 1 and 3 days after surgery (at 1 day after surgery: 4.72±0.58 vs 6.37±0.45, t=-7.060, P＜0.001; at 3 days after surgery: 3.24±0.83 vs 5.45±0.94, t=-4.644, P＜0.001), and a significantly lower proportion of patients who used analgesics (20.0% vs 37.5%, χ2=6.768, P=0.009). Both groups had significant increases in the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP after surgery, and the single-port group had significantly lower levels than the three-trocar group (all P＜0.001). During the 1-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of complications between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion Transumbilical sing-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy has small surgical trauma and invisible scars after surgery. Patients feel little pain and are satisfied with the appearance of skin at the surgical site. This surgical procedure does not increase complications and has little influence on liver function. It needs a longer time of operation compared with three-trocar laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic endometritis was often overlooked because of its nonspecific symptoms. However, it has drawn more and more attention recently because of its influence on female reproductive prognosis, and abnormal uterine bleeding. Clinical features of chronic endometritis under hysteroscopy were as follows: ①focal or diffuse periglandular hyperemia; ②endometrial stromal edema, increased thickness of the endometrium, with whitish color and irregular surface, and out of phase; ③pedunculated micropolyps (less that 1 mm), stromal edema, or micropolyps with focal or diffuse periglandular hyperemia. The accuracy of hysteroscopic diagnosis of chronic endometritis is affected by the media and doctor′s experience. There is a great difference between the hysteroscopic diagnosis and the pathological diagnosis. The value of hysteroscopy in the evaluation of chronic endometritis has been recognized, but it is still controversial whether hysteroscopy can be used as an independent diagnostic criteria for chronic endometritis. The histopathological diagnosis should be advised if chronic endometritis is clinically suspected under hysteroscopy, so as to reduce the influence of the persistent chronic endometritis on female reproductive prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyp is a common gynecological disease, which is a cause of abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility. Endometrial polyps may be related to enviromental estrogen exposure or chronic inflammatory response. Morbidity of endometrial polyps increased in infertility women. Three-dimensional ultrasound, SIS, hysterosalpingograms (HSG) and hysteroscopy are main diagnostic methods. SIS and hysteroscopy are two effective and reliable methods with higher sensitivity and specificity. Endometrial polyps less than 10 mm in diameter may undergo spontaneous regression. Blind dilation and curettage (D&C) is not recommended. Hysteroscopic polypectomy, as main treatment of conservative surgery with low complications, can improve reproductive outcome of infertility women. It is necessary to have more high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCT) to answer whether the hysteroscopic removal can be used as a conventional therapy in those infertile women with endometrial polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To study the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of patients with atypical polypoid adenomyoma (APA). Methods：This is a retrospective study of 24 cases who suffered from APA admitted in Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2006 to June 2015. Their clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. The clinical feature of 17 cases (70.8%) were vaginal bleeding, 1 case (4.2%) vaginal discharge, 3 cases (12.5%) primary infertility. Ultrasound had shown occupied lesions within uterine cavity in 3 patients (12.5%). Twenty two patients were performed hysteroscopic surgery. Diagnosis was confirmed by pathological report. Results：Diagnosis of 24 cases were confirmed by pathologic report. The diagnosis of polyp by hysteroscopy and color ultrasound were 61.1% and 68.4% separately. The diagnosis of submucous myoma by hysteroscopy and color ultrasound were 11.5% and 15.8% separately. The differences were no significantly. The operating time was (23.7±8.6) min (5-40 min), the operating bleeding was (6.5±2.9) mL (5-20 mL). Postoperative follow-up consisted 1 to 10 years for 24 cases. Four cases lose follow-up. Three patients were performed hysterectomy after hysteroscopic polypectomy and postoperative follow-up was normal. At 3 months later hysteroscopic second look still shown APA in 1 case who was performed hysteroscopic polypectomy again and intramuscular injection GnRHa, till pathological report was normal levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system(LNG-IUS) was inserted into uterine cavity. Up to now 2 years follow-up there was no abnormalities. One case was performed hysterectomy 8 