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This is an article in the field of ceramics and composites. Mechanical properties and durability of sodium sulfate solution corrosion of iron tailings concrete are developed. The effects of different iron tailings content, the number of dry and wet cycles, and the concentration of sodium sulfate solution on its mechanical properties and durability are analyzed. The results show that when the iron tailings content is 30%, the number of dry and wet cycles is 60 times, and the sodium sulfate concentration is 5%, the performance indicators of the concrete reach the best state. With the increasing amount of iron tailings, the better the corrosion resistance and frost resistance of concrete will be. The heat of hydration reaction is constantly decreasing. The porosity of concrete and the change of total mercury volume show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Under the same condition of iron tailings content, the change law of the main peak amplitude of concrete after corrosion shows an increasing trend. However, under the same sodium sulfate solution concentration, the main peak amplitude of concrete showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing after corrosion.

To accurately describe the undeformed chip thickness characteristics in ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding, the grain space and grain protrusion height of a metal bond multi-layer diamond wheel were measured. According to the particle trajectory equation of ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding and the trajectory interference theory of two nearby grains, the undeformed chip thickness in a complete grain-workpiece contact zone was solved by using the bisector method and MATLAB software. Then the influence of the main parameters on the undeformed chip thickness characteristics was analyzed. The results show that the undeformed chip thickness varies linearly against the distance between adjacent grains and the height difference of adjacent grains, increases linearly with the increase of ultrasonic amplitude and changes periodically with the increase of ultrasonic vibration frequency. In ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding, the undeformed chip thickness characteristics are greatly affected by the grinding wheel speed and grinding depth, and relatively less affected by the workpiece feed speed.

Technical methods such as cast thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, constant rate mercury intrusion, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion homogenization temperature measurement, laser Raman component analysis and illite isotope dating were used to analyze the densification process of Huagang Formation in the northern and central Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin. The controlling factors of reservoir densification were discussed. The reservoir heterogeneity of the Huagang Formation is controlled by the pore throat structure, and the reservoir with a throat radius less than 1 μm is regarded as a tight reservoir. Burial compaction is the main reason for the generally low permeability and tightness of reservoirs, and differential diagenesis aggravates the differential evolution of reservoirs. When the formation temperature exceeds 160℃, the inhibition of cementation by the ring chlorite is significantly weakened. The alkaline closed environment of the middle diagenesis B stage makes a large amount of iron-containing carbonate, pom-shaped chlorite and bridging illite enriched and directly blocks the throats, resulting in large-scale tight reservoirs in the Huagang Formation. Recovering the key diagenetic evolution process of the Huagang Formation reservoirs, it is speculated that the H4 and H5 sand formations of the Huagang Formation entered large-scale compaction during 9-7 Ma, and the strong lateral compression of the Longjing Movement accelerated the densification process.

In order to analyze the effect of final cooling temperature on the wax deposition laws of the crude oil modified with additives, keep the same temperature difference of oil wall and control different final cooling temperatures, static wax deposition contrast test and dynamic shear contrast test were carried out on Daqing oil with nano pour point depressant, Daqing oil with EVA pour point depressant and Daqing blank oil using the wax deposition device of agitation tank, rheometer, differential scanning calorimeter and other test instruments. Then, based on the mechanisms of molecular diffusion and gelling, the wax deposition laws of Daqing oil modified with additives under different experimental conditions were investigated. It is shown that when the final cooling temperature is lower, the blank oil is low in the total wax deposition but its wax crystal structure is stronger; while the oil with additives is significantly higher than the blank oil in the total wax deposition, but there is more condensate in the total amount of wax deposition and the wax crystal structure is weaker. With the increase of the final cooling temperature, the wax deposition in the oil with additives and that in the blank oil decrease gradually and tend to be consistent. When the final cooling temperature is lower and the shear peel strength is weaker, the addition of pour point depressant can increase the wax deposition of pipeline transportation. And once the shear is high or the final cooling temperature is increased, the wax deposition of the oil with additives will be reduced significantly and the safety of pipeline transportation will be improved.

