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The problem of impact during the mold opening and closing was analyzed due to the low expansion ratio under 25 000 kN clamping force, and optimization design on the hinge system was carried out. Firstly the mechanical model of the clamping mechanism was built up and the stress and displacement were calculated using finite element method in order to validate the stiffness and strength of each component. A rigid-flexible combination multi-body dynamic model of the hinge system was set based on the parameter of elbow stiffness. Finally the optimized design was built up upon the multi-body dynamic model using elbow hinge coordinates as design variables. As the results of comparison with the origins, the optimized design has enlarged the expansion ratio from 21.45 to 24.57, and the stroke is increased from 1.03 to 1.08. The impact during mold opening and closing of the optimized design is decreased greatly.

Objective: Remote sensing technology has successfully been applied to monitoring and inversion of soil parameters. In order to further promote application of the Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR) technology to less-destructive soil monitoring and environmental management, based on the field survey and sampling, laboratory experiments and interpretation of microwave radar images, this study explored possibilities of inverting and predicting soil hydraulic parameters of semi-arid grassland basins on the premise of no large scaled damage. Method: In this paper, the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia was set as subject for the study. The study area had 5 major types of soils, i.e. Thick chestnut soil, Meadow swamp soil, Desert aeolian soil, Limy meadow sandy soil, and Pale black soil. From the surface layers of the soils, soil samples were collected for analysis of particle size composition, bulk density, organic matter content, saturated hydraulic conductivity（KS） and some other physical and chemical properties. First of all,distributions of soil parameters in soil layers, 10 cm each, of the five types of soils were characterized. Then Saxton, Cosby, and Wosten models, three saturated soil hydraulic conductivity pedo-transfer functions（PTFs）and nonlinear multivariate empirical regression models, were used for fitting of KS in soil layers, 10 cm each, within the 0～30 cm soil layers of the 32 sampling sites for modeling. Based on the averages of the soil parameters of these 32 sampling sites for modeling and backscattering of quadrupolarized Radarsat-2,a multivariate linear equation was established, using the radar data of the 10 sampling sites for validation to validate the fitting of KS. Result: Results show that the study area is extremely high in soil sand content, almost nil in clay content and low in organic matter content. The parameters do not vary much with soil depth from layer to layer. In terms of PTFs, the four models reach 0.778, 0.985, 0.958, and 0.966 in modeling accuracy separately. Among them, Saxton model is the highest, with RMSE being 0.262 and layer average validation accuracy reaching 0.989. In terms of inversion of surface soil parameters based on back scattering coefficient of quadrupolarized RADARSAT-2, the inversions of bulk density and sand content are the best. In using the backscattering coefficient of the 10 validating sampling sites to validate PTFs,Saxton model is superior in fitting, with simulation coefficient reaching as high as 0.964. Consequently, this study has finally chosen Saxton model to predict surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on an 8 meter precision extended scale based on remote-sensing images of the study area, by combining Radarsat-2 radar data. Conclusion: All the findings indicate that compared with inversion directly using SAR to predict surface soil KS in a large-scale, PTFs may better depict saturated conductivity of the surface soil layer in semi-arid grassland watersheds. However, the effect of PTFs are not directly related to the number of parameters contained in the model. Surface soil KS in the degraded grassland varies generally in the range of 4～8 m·d-1. Under natural conditions, the region lacks vegetation and high in sand content, which are the main reasons for rapid water transfer. In developed areas, like irrigation zones or urbanized regions, surface soil KS declines by a large margin, indicating that human activity is one of the main influencing factors of its change. The use of remote sensing to predict surface soil KS over a region is still not fully developed, so more efforts should be done to perfect and validate it.