years later because of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Fifteen cases follow-up so far no abnormality. There were 2 infertile patients got pregnancy and term delivery after surgery. Conclusions：As an effective treatment of APA hysteroscopic surgery has many advantages: positioning accuracy, mini-invasive and low recurrence rate. Owing to APA had the possibility of recurrence and malignant change, after surgery continuously and closely follow-up is still important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLG) is a common gallbladder disease in clinical practice. Most patients have non-adenomatous polyps, while adenomatous polyps are observed in a small number of patients. This article summarizes the epidemiology of PLG and related risk factors and points out that PLG is caused by the combined effect of various factors including sex, hepatitis B virus infection, metabolic syndrome, visceral obesity, a low level of low-density lipoprotein, gallbladder wall thickening, and diabetes. With the gradual increase in the incidence rate of PLG, epidemiological data should be used for health screening among the high-risk population, and standardized follow-up should be performed for patients with a confirmed diagnosis. PLG which may progress to cancer should be identified and intervention should be given as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the preventive value of antibiotic use against postoperative infection in periopera-tive period of endocscopic gastrointestinal polypectomy. Methods The data of the inpatients with gastric polypectomy and colonoscopic polypectomy in the hospital from January 2014 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them，there were 422 cases of gastric polypectomy and 210 cases of intestinal polypectomy. The collected data of the cases were classified into the antibiotic use group and non-antibiotic use group according to whether prophylactically using antibiotics in periopera-tive period. Then the postoperative infection situation was observed in the two groups. Results The white blood cell（WBC） count had no statistical difference between the antibiotic use group and non-antibiotic use group among the patients with gastro-intestinal polyps（P>0.05）. The patients with gastrointestinal polyps in the two groups had no postoperative infection. Conclu-sion There is no need for routinely antibiotic prophylactic use in the patients without high risk factors of infection undergoing gastrointestinal polypectomy therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine lesions is a common gynecological and frequently -occurring disease which always with the complication of abnormal uterine bleeding clinically, and its cause complexly and pathology difficultly to decide. The early identification of benign and malignant lesions of the uterine cavity is essential to improve patients' survival and prognosis. In recent years, with the rapid development of hysteroscopy technology, it not only can bring more intuitive and accurate diagnostic methods for the detection of benign and malignant lesions, but plays an important role in the cure for intra-cavitary uterine diseases. Especially for women who wish to preserve fertility, the hysteroscopic resection can avoid unnecessary hysterectomy and preserve reproductive function of patients' which important significance for clinical and social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate and analyze the occurrence and the related risk factors of gastrointestinal polypectomy accompanied by bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: 127 cases of gastrointestinal polyps with cirrhosis who had endoscopy at the Endoscopic Center of Tianjin Third Central Hospital between November 2017 and November 2020 were collected. At the same time, 127 cases of gastrointestinal polyps with non-cirrhosis that were treated by endoscopy were collected for comparison. The occurrence of hemorrhagic complications between the two groups was compared. The effects of age, sex, liver function, peripheral blood leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, blood glucose, the international normalized ratio (INR), polyp resection method, polyp location, size, number, endoscopic morphology, pathology, the presence or absence of diabetes, portal vein thrombosis, and esophageal varices on polypectomy bleeding in the cirrhosis group were analyzed. The measurement data between groups were compared using the t -test and rank sum test. The χ (2) test or Fisher's exact probability method, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for the comparison of categorical data between groups. Results: The number of polypectomy bleeding cases in the cirrhotic group was 21, with a bleeding rate of 16.5%. The number of bleeding cases in the non-cirrhotic group was 3, with a bleeding rate of 2.4%. The bleeding rate was higher in the cirrhosis group when polypectomy was performed ( χ (2) = 14.909, P < 0.001). A univariate analysis of the risk factors for gastrointestinal polypectomy