The value range of fuzzy weighting exponent m is larger than 1 in the possibilistic C-means clustering (PCM). Through analysis and discussion on the PCM algorithm, we set the weighting exponent m as multiple independent variables, and extend the value ranges of the weighting exponents, thus obtaining a new clustering algorithm, named general possibilistic C-means clustering (GPCM). The new value scope of the GPCM's weighting exponents is proved theoretically, and the fuzzy membership of the samples is estimated by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The GPCM algorithm breaks the restriction of the PCM on parameter m, and simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile oil of Chuanxiong Rhizoma(CX) is known as an effective fraction. In order to seek a suitable method for processing CX and its decoction pieces, this study selected 16 volatile components as indices to investigate how different processing methods such as washing/without washing, sun-drying, baking, oven-drying and far-infrared drying at different temperatures affected the quality of CX and its decoction pieces(fresh CX was partially dried, cut into pieces, and then dried) by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), cluster analysis, principal component analysis and comprehensive weighted scoring. The results showed that the rapid washing before processing did not deteriorate the volatile components of CX. Considering the practical condition of production area, oven-drying was believed to be more suitable than sun-drying, baking, and far-infrared drying. The CX decoction pieces with a thickness of 0.3-0.4 cm were recommended to be oven-dried at 50 ℃. The integrated processing(partial drying, cutting into pieces, and drying) did not cause a significant loss of volatile components. For the fresh CX, the oven-drying at 60 ℃ is preferred. The temperature should not exceed 60 ℃, and drying below 60 ℃ will prolong the processing time, which will produce an unfavorable effect on volatile components. This study has provided the scientific evidence for field processing of CX, which is conducive to realizing the normalization and standardization of CX processing in the production area and stabilizing the quality of CX and its decoction pieces.

To systematically review the efficacy and safety of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) at the stable stage. Three English databases and four Chinese databases were systematically searched from the database establishment to August 1, 2020. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were screened according to the pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then the data were extracted. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed based on Cochrane bias risk tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used for data analysis. A total of 389 articles were retrieved and finally 18 RCTs were included in this study, involving 1 566 patients, and the overall quality of the included studies was not high. Meta-analysis showed that, in terms of improving 6-minute walk distance(6 MWD), and delaying the decline of forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV_1) or its % in the expected value as well as the decline in ratio of FEV_1 to forced vital capacity(FVC), Buzhong Yiqi Decoction alone or in combination with conventional Western medicine was superior to conventional therapy Western medicine alone. Subgroup analysis showed that, in terms of reducing traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction combined with conventional treatment was superior to conventional treatment. In terms of reducing the grade of modified medical research council(mMRC), Buzhong Yiqi Decoction combined with conventional treatment was superior to conventional treatment. In terms of improving 6 MWD, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction combined with conventional treatment or Tiotropium Bromide Powder for Inhalation was superior to conventional treatment alone or Tiotropium Bromide Powder for Inhalation alone. In terms of delaying the decline of FEV_1 or its % in the expected value, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction combined with conventional treatment or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation or Tiotropium Bromide Powder for Inhalation was superior to conventional treatment or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation or Tiotropium Bromide Powder for Inhalation alone, and Buzhong Yiqi Decoction alone was superior to Theophylline alone. In terms of delaying the decline in FEV_1/FVC, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction combined with conventional treatment was superior to conventional treatment, and Buzhong Yiqi Decoction alone was superior to Theophylline alone. Meta-analysis of other outcome measures was not available and no conclusion can be drawn due to the inclusion of only one study. As some studies did not mention the adverse reactions, no safety comments can be made for Buzhong Yiqi Decoction alone or combined with conventional Western medicine. Due to the limitations of the quality and quantity of included studies, the conclusions of this research should be treated with caution. The efficacy of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction for stable COPD still needs more high-quality studies for confirmation, and its safety needs to be further verified.