The work of traditional historical and literary studies analyzes the specific literary works and background of writers in a case-by-case way. The content, emotion, and meaning of a literary work is closely related to its author's life experience and the background. However, it is difficult to understand the above-mentioned connections by traditional methods, which may not address on the overall pictures. In this work, we propose a tailored text correlation and spatio-temporal visual analytics methods for classical literature, and we take Songci（a representative literature style in Song Dynasty in China） as an example. Those methods allow literary researchers analyze the trajectories of poets and the relevance and uniqueness of topic of literatures in different time period and their living background. Furthermore, through visual analysis of the rhythm, intentions, and expressions of emotions in the text, literary researchers can form multi-dimensional understanding. We cooperated with literary experts of Song Dynasty and conducted user study with them, which proves that the method we proposed can effectively help experts make an in-depth analysis of the literary career and work of the poets. Moreover, our method can provide them a new insight in a comparative way.

In this study, we investigated the running-in behavior of brass (i.e. 64% copper and 36% Zinc) sliding against 100Cr6 under lubricated conditions on a tribometer based on in-situ holographic microscopy and radionuclide technique. The corresponding relationships between coefficient of friction, surface roughness and wear rate of brass was studied. On this basis, the wear model for surface roughness was established. Moreover, the wear model was evaluated by method of fitting goodness. In the beginning of experiment, the surface of CuZn36 revealed rough being accompanied by high wear rate. For the remainder of the test, wear-resistant layer was gradually formed in the near-surface region of the wear track. Meanwhile, surface roughness and wear rate decreased and tended to be stable. The fitting goodness of wear model was 90.23%, which means that the model can predict wear rate effectively under certain working conditions.

"Made in Germany" is very popular in China and recognized as proof of quality. However, German approaches cannot always be transferred to other regions and cultures without adaptation. The German Passive House Standard for instance is such a German development which attracts more and more attention. Its principles support China in moving forward towards energy efficient buildings, which has already been demonstrated in many pilot projects. Yet, designers need to be aware that the methods, that are developed for and commonly used in Europe, may not be adequate for the greatly varying building practice and climate conditions in other countries.

In this study, we investigated the friction and wear behavior of brass (i.e. 64% copper and 36% Zinc) sliding against 100Cr6 under lubricated conditions on a tribometer based on in-situ holographic microscopy and radionuclide technique. Microstructure evolution of friction surfaces were investigated by in-situ holographic microscopy, and surface of CuZn36 was measured real-time wear with high resolution by radionuclide technique. Worn surfaces of CuZn36 plates and 100Cr6 spheres were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles were obtained from the worn surface of CuZn36. The results indicate that the good running in behaviors (i.e. lower friction and wear) of CuZn36 sliding against 100Cr6 were obtained with varying contact pressures (1.9~3.0 MPa). It suggests that the wear-resistant layers of ZnO were formed in the near-surface region of the wear surfaces, which had good characteristics of high hardness and self-lubrication. During poor running-in experiments, the wear-resistant layers were repeated forming and damaging in a dynamic process. Fatigue wear was the main behavior during good running-in experiments, and adhesion wear and abrasive wear were the main behaviors during poor running-in experiment.

To study the relationship between the physical structure and the timbre of Chinese Sheng, a physical model of Sheng and its sound synthesis method are proposed. Based on the vibration model of reed tongue, the equivalent circuit of Sheng pipe is constructed by considering the transfer matrices of tone hole and tuning slot. By combining the reed and the pipe, a complete physical model of Sheng is built. An experiment system of Sheng is designed to validate the physical model, and physical quantities of sounding Sheng pipe are measured simultaneously by multi-channels. The performance of this model is analyzed by comparing temporal-spectral features and timbre descriptors of measurement and simulation results. It shows that the proposed model simulates the sounding mechanism of Sheng pipe well, and the synthesized sound is able to capture the timbre-related features of real Sheng sound in an accurate way.

Aiming at the deficiencies of traditional tribometers, a new tribometer based on in-situ and radionuclide techniques is developed in this paper. The working system and main components of the tribometer were designed and selected reasonably, based on which the in-situ holographic microscopy and radionuclide techniques were applied in the tribometer to realize the on-line in-situ observation of the microstructure of the material grinding crack surface in the friction process and the accurate real-time measurement of the wearing loss. The friction and wearing behavior experiments of the brass samples (i.e. 80% of copper and 20% of zinc) sliding against 100 of Cr6 under lubricated condition were conducted on the developed tribometer, and the samples were analyzed and studied with XPS, SEM and TEM after the experiments. The results indicate that the oxide layer formed on the grinding crack surface and the crystal grain refinement during the experiments are the main reasons f or good wearing resistance of the brass sample. The experiment results obtained with the tribometer are accurate, which provides an important reference basis for deeply studying the tribological behaviors of materials.