associated with bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis showed that liver function grading, platelets, INR, hemoglobin, degree of esophageal and gastric varices, and the location, shape, size, and pathology of the polyps had a statistically significant impact on bleeding ( P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that liver function grade, degree of varicose veins, and polyp location were independent risk factors for bleeding. Patients with Child-Pugh B or C grade liver function were more likely to bleed than those with Child-Pugh A grade ( OR = 4.102, 95% CI 1.133 ~ 14.856), gastric polyps were more likely to bleed than colorectal polyps ( OR = 27.763, 95% CI 5.567 ~ 138.460), and severe esophagogastric varices were more likely to bleed than no varices or mild to moderate varices ( OR = 7.183, 95% CI 1.384 ~ 37.275). Conclusion: Cirrhotic population has higher risk of bleeding during endoscopic gastrointestinal polypectomy than the non-cirrhotic population. Cirrhotic patients with Child-Pugh grades B or C liver function, polyps located in the stomach, severe esophagogastric varices, and other high-risk factors should be listed as a relative contraindication for endoscopic polypectomy.

Endometrial polyps (EP) is clinically more common gynecological disease that can lead to inregular uterine bleeding, increased menstrual flow, infertility, and there is a certain degree of malignant transformation rate. With the development of reproductive medicine and hysteroscopy, diagnosis and treatment of EP has been greatly improved, but the pathogenesis of EP remains unclear. Recent studies have found that the incidence of EP may be the result of multiple factors. The role of cytokines in EP is paid more and more attention. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a prostaglandin synthesis as a major rate- limiting enzyme in metabolism of arachidonic acid to its various prostaglandins products. COX-2 expression regulated primarily at the transcriptional level, when cells stimulated by growth factors and cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, genes and other stimulus, after a series of signal transduction, induced the COX -2 transcription and expression, which has an important role in tumor development and is closely related to onset of the EP. COX-2 expression in EP may provide a new breakthrough for the EP? s research and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the differential expression of chemokines CCL-18 in various pathological features of the chronic rhinosinusitis and normal nasal mucosa tissues, and to explore the mechanism and significance of CCL-18 in the chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of the chronic rhinosinusitis tissues were used for pathological analysis. Western blot was adopted to detect the expression of CCL-18 protein level in nasal tissues from different pathological features of the chronic rhinosinusitis and in normal nasal mucosa. Results: The expression of CCL-18 protein level was significantly increased in the chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) compared with normal nasal mucosa (P <0.05). The expression of CCL-18 protein levels was significantly higher in the eosinophils chronic rhinosinusitis tissues than in the non-eosinophils chronic sinusitis tissues (P <0.05). The expression of CCL-18 protein level was higher in the glandular type, fiber inflammation and edema histopathological type of the chronic rhinosinusitis than in normal nasal mucosa tissues. And the most significant expression of CCL18 was present in edema histopathological type (P<0.05). Conclusion: CCL-18 is highly expressed in eosinophils and edema histopathological type of the chronic rhinosinusitis, suggesting that CCL-18 may be involved in the basic pathological process of eosinophil infiltration in the chronic rhinosinusitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective .To analyze retrospectively the hysteroscopic and morphological characteristics of endometrial polypoid (EP) lesion in infertile patients, so as to improve the diagnostic coincidence rate of hysteroscopy and histopathology. Methods : Those infertile patients performed hysteroscopy were analyzed retrospectively from February 2005 through July 2014. Hysteroscopic characteristics were then compared with histopathologic characteristics in those patients with EP. Results : 17.4% (1 372/7 884) of infertile patients were diagnosed with EP lesion by hysteroscopy. The morphological manifestation of EP lesion under hysteroscopy were as follows: endometrial neoplasm (88.0%, 1 207/1 372), endometrial local uplift (6.7%, 92/1 372), and endometrial coarse and fragment (5.3%, 73/1 372). The three most prevalent diagnoses by histopathology were endometrial polyp (83.0%, 1 139/1 372), endometrial polypoid hyperplasia (9.3%, 128/1 372) and hysteromyoma (2.2%, 31/1 372). The diagnostic coincidence rate in those patients with typical polypoid neoplasm under hysteroscopy was significantly higher than that in those patients without typical lesion (P " 0 . 