As an important auxiliary document in the process of guideline development, the editorial explanation is the extension and complement to the content of the guideline, a basis for fully understanding the technical content of the guideline, an indispensable document for the guideline's traceability. The project team of this guideline, while formulating the Clinical practice guideline for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with traditional Chinese medicine(draft version for comments), also has written the corresponding editorial explanation. In order to enable the relevant medical workers to more accurately understand and apply the guideline, but also to provide readers with a more in-depth understanding of the reasons and processes for the development of the guideline, the paper will give a detailed introduction to the compilation process about the guideline, includes: work overview(project background, task source, drafting and collaboration unit, project team members and their division of labor), main technical content(the basis and principles of guideline development, technical route), main compilation process(the establishment of project team, the formulation of the guideline plan, the project approval and the registration of research programme, the construction of clinical issues and the selection of outcome indicators, evidence search screening and synthesis, evidence evaluation and grading, the formation of recommendations, the writing of exposure draft, external review and self-assessment, etc), expert consensus implementation requirements and measure suggestions(promotion and implementation measures, and post-effect evaluation), other issues need to be explained and so on.

This article analyze acupoint selection and characteristics of plaster therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary di-sease(COPD) by data mining. The CNKI, VIP, CBM, WanFang, PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library were retrieved for collecting clinical studies of plaster therapy for stable COPD. After literature screening, a total of 46 systematic reviews were included. Frequency statistics, cluster analysis, and Apriori correlation analysis were used to analyze the pattern and characteristics of plaster therapy for stable COPD. The result showed that the main acupoints for stable COPD were BL13, Dingchuan, CV22, BL23 and BL20. The acupoints used are mainly concentrated on the chest and back. The most frequently used meridian is the bladder meridian. Analysis of the acupoints yielded 27 correlation rules. And cluster analysis grouped the high frequency acupoints into 5 categories. The results of the study showed that the current choice of acupoints is rather concentrated. "Local acupuncture points" and "matching points with front and back" were the main acupoint selection rules. The choice of acupuncture points reflected the traditional Chinese medicine treatment principle of strengthening healthy Qi to eliminate pathogenic factor, treating both manifestation and root cause of disease, and preventing measure taken after the occurrence of disease.

To systematically review the efficacy and safety of Liujunzi Decoction combined with Western medicine in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Three English databases and four Chinese databases were systematically searched from the database establishment to April 1, 2020. We screened randomized controlled trial(RCT) according to the pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, then extracted data. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed with Cochrane bias risk evaluation tool. Data were analyzed by using RevMan 5.3. A total of 401 articles were retrieved and finally 17 RCTs were included in this study, involving 1 447 patients, and the overall quality of the included studies was not high. Meta-analysis showed that, in reducing traditional Chinese medicine symptom score, Liujunzi Decoction combined with conventional Western medicine or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation was superior to conventional Western medicine or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation alone. In reducing the grade of modified medical research council(mMRC), Liujunzi Decoction combined with Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation was superior to Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation alone. In reducing COPD assessment test(CAT) score, Liujunzi Decoction combined with conventional Western medicine was superior to conventional Western medicine alone. In delaying the decline of forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV_1) or % in the expected value, Liujunzi Decoction combined with conventional Western medicine or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation was superior to conventional Western medicine or Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation alone. In delaying the decline of ratio of FEV_1 to forced vital capacity(FEV_1/FVC), Liujunzi Decoction combined with conventional Western medicine was superior to conventional Western medicine alone, but there was no statistical difference between Liujunzi Decoction combined with Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation and Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation alone. In reducing acute exacerbation rate, there was no statistical difference between Liujunzi Decoction combined with Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation and Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate Powder for Inhalation alone. On the other outcome measures of Liujunzi Decoction combined with other Western medicine, Meta-analysis could not be conducted and conclusions due to the inclusion of only one study. In terms of the occurrence of adverse reactions, some studies did not mention, so the safety of Liujunzi Decoction combined with Wes-tern medicine could not be determined in this paper. Due to the limitations of the quality and quantity of inclu-ded studies, the efficacy of Liujunzi Decoction combined with Western medicine for COPD still needs more high-quality studies for confirmation, and its safety needs to be further verified.