South-South climate-related cooperation is an important part of China's climate diplomatic activities and an important tool to protect the overall interests of China and other developing countries to shape a responsible image of China. This paper made an in-depth analysis of the United States, Germany and Japan, the three typical donors' climate-related aid work and tried to summarize the international experiences. Then it discussed strategic evolution of climate-related aid of OECD-DAC and the future development of international climate-related aid after 2012. Based on the research findings and China's actual situation, this paper finally proposed several recommendations, in order to promote China's South-South climate-related cooperation in future.

To reduce the material porosity in Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) processing, the Inconel 718 (IN718) was used as powder additive in this study, and the influences of main process parameters on the material porosity in a high deposition-rate LMD were investigated. Then, the methods to reduce the material porosity were researched by adjusting these process parameters. Based on the newly developed target with a high deposition rate by 2 kg/h in the LMD process, a coating experiment was performed by parameter solidification and parameter separation and the effects of laser power, scanning speed and powder mass flow on the material porosity were designed and carried out. Furthermore, the cross-sectional porosity and track porosity of tracks deposited by different process parameters were analyzed. The results show that as the laser power increases from 1 440 W to 4 214 W, the porosity of the longitudinal track decreases from about 1.5% to about 0.02%. When the scanning speed v aries in the range of 500 mm/min to 5 000 mm/min, the range of track porosity is approx. 0.07% to 0.18%. Moreover, when the powder mass flow increases from 0.64 kg/h to 6.48 kg/h, the porosity increases from approx. 0.01% to 0.84%. It is shown that in high deposition-rate LMD, the scanning speed has no obvious influence on the porosity; and increasing laser power and reducing powder mass flow rate significantly reduce material porosity and increase the consistency of cross-sectional porosity.

Ferroelectric and antiferroelectric HfO2 nano-films were prepared by changing silicon doping concentration, and their basic properties were compared in terms of polarization hysteresis, capacitance-voltage and leakage-voltage behavior, as well as the effect of temperature on phase stability. Antiferroelectric thin film exhibits a higher dielectric constant than the ferroelectric film, and is characterized by the double polarization hysteresis loops due to reversible antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition induced during loading and unloading processes of electric field. No antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition is observed at measuring temperatures up to 185 degrees C. The negative differential resistivity effect observed in leakage measurements is attributed to the contributions from slow response mechanisms like polarization relaxation.

By adjusting laser power and nozzle speed in laser cladding technology, crack-free titanium layer with even thickness and titanium mass percentage over 99%, was obtained on the substrate of low carbon steel without any intermediate layer when heat input was between 12-20 J/mm. The temperature field and the mechanical strain were simulated. Together with phase diagram and EDS, it was found that an interface zone, consisted of TiFe, (TiFe+-Ti) eutectic compound and -Ti, was formed between the titanium layer and the substrate. The interface zone is brittle and cracks occur in it. In titanium layer crack also occur if the mechanical strain exceeds the critical plasticity of metal. By reducing heat input, the mechanical strain decreases, thus a crack-free titanium layer with even thickness can be obtained.

The TiCx reinforced Ti matrix nanocomposites parts were prepared by selective laser melting (SLM). The effects of applied linear laser energy density (the ratio of laser power to scan speed) on evolutions of the densification behavior, phases, and microstructures of SLM-processed parts were studied using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The formation mechanism of TiC0.625 reinforcing phase with a lamellar nanostructure during the laser-induced rapid melting/solidification process was discussed. The results show that a high densification level of 95.6% is obtained for SLM-processed parts at a laser linear energy density of 1100 J/m. The TiCx reinforcing phase disperses uniformly in the Ti matrix, having an ultrafine lamellar nanostructure with an average thickness of 54 nm. The reinforcing phase is present in the form of substoichiometric TiC0.625 with a cubic crystal structure.