0 5) . Multiple polypoid neoplasm accounted for 77.8% (1 068/1 372) of endometrial polypoid lesion diagnosed by hysteroscopy, while the coincidence rate in those patients was 98,0% (1 047/1 068), Conclusions: The diagnostic coincidence rate of hysteroscopy and histopathology is high in those patients with typical endometrial neoplasm under hysteroscopy. The hysteroscopy combined with histopathology is the golden standard for the diagnosis of endometrial lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyps (EP) is one of the most common endometrial diseases. It is a common cause of menorrhagia, irregular menstrual cycle and infertility in premenopause, and associated with postmenopausal bleeding. So diagnosing EP correctly and then carrying out appropriate treatment has been the key to alleviate or remove patients' symptoms. By now, transvaginal sonography is the first clinical method for diagnosing the disease. With the wide use of hysteroscopy, the level of diagnostic EP has been significantly improved, but still refer to the pathological examination. As for the treatment of EP, there has not yet formend a clear clinical guildlines. This article will review the progress in diagnosis and treatment on EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyps (EP) is one of the most common endometrial diseases. Patients having it may be totally asymptomatic. While some combined abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and even malignant conditions, severely reducing the quality of women's life. Therefore, pinpointing the etiology and pathogenesis is the basis for prevention and treatment of disease. At present most scholars believe that the possible causes include abnormal distribution of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, partly endometrial proliferation and apoptosis disequilibrium, but the findings are not the same. In addition, abnormal expression of enzyme, cytokine and genetic factors, and so on, may also be involved in the development of its occurrence. All related factors need to be explored seriously under strict quality management and data control. This article reviews the advances in molecular biology research on endometrial polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of transcervical resection by hysteroscopy in the management of endometrial polyps and influencing factors in pregnancy. Methods: Sixty infertile patients due to endometrial polyps treated in our hospital from February 2013 to November 2014 were collected as research object. All patients were treated with hysteroscopic resection. 3 months, 6 months and 18 months of follow-up were made. The incidence rates of abnormal vaginal bleeding, recurrence rates, and spontaneous pregnancy rates were counted. Influence factors in spontaneous pregnancy rate of patients with endometrial polyps underwent transcervical resection were analyzed. Results: After surgery, the incidence rate of abnormal vaginal bleeding was 3.33%. The recurrence rate was 1.67%. Three months after surgery, the accumulated spontaneous pregnancy rate was 28.33%. Six months after surgery, the accumulated spontaneous pregnancy rate was 50.00%. Eighteen months after surgery, the accumulated spontaneous pregnancy rate was 65.00%. Single factor analysis showed the difference of spontaneous pregnancy rate of patients underwent surgery between ages was statistically significant (P＜0.01), the difference of spontaneous pregnancy rate of patients underwent surgery between duration of infertility, the kind of infertility, and polyp size were not statistically significant (P＞0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed age＞30 was the influence factor in spontaneous pregnancy rate of patients with endometrial polyps underwent transcervical resection (OR=11.00, 95%CI: 4.108-29.454, P=0.000). However, primary infertility, duration of infertility＞3 years, polyp size＞1 cm or more polyps did not influence spontaneous pregnancy of patients underwent surgery (P＞0.05). Conclusions: For infertile patients due to endometrial polyps, the hysteroscopic resection treatment had good therapeutic effect. The younger the age, the higher the spontaneous pregnancy rate after hysteroscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Understand the role of MMP-2 in the pathogenesis, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment of vocal cord polyp. Methods 35 patients without other vocal cord lesions underwent polypectomy were enrolled in this study for the experimental group. The specimens of vocal cord polyps were diagnosed by pathological method. Specimens of normal vocal fold were obtained from 18 autopsy cases for the control group. All samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and immunohistochemical staining of MMP-2 was performed with monoclonal antibodies by MaxVisionTM method. The average values of positive units which MMP-2 had expressed in vocal fold polyps and normal tissue of vocal folds were analyzed by means of quantitative analysis of