By referring to the standards and procedures of WHQ Handbook for Guideline Development, under the guidance of relevant laws, regulations, and technical documents, in line with the principle of "evidence-based, consensus-based, experience-based", and based on the best available evidences, fully combined with expert experience and patient preferences, we summarized eight clinical questions in this paper: can traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatment improve the clinical symptoms and the degree of dyspnea in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) Can TCM treatment reduce the number of exacerbations in patients with stable COPD? Can TCM treatment improve the exercise tolerance of patients with stable COPD? Can TCM treatment improve the quality of life of patients with stable COPD? Can TCM treatment delay the decline of lung function in patients with stable COPD? Can TCM treatment improve anxiety and depression in patients with stable COPD? Does the point application therapy benefit patients with stable COPD? Can non-pharmacological treatment benefit patients with stable COPD? Based on these eight clinical problems, the cha-racteristics of TCM itself, and actual clinical situation, the recommendations of TCM to treat the stable COPD were formed in this guideline, with intention to provide advice and guidance to clinicians in the use of TCM to treat stable COPD, to relieve symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, improve health status, prevent disease progression, prevent and treat exacerbations, and improve clinical efficacy. Due to the influence of the user's region, nationality, race and other factors, the implementation of this guideline should be based on the actual situations.

Guided by the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and using modern scientific methods, Dao-di herbs pharmacology studies the nature, performance, interaction with the body and its clinical application.It is a bridge between the basic research and clinical application of Dao-di herbs. It can objectively describe the law of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, scientifically explain the mechanism of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, explore and establish the standards and methods of Dao-di herbs based on biological effect and clinical efficacy, and provide scientific basis for the special properties, pharmacology and clinical value of Dao-di herbs.Furthermore, we put forward a new idea of building the standard of Dao-di herbs based on the curative effect rather than the origin.The Dao-di herbs standard should come from the systematic research of traditional Dao-di herbs producing areas and form a new characteristic system, through the extraction of environmental, genetic, character, chemical, pharmacological and other characteristics.This standard originates from the tradition, but it is higher than the tradition. It may not have the origin meaning of strict administrative division, but it can better reflect the pharmacological characteristics and excellent clinical value of Dao-di herbs.

Dao-di herbs is one of the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine different from other ethnic medicine. Sichuan province is rich in varieties and resources of Dao-di herbs, and its development scale and benefits are not obvious in recent decades due to the lag of standards behind the development of the times and objective needs. From the point of view of the whole process and the whole industrial chain, the significance of standardization system for quality assurance, healthy development of the industry, and development of the industry of Sichuan Dao-di herbs are presented in this paper. At present, Sichuan has made every effort to promote the construction and practice of the standardization system for Sichuan Dao-di herbs, to promote the rapid and high-quality development of Dao-di herbs industry in Sichuan.

There is no consensus on the drying methods of Salvia miltiorrhiza in ancient and modern times,especially on the content of phenolic acid in fresh S. miltiorrhiza. In order to further explore the content of main components in fresh S. miltiorrhiza and study the dynamic changes during the drying process,the content of main components was used as the index in this study to evaluate the processing method,drying method,correlation between dehydration rate and component content for fresh S. miltiorrhiza. In addition,the sealed and unsealed parallel control groups were set to carry out verification test during the drying process. UPLC method was used for determination of seven main components including rosmarinic acid,lithosperic acid,salvianolic acid B,cryptotanshinone,tanshinoneⅠ,methylene salianolate and tanshinone ⅡAin S. miltiorrhiza. The results showed that the fresh S. miltiorrhiza contained low levels of phenolic acid,and the content of phenolic acid increased significantly with the increase of dehydration rate during drying process,while the change of tanshinone was not obvious. In the comparison of three drying methods,we found that drying at 50 ℃ was better than drying in the sun,and drying in the sun was superior to drying in the shade. So,drying at 50 ℃ was the best drying method. The correlation between dehydration and phenolic acid content of S. miltiorrhiza was analyzed by verification test and SPSS software,which further proved that the dehydration rate was significantly positively correlated with the content of phenolic acid components. This study provides reference for the production processing and drying methods of S. miltiorrhiza medicinal materials,which is of great significance for improving the quality of S. miltiorrhiza.