Based on the standard of IEEE 802.15.4b, a cross-layer protocol design combining cluster-tree formatting and mobile routing was proposed for query-driven wireless sensor networks with mobile Sink(s). Firstly, energy consumption, network connectivity, load balancing and sub-tree depth were employed as the evaluation factors. A topology evaluation function under a multi-objective optimization model was defined to construct the stable and optimal underlying cluster-tree network. Secondly, the beacon frame scheduling based distributed sleep synchronization algorithm in IEEE 802.15.4 MAC was improved, which was used to maintain the network synchronization and topology correction on low duty-cycle. Thirdly, the parent-child relationships established during the topology formatting according to "first beacon", "best links", "top level" rules were exploited to build the two-way routing paths between mobile Sink(s) and the nodes within N-Hop range. Eventually, the topology contro l schemes at MAC layer and the query routing approach at network layer were completely implemented in the protocol stack of TinyOS. The experimental results show that the evaluation function can effectively reflect the quality of network formatting. Jointed with the sleep synchronization mechanism under the topology generated using the rule of "best links", the N-Hop reactive routing exhibits high energy-efficiency.

A novel VR system based on Lightning was presented, which facilitated the virtual equipment behaviours simulation and virtual control simulation of a production line. Multi-layer simulation method was also used in this system. With the real-time signals of the online equipment, the online equipment as well as the virtual process were quickly diagnosed. With rapidly responds of this VR system, design engineer has the chance to optimize or make forward-looking decision of the line by using the advantages of this VR system.

According to the structure characteristics of MOTOMAN-HP3 robot, a multilayer distributed network control system based on client/server and kinematics equations in D-H coordinates were designed. By model building using Solidworks-VRML method, combined with robot kinematics and VR toolbox, a VR control system of MOTOMAN-HP3 robot was built, and remote control was achieved finally.

The efficiency of the solar cell can be degraded drastically by the shunts, some of which were originated from silicon material, but the most important shunts were induced by process. The simple measurement which can image the shunts directly was described by using the temperature sensitive liquid crystal sheet. Through analyzing all the major process-induced shunts in details, such as edge shunts, Schottky shunts, contamination-originated shunts, and so on, the reasons which influencing the efficiency of the solar cell can be deduced exactly.

In view of the development trend of heterogeneous wireless communication networks and their execution of load control, the paper proposes the AHP-ST, an enhanced terminal selection (TS) algorithm based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy theory by exploiting the ability of end-to-end reconfiguration management. It can be regarded as a novel terminal selection algorithm to decide the most appropriate target terminals for more timely and effective load re-allocation so as to improve the system performance further. The results of the theoretical analysis and simulation demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is adjusted dynamically and adaptively to achieve better trade-off between system performance and controlling overhead, and improve users' satisfaction under the overlapped heterogeneous radio access technologies within an end-to-end reconfiguration system.

Typical iris recognition algorithms extract single iris sample's feature via image processing methods which only emphasize on individual information without taking the relationship among iris samples into consideration. The paper proposes a novel iris recognition algorithm based on common vector. The algorithm combines individual features with statistical features by using the common vector method,. Additionally high efficient eyelashes removing and eyelids locating algorithms make further improvement to the precision and stability of the algorithm. The experimental results show the high performance of the algorithm.

Die Hohlwellenprüfeinrichtung ist für die mechanisierte Ultraschallprüfung an eingebauten Radsätzen ausgelegt. Ziel der Prüfung ist das Auffi nden von Querrissen in der Radsatzwelle. Als besonders anrissgefährdete Bereiche gelten die Querschnittsübergänge, insbesondere die Übergänge vom Radsatz zum Schaft der Welle. Für Wellen mit 30 mm Bohrungsdurchmesser ist die Prüfung in Axialrichtung mit einem Einschallwinkel von 45° voraus- und zurückschallend vorgegeben. Für die größeren Bohrungsdurchmesser erfolgt die Prüfung in Axialrichtung mit Einschallwinkeln von 0°, 45° und 70° voraus- und zurückschallend. Der Prüfstand basiert auf Forderungen der Deutschen Bahn AG. Die Anlage entstand im Auftrag der Staatlichen Chinesische Eisenbahn. Bis August 2007 wurden sechs Systeme ausgeliefert. Bis dahin wurde das chinesische Prüfpersonal in Saarbrücken ausgebildet. Erfüllt das Konsortium die Erwartungen des Auftraggebers, ist mit Folgeaufträgen zu rechnen.