computer images. PBS was used as the negative control. Results The expression of MMP-2 was weak in the normal vocal fold. In the vocal cord polyp tissues, strong expression for MMP-2 was found in the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and vascular endothelial cells. The average value of MMP-2 positive units (30.57 ± 7.18) in the vocal cord polyp group was higher than that in the normal vocal group (16.14 ± 4.33), and there was a statistical significant difference (P< 0.05). Conclusion Indicating that MMP-2 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of vocal cord polyp involved in reshaping organizational structures. With further research, for the patients with vocal cord polyps, selective inhibition of MMP-2 is expected to become a new treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyps is one of the most common gynecological diseases, which can induce menstrual period extended, postmenopausal bleeding, infertility and other clinical symptoms. After treatment, endometrial polyps also are easy to relapse, have certain malignant transformation rate, whose etiology and pathogenesis is not clear. In recent research, this disease is correlated with genetic factors, local imbalanced steroid hormone receptor, proliferation and apoptosis, chronic inflammatory stimulation, certain drugs and cell factor. Age, postmenopausal, anomalistic uterine bleeding, use of tamoxifen, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus may involved in its progression. Through translational ultrasonography, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, uterine iodine oil imaging play an important role in its treatment process. Now from the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, recurrence, malignant related factors, prevention of endometrial polyps, we do a review, for we can more inclusively and more correctly promulgate the mechanism and characteristics of endometrial polyps, and then we can better guide further clinical research and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of TLR-2 and HO-1 in recurrent nasal polyps, and to discuss the relationship between the expression and the recurrence of nasal polyps. Methods The immune protein imprinting technology was used to detect the protein expression of TLR-2 and HO-1 in 20 cases of recurrent nasal polyps, 20 cases of nasal polyps and 20 cases of normal mucosal tissue in control group, and the relationship between the two proteins were analyzed. Results Expression levels of TLR-2 and HO-1 in the tissues of the recurrent nasal polyps had statistically significant difference with nasal polyps group (P < 0.05). Expression levels of TLR-2 and HO-1 in the tissues of the nasal polyps had statistically significant difference with normal nasal mucosa tissues (P< 0.05). The expression of TLR-2 and HO-1 had significant correlation in each group (P < 0.05). Conclusion TLR-2 and HO-1 plays an important role in the recurrence mechanism of nasal polyps, and both of them may be as objective indicators for postoperative follow-up of patients with recurrent nasal polyps and judging the recurrent trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial colon polyps are largely divided into hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. Adenomatous polyps are premalignant lesions, whereas hyperplastic polyps are regarded as benign lesions. However, this histological classification has been blurred, as cases of malignant changes in hyperplastic polyposis, mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps (MHAPs), and serrated adenomas in the colon have been reported. Rare cases of MHAP have been reported, and are mainly found at the proximal colon with a relatively large size. MHAPs seem to be an intermediate stage of the hyperplastic polyp-adenoma sequence or a collision tumor. Here, we report on a case of a single polyp in the rectum diagnosed with a MHAP combined with an invasive adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: A few studies showed that hood-cap assisted colonoscopy (CAC) had improved cecal intubation rate and cecal intubation time but did not help in finding colon polyps in comparison with conventional colonoscopy (CC). However, other studies have shown different results. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of CAC for the cecal intubation time and polyp detection rate. Methods: Patients for colonoscopy in Busan St. Mary's Medical Center were enrolled to this randomized controlled trial between July 2010 and September 2010. The evaluated outcomes were polyp detection rate, adenoma detection rate, and cecal intubation time in all patients, in difficult cases (history of previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, obesity, old age), and in the expert and non-expert groups. Results: A total of 260 patients enrolled in this study were randomly allocated to the CAC group (n=130), or CC group (n=130). The overall cecal intubation time was shorter in the CAC group (5.7±3.4 min vs. 7.8±5.7 min, P<0.001). The polyp detection rate was