Based on the systematic summary of the results of the fourth general survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the cultivation of large varieties of Chinese material medica and the latest research on health industrial development, the novel concepts and scientific connotations of generalized science of Chinese material medica are put forward, and the basic ideas and methods of a new Chinese medicine academic system, the cultivation system of large varieties of Chinese medicinal materials and the application system of the large health industry are constructed. This kind of generalized science of Chinese material medica, rooted in the traditional Chinese culture and the theory of "preventive treatment of disease", can avoid the narrow prospect induced by the increasing specialization and refinement of knowledge of science of Chinese material medica. It will play an important role in the modernization, industrialization, internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and investigate the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic principal., Methods: Totally 37 cases of sporadic cutaneous infections due to NTM were confirmed in the Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital from January 2000 to March 2014. The microbiologic and clinical data were reviewed, and their skin biopsy specimens were reassessed., Results: Of all the 37 patients, 30 cases were Mycobacterium marinum infection, 6 were Mycobacterium abscessus infection, and one was Mycobacterium chelonea and Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. Identification of mycobacterial species by analysis of hsp65 gene in tissue DNA was more sensitive than traditional bacterial culture. The most common risk factors were traumatic injuries (21 of 37) and aquarium or fish-related job (21 of 37). One case of Mycobacterium abscessus infection occurred after autologous fat filling. Nodule and plaque were most common lesions in Mycobacterium marinum infection. Twenty-four of the 30 cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection presented with multiple lesions or sporotrichoid spread lesions. Ulceration, papules, abscess, and purulent discharge were observed in cases of Mycobacterium abscessus infection. Infective granuloma was most common histopathological appearance. For the treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection, rifampin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin were commonly used (combination of two antibiotics, or three antibiotics), with the cure rate 90.00%. Four of the six Mycobacterium abscessus infections cases were cured, and one patient died., Conclusion: The most common species of sporadic cutaneous infections due to NTM is Mycobacterium marinum. Traumatic injuries, aquarium or fish-related job, and cosmetic surgeries are common risk factors. Mycobacterium marinum infection often presents with nodules, plaques, and sometimes sporotrichoid spread lesions. Lesions of Mycobacterium abscessus infection may vary. Pathological changes were not species specific, final diagnosis must be made depending on the identification of the microorganism. For the treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection, excellent outcomes can be achieved by the combination of rifampin and ethambutol, and the combination of clarithromycin and rifampin or ethambutoland. Treatment regimens of Mycobacterium abscessus infection should be decided according to the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Objective: To explore the method to reduce the Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong, and to offer the reference for planting Ligusticum chuanxiong with low Cd content., Methods: A field experiment was carried out to improve the acidic Cd-contaminated soils by different quicklime application, and the effect of quicklime on the percentage of active-state Cd in soil and Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong was examined., Results: Quicklime could reduce the percentage of active-state Cd in soil by increase the acid soil pH value,and as a result, significantly reduce Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong. A highly significant negative correlation was found be- tween the Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong and quicklime application rate(P =0. 008). Compared with the blank group, Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong was reduced by 27. 66%, 24. 87% and 46. 20%, with 750, 1 125 and 1 500 kg/hm2 quicklime application, respectively; while with 1 500 kg/hm2 quicklime application, the soil pH value increased significantly and kept steadily, and the percentage of active-state Cd in soil showed a regular trend which was decreased firstly and increased subsequently., Conclusion: Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong can be reduced significantly by quicklime application,and the effect of high application of quicklime on Cd content in Ligusticum chuanxiong, soil pH values and percentage of active-state Cd in soil is more effective and steady.

The animal transgenic technology has increasingly turned mature over several decades and promoted the research of transgenic technology to a new developmental phase. In this review, various kinds of transgenic technologies, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, gene transfer mediated by transposon, gene knockout mediated by RNA interference, and zinc-finger nucleases-gene targeting technology, are summarized. Recently, the success of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which has provided an alternative way to derive pluripotent stem cells of large animals, will extend the field of transgenic animal studies. Here, we summarized the latest trends on the basis of previous studies. In addition, the characteristics of different kinds of transgenic methods in detail are discussed.

Dupont, an American company, used the concept of "pathway" in industry to improve the quality of their products in 1957. In the 1970s, under the pressure of a rise in medical costs, some people realized the concept of the "key pathway" could be used in medicine too. In 1985, the Boston New England Medical Center Hospital (NEMC) succeeded in using the concept of the clinical pathway in medical practice, and afterwards the concept gradually found worldwide application. In 1996, the Fourth Military Medical University in China reported the application of clinical pathway in America. The West China Hospital began to try out the clinical pathway in 1998 and the concept gradually found application in China.