With four sensing elements on one substrate, the sensor array is fabricated by thin film technology. The base structure is produced on a 4 silicon wafer. The Pt electrodes, Pt heater and Pt temperature sensor are deposited first. The metal-oxide sensitive layer SnO2 is deposited later. Then the sensor is bonded, housed and measured. The experimental results show the sensor response for different trace gases, methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia.

The issue of the protection of users' biometric templates is an important part of the biometric system's security. A hash-based scheme for the protection of users' information is investigated from the point of view of one-way function. By involving an adaptive non-uniform quantizing template, the contradiction between the fuzziness of the biometric information and the sensitive of the hash function has been eliminated. Then a protecting scheme base on hash function is implemented which avoids the storage of users' biometric images or templates. The analysis of the quantizing template and the hash function demonstrates the security of the scheme, and the simulation shows the feasibility of the scheme.

A video watermarking which resists affine transformations is proposed. A template along the time axis is inserted in each Watermark Minimum Segment (WMS) of the video sequence. Experimental results show that the watermark information can be detected blindly in watermarked frames subjected to reasonable affine transformations.

Event routing mechanism, which provides a dynamic and interactive 3D world, is used to handle events in VRML. ROUTE editing is considered as a complicated recognition behavior, because it is concerned with interaction control among 3D objects. Traditional VRML editors currently can not edit ROUTE comment in a straight and visualized way because of its linear essence. This paper designs and implements visualization for ROUTE editing based on studying the event interaction mechanism.

The recombination activities were investigated on crystal defects, especially the grain boundaries on the surface and cross section of solar cells based on the SSP substrates. The results of EBIC(electron beam induced current) scan on the cross section displays that when the recombination center is located at grain boundaries, the contrast in intragrain is low, or even no recombination activities take place. The dark contrast of the grain boundaries and intragrain defects is clearly reduced near the surface due to hydrogen passivation; the minority carrier diffusion length decreases gradually with the increase of depth perpendicular to the surface. The results of spectrally resolved light beam induced current (SR-LBIC) indicates that the diffusion length of the minority carriers is quite inhomogeneous over the whole cell area; the maximum of the diffusion length corresponds to the thickness of epilayer.

This paper describes a free hand navigation system for high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The whole system pipeline consists of four steps, namely, pre-processing, pre-operational planning, intra-operational navigation and post-operational planning. During pre-processing, the uses can decide the positions of operational catheters and draw contouring of the target volumes interactively. For intra-operational free hand navigation, the catheters are tracked by 6-DOF magnetic-tracking technology preciously and accurately. At the same time the high-quality volume visualization techniques guide the users implant the catheters to pre-defined poses. Thereafter the dose calculation and optimization are carried out after the implantations of catheters are fulfilled. Finally, the radioactive sources are inserted and dwelled by using the afterloader to implement the radiation. According to our preliminary experiments, this system achieves encouraging 2-3 times accuracy improvement compared to the trial-and-error manual implantation method. Moreover, the operational time is saved dramatically which decreases the painfulness of the patients.

The application of new information and communication technologies in manufacturing systems gives companies the possibility to create value-added service in the usage phase, for example, through remote operations or virtual facility management. In this regard a communication platform for a digital factory is developed to make diagnoses of machines, and changes of programs or process optimisations possible in less time by using an integrated control system, visualization and surveillance. The precise reproduction of the production system in a virtual world makes it possible to analyse and optimise all influences on real production in that virtual world. Especially the application of virtual reality provides 3D visualisation of machine behaviour, which leads to a higher level of immersion for the user. Modern value-added service can greatly boost the economic success of a product. The article introduces two new prototypes for Tele-X application which open new opportunities of service business to both industrial and private customers.