higher in the CAC group (58.4% vs. 43%, P=0.008). The cecal intubation time in the expert and non-expert groups were shorter in the CAC group (expert: 4.1±2.2 min vs. 5.5±2.0 min, P=0.001; non-expert: 6.7±3.7 min vs. 9.4±5.9 min, P=0.001). Conclusions: The use of CAC improved the detection rate of colon polyps and shortened the cecal intubation time for both the expert and non-expert groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Adequate bowel preparation is essential for full visualization of colonic mucosa because detection of small polyps and neoplasms depends on the quality of bowel cleansing. The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy, tolerability of preparation and side effect between two groups: clear-liquid diet with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution versus no diet restriction with PEG solution. Methods: This was a randomized single-blind prospective study. A total of 330 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 2 L PEG solution with a clear-liquid diet on the day before colonoscopy and another 2 L PEG solution on the day of the procedure (group 1) or 2 L PEG solution with a general diet on the day before colonoscopy and another 2 L PEG solution on the day of the procedure (group 2). Results: 162 patients were assigned to group 1 and 168 patients to group 2. The satisfactory quality of bowel preparation was not significantly different between the two groups (80.2%, 78.6%, P=0.707). Patient's compliance of the clear-liquid diet in group 1 was 50%. The satisfactory quality of bowel preparation was weakly better when the clear-liquid diet was given 2 or 3 times a day (group 1A) than 0 or once a day (group 1B) (74.1%, 86.4%, P=0.048). The tolerability of the PEG solution and side effects of preparation were not significantly different in the two groups (P=0.573, 0.686). Conclusions: Bowel preparation with no diet restriction and split-dose PEG solution was similar to preparation with a clear-liquid diet in efficacy, tolerability and side effect. Therefore, the use of the clear-liquid diet protocol should improve patient's compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of transvaginal sonohysterography(SHG) in uterine cavity diseases. Methods Sixty-eight patients with abnormal vaginal bleeding or infertility undement transvaginal sonography (TVS) and SHG examinations with hysteroscopy surgery (HSC)/pathological examination as the diagnostic gold standard. Then the detection results were compared and analyzed. Results HSC and pathological biopsy diagnosed 39 cases of endometrial polyps,21 cases of submucosal uterine fibroids, 5 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, 2 cases of uterine cavity adhesion and 1 case of endometrial cancer; TVS diagnosed endometrial polyps in 22 cases, submucosal myoma of uterus in 11 cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 2 cases and uterine cavity adhesion in 1 case;SHG diagnosed endometrial polyps in 38 cases,submucosal myoma of uterus in 20 cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 4 cases and uterine cavity adhesion in 2 cases. The diagnosis accordance rate of TVS for uterine cavity diseases was 52.94% (36/68) and which of SHG was 94.12% (64/68) ,the difference between the two methods was statistically significant (P<0.05 ). Conclusion The SHG examination can obviously improve the display rate of uterine cavity lesions, is an effective method for diagnosing uterine cavity diseases, also has an important guiding significance for selecting the clinical treatment mode of uterine cavity diseases ,and is worthy of clinical promotion and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between endometrial polyp (EP) characteristics and abnormal uterine bleeding, and analyze the influence to its malignancy. Methods: Retrospectively collect cases from January 2010 to June 2013 who received hysteroscopy and confirmed diagnosis as endometrial polyps in our hospital. Review and summarize polyp number and size of each case, and analyze the relationship between them and abnormal uterine bleeding. By pathology results, the polyp patients were divided into benign polyp and potentially malignant or malignant polyps. Analyze the relationship between the various risk factors associated with malignant polyps and malignant potential. Results: Of the included 754 cases, 38.59%(291/754) of patients with bleeding symptoms. Probability of multiple polyps and solitary polyp with bleeding were 44.26%(135/305) and 34.74%(156/449), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=6.94, P< 0.01). In 449 patients with solitary polyp, probability of large(size> 10 mm) and small polyp(size <10 mm) with bleeding were 38.69%(106/274) and 28.57%(50/175), and the differene was statistically significant χ²=4.82, P<0.05). Among polyp patients, 2.92%(22/754) of precancerous lesions, 3.18%(24/754) of cancerous. By Logistic analysis, the factors of postmenopause, polyps diameter >10 mm, multiple polyps and merging bleeding symptoms have a significant influence