Objective: To explore genetic relationships of the 39 materials in six species of Curcuma., Method: The peroxidase isozyme (POD) and esterase isozyme (EST) were studied using vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique, and the zymograms were analyzed using the software of NTSYSpc2. 1., Result: The interspecific zymogramatic differences were obvious. Each species possessed its own specific zymogram distinguishing form the others. In the analysis of EST isozyme, C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. chuanhuangjiang had their own specific zymogram. In the analysis of POD isozyme, just C. phaeocaulis and C. kwangsiensis had their specific zymogram., Conclusion: The genetic relationships are not associated with the geographical distributions and the genetic relationship between C. longa and C. sichuanensis are very close.

The traditional chemical methods to measure the volatile oil content of zanthoxylum bungeagum encounter some problems such as long time and low efficiency, so it is difficult to achieve rapid detection. One hundred forty-one samples including 74 zanthoxylum bungeagum maxim and 67 zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et zucc were collected, from many provinces in China such as Shan Xi, Si Chuan, Gan Su, Chong Qing, Yun Nan, etc. Each sample was crushed and sorted to 8 kinds of powder samples according to the particle size of 120-mesh, 100-mesh, 80-mesh, 60-mesh, 40-mesh, 20-mesh, 10-mesh, respectively, including the material retained by the 10-mesh sieve. Then, each powder sample was labeled by one of the following serial numbers: 120, 100, 080, 060, 040, 020, 010 and 000. For each sample, the NIR spectra of 8 different kinds of particle size powders were measured using a Bruker MATRIX-I FT-NIR spectrometer. Then, the 8 different kinds of particle size powders of each sample were mixed uniformly. The volatile oil content was measured in each sample according to the distillation stipulated by the Forestry Standard of PRC-Quality Classify of Prickly Ash (LY/T 1652-2005). Based on near infrared spectroscopy technique and partial least squares (PLS), 8 calibration models of predicting volatile oil content were established by 141 powder samples with 8 different kinds of particle size. Experiments indicatd that the model was the best with the powder's particle size of 40-mesh and the determination coefficient (r2(141)) and the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV141) were 0.9364 and 0.421, respectively. The model was established by the calibration set with 105 samples with particle size of 40-mesh. Applying the model to the test set with 36 samples, the determination coefficient (r2(36)), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP36), the relative standard deviation (RSD36), and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD36) were 0.9233, 0.452, 11.66%, and 3.624, respectively. The model, based on the same sample set but optimized by OPUS 5.0, was developed by spectral data pretreatment of the Mean Centering+Vector Normalization in the spectral region of 6 100.1-5 774.2 cm(-1) and 4 601.6-4 424.2 cm(-1). Using the model to predict the test set, r2(36), RMSEP36, RSD36, and RPD36 were 0.9862, 0.192, 4.95%, and 8.517, respectively. The results showed that the model built by samples passed through 40-mesh screen was the best and rapid detection of volatile oil content in zanthoxylum bungeagum by NIR was feasible and efficient.

Objective: To explore the growth characteristics of Curcuma longa, and provide basis for standardized cultivation., Method: Plant samples were collected and investigated periodically., Result: According to the growth of different parts and the characteristics of dry substance accumulation of C. longa, the development of C. longa could be divided into five stages: emergence of seedlings, seedling, leaf, root tuber expansion, and dry substance accumulation of root tuber. In terms of number, leaf of C. longa increases gradually from one at first to eight at the final stage. Leaf size increases at a very low speed at the stage of seedling. However, leaves expands their sizes at a much higher speed at the stage of leaf. The dry substance in different parts accumulates increasingly with the development of C. longa dry substance mainly accumulates in leaves at the stage of leaf, and in rhizome at the stage of root tuber expansion. At the final stage, it mainly accumulates in root tuber., Conclusion: Cultivation technologies of C. longa and the relevant management methods could be established according to the growth of different parts of C. longa and the characteristics of dry substance accumulation in different stages.

Objective: To provide a scientific basis for standardizing the cultivation method for Curcuma longa., Method: Plant heights and seeding numbers were sampled periodically, the plot yields were counted a tharvested., Result: The effects of seeding method on yields, plant height and number were significant. The effects of different sowing ways on the yields were very little., Conclusion: The hole seeding method using mother tuber or blastostyle bearing three to four knots was shown to be the best may, worthy to be widely applied in production.