In this paper, the photothermal radiometry (PTR) and optical beam deflection (OBD-mirage effect) were used to study the relationship between the thermal properties of CuNiSi thin films and the amount of rare earth elements adding to the target materials. The results show that the addition of lanthanide element mixture causes the difference in the thermal behavior of the thin films. The thermal diffusivity increases with the increase of the amount of rare earth elements adding to the tagets. Meanwhile the increasing of adding amount of rare earth elements lead to the decrease of the resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of the thin films. The change trend of the resistivity is in conformity with the change of thermal diffusivity of the thin films.

5 myths concerning the activities of business reengineering are listed. These myths are the causes for failure of business reengineering or heavy restraint on the implementation of the reengineering projects. The enterprises must take relevant measures of reengineering in the light of their own specific situation.

The ability to conduct inter- and intra-enterprise communication and cooperation has been a factor in determining the success of an enterprise. In recent years, the wide coverage digital telecommunication net has formed the necessary infrastructure for the use of telecommunication service in small and medium-sized enterprises. In the project "Cobra-3", Fraunhofer-Institute of Working Economy and Organization (IAO) has developed and tested telecommunication service for the CAD mechanical engineering together with industrial partners and other institutes under Fraunhofer Association in order to shorten the period of product development.

Permanent shringking of product lead times and innovation cycles as well as an enhanced focus on customer needs are emblematic for the dramatically changing business environment of the 90s. In order to adapt to these changes conventional serial and tayloristic development techniques need to give way to an integrated approach. The rapid product development concept presented in this paper takes organizational, economical and technological aspects into account, many of which currently lack practical evaluation on a broad basis. An example demonstrates how the process of product development can be made more effective and efficient by using this new concept.

Network structure will be the organization form in the future to meet the requirements of the market. It is the virtual enterprises which embody this structure perfectly. The concept, motive, boundary and prospect of virtual enterprises are introduced, and several examples are mentioned.

The necessity to put the "Management of Change" on a broad strategy-oriented basis is shown. New working style in the enterprise is to be found, and new business field is to be worked out. Both will help to relax the possible reduction of staff. The "new enterprise" should be, on one hand, arisen from strategically reegineering, and on the other hand, also bulit on the kernel competence of the enterprise. The strategies formulated for a enterprise are to be evaluated with respect to its contribution to the future and success of the enterprise, its competitive effect, as well as the actual requirements and foreseeable implementation success.

Innovations in companies are imperative and mainly depend upon the ability for the automation of information flow as the integration of computer. The key of its successful application is qualifying and updating of personnel and continuous training. In other words, the qualification and motivation of personnel, and considering these aspects as early as possible, are most important. In view of this, the ten fundamental rules significant for company success are set up.

Beim Verbinden von Kunststoffen ist das Ultraschallschweißen das wichtigste Verfahren. Dazu werden jedoch hauptsächlich teure Einzweckautomaten verwendet. Mit einem entsprechenden Roboterwerkzeug können beispielweise für die Fertigung von Stoßstangen flexible Roboterzellen eingesetzt werden, die sich bei einem Modellwechsel einfach und kostengünstig umrüsten lassen.

The time-resolved luminescence spectra of laser induced plasma from BaTiO3 were studied with a optical rnultichannel analyzer (OMA III). The time of-flight spectra of' various particles, by which the concentration distribution of the responded particles was represented, were built by the emissive intensity of the same particles at different time. The spatial length of the ejected pulsed particle beam (i. e. plasma) was evaluated by the time-of-flight spectra, and the dependance of its dimension on the partial pressure of' the buffer gas was deduced. Furthermore , a optimum partial pressure range of buffer gas for laser deposition of oxides films with multielernent was suggested, and the necessity of about 30 Pa oxygen partial pressure during laser deposition of high Te superconducting films is explained.

The analysis of defects and disturbances in a middle-sized machine-building enterprise has shown, which measure can contribute to zero defect production. Some practical measures and the principle taken as a basis are introduced in this article. The article is the part of a series of the theme "Zero Defect Production", published continuously in the journal wt.