on precancerous and cancerous polyps (P<0.01). Conclusions: Bigger (>10 mm) or multiple polyps may be the risk factors and have a higher probability of abnormal uterine bleeding manifestations. Menopause, polyp diameter>10 mm, multiple polyps, abnormal uterine bleeding are risk factors for malignant polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the expression and clinical significance of Bcl -2, BAG -1, Ki -67, ER and PR on premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrial polyps. Methods: The expression of Bcl-2, BAG-1, Ki-67, ER and PR in 30 cases premenopausal endometrial polyps and 30 cases postmenopausal endometrial polyps tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Bcl-2, BAG-1 and Ki-67 were higher expression in endometrial polyps than control group (P< 0.05), but no signification difference among ER and PR expression(P>0.05). Ki-67 expression in postmenopausal endometrial polyps was significantly lower than premenopausal endometrial polyps tissues (P<0.05). There were no signification difference among Bcl-2, BAG-1, ER and PR expression between premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrial polyps (P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Ki-67 was positively correlated with PR on postmenopausal endometrial polyps (P<0.05), and there was no correlation among other groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Bcl-2, BAG-1, Ki-67, ER and PR may play an important role at different period of endometrial polyps pathological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the clinical effects of dydrogesterone and levonorgestrel intrauterine system on the prevention of endometrium polyps recurrence after hysteroscopic polypectomy. Methods: It was a retrospective study with 73 cases who treated with two progestin in preventing endometrium polyps recurrence after hysteroscopic resection. Those patients were divided into two groups. 33 cases in the test group were treated with LNG-IUS (Mirena), and 40 patients in control group with cyclic dydrogesterone. The menstrual quantity, thickness of endometrium, recurrence rate, and adverse reactions were compared. Results: The endometrium thickness and menstrual quantity in both groups were significantly decreased after treatment within 6 months, while two values in the test group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group (P= 0.000). The risk of dotted bleeding in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 6 months (P=0.000), but the difference was not significant between two groups at 12 months (P=0.809). The incidence of nausea was lower in the group at any time after treatment. There were 2 cases relapsed in the control group, no one case recurred in the test group. Conclusions: Progestin therapy is safe and effective to prevent polyp recurrence. Compared with dydrogesterone, LNG-IUS can be encouraged with the more convenience, lower rate of recurrence, and lower risk of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appendiceal epithelial neoplasms including benign and malignant, are clinically rare. There were quite a lot of changings in classification systems for them and different pathological diagnostic terminologies were used, resulted in confusions of understanding and communication for both pathologists and clinicians. Basically, appendiceal epithelial neoplasms include adenoma, serrated lesion and polyps, mucinous neoplasms, carcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasms. Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and goblet cell carcinoma are exclusively seen in the appendix. Though some appendiceal neoplasms are similar to those in large bowl, however, the molecular mechanism is different. The classification, pathological diagnosis and clinical significance of appendiceal epithelial neoplasms were summarized based on the fifth edition of WHO classification on digestive system tumors and other related literatures.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive imaging technology, which could acquire volumetric angiographic information. Numerous studies have reported the potential clinical use of OCTA in a variety of common retinal disorders. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by the formation of branching choroidal vascular networks (BVN) with terminal dilatations (polyps). Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) remains the golden diagnostic standard for PCV. The clinical application of OCTA in PCV is also widely investigated recent years. But the results are controversially interpreted. In addition to various diagnostic accuracy of PCV from different studies, the clinical application of OCTA in PCV is limited. With the constant innovation of fundus imaging techniques, OCTA is reaching greater investigation depth and become more accurate at picking up blood flow signals, which also improves the diagnostic accuracy of PCV. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical application and research progress of OCTA in PCV, in order to provide some assistant for clinical practice and correct interpretation of the reports. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56:950-955) .

Objective: To distinguish the endoscopic and clinical features of ampullary polyps, to investigate the endoscopic cancer risk factors of ampullary polyps based on the compared differences of benign lesions and adenocarcinoma, and to assess the accuracy of forceps biopsy., Methods: Authors retrospectively analyzed the data extracted from patients treated with endoscopic papillectomy (EP) from January 2009 to May 2019 in the Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital. Endoscopic pictures and pathology reports were reevaluated and analyzed. Differences between benign and cancer groups were conducted., Results: In the study, 42 cases were involved, 35 to 83 years old, containing 83.3% older than 50 years old patients. The histological types were as follows, 2 for inflammatory polyps (4.8%), 1 for neuroendocrine tumor (2.4%), 1 for hyperplastic polyp (2.4%), 5 for grade Ⅰ adenoma (11.9%), 10 for grade Ⅱ adenoma (23.8%), 4 for grade Ⅲ adenoma (9.5%) and 19 for adenocarcinoma (45.2%), and 90.5% were adenoma or adenocarcinoma. The average age of benign group (inflammatory polyps and adenomas) was (56.7±9.2), which was significantly younger than that of adenocarcinoma group [(66.0±9.8), P =0.004]. Tumor diameter in adenocarcinoma group[(2.3±0.8) cm] was significantly larger than that in benign group[(1.6±0.6) cm, P =0.002]. Benign lesions only showed Yamada type Ⅰ(57.1%)and type Ⅱ(42.9%). The percentage of Yamada type Ⅰ (36.8%)and type Ⅱ(31.6%) in adenocarcinoma group was lower than that in benign group. Moreover, Yamada type Ⅲ (31.5%) was only found in the adenocarcinoma group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in Yamada types ( P =0.046). Most of the benign lesions had clear boundary(18/21, 85.7%). The percentage of clear boundary in adenocarcinoma group (2/19, 10.5%) was significantly lower than that in the benign group ( P < 0.001). No significant differences were investigated in color ( P =0.353) and surface ( P =0.324) between benign and adenocarcinoma lesions. Pooling age, lesion diameter, Yamada type and clear boundary into Logistic regression analysis, only age ( OR =1.186, 95% CI 1.025-1.373, P =0.022) and clear boundary ( OR =66.218, 95% CI 3.421-1 281.840, P =0.006) were the independent cancer risk factors. Only 2 (10.5%) in the 19 cancer patients had positive biopsy results before EP. As compared with post-EP, 55.3% (21/38) biopsies were under-estimated, including 17 (17/19, 89.5%) adenocarcinomas and 4 (4/10, 40%) grade Ⅱ adenomas., Conclusion: adenoma and adenocarcinoma were the major histological type of ampullary po-lyps. Age and unclear boundary were the independent risk factors of ampullary adenocarcinoma. Forceps biopsy was not enough for ampullary polyp differentiation.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features of 2 children with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and review relevant literature. Methods: The clinical data of 2 children with HHT who were admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from February 2017 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Meanwhile, the relevant papers published before December 2019 in Wanfang and Pubmed database were searched with the key words of "hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia" in Chinese and English, and reviewed. Results: The first case was an 11-year-old boy, presented with fever and cough for 6 days. His past history revealed 3 times of left pneumonia and mild epistaxis. Ultrasound of the chest soft tissue found hemangioma and vascular malformation. Enhanced CT with vascular reconstruction suggested pulmonary arteriovenous malformation and multiple arteriovenous fistulas in the liver. After being treated with interventional pulmonary arteriovenous fistula embolization, his condition improved. The second case was a 12-year-old girl, presented with iron deficiency anemia during the past 3 years. Endoscopic resection of polyps had been performed before due to multiple polyps in the colon. High-resolution lung CT revealed multiple ground-glass nodules in bilateral lungs. Ultrasound of the digestive tract suggested small intestine polyps and secondary chronic loose intussusception. After admission, small bowel intussusception reduction was performed, and the polyps were ligated. Her whole exon gene testing suggested SMAD4 heterozygous variation. In the large number of reported cases, HHT1 and HHT2 are the main type. Conclusions: Children with HHT may present with anemia and repeated intestinal polyps. It is worth noting that visceral arteriovenous malformations, such as pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, which is easily misdiagnosed as recurrent pneumonia, can also occur in children with HHT. Enhanced CT with vascular reconstruction can help find pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, and timely genetic test can confirm the diagnosis.