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In order to study the effect of the cold surface on the anti-frosting performance of the superhydrophobic coating and the impact contact behavior of droplets, a fluorine-based self-assembled superhydrophobic coating was sprayed on the surface of carbon fibers. Subsequently, the frosting, droplet icing and droplet contact behaviors of the sample on a semiconductor refrigeration table were observed visually, and the variation mechanisms of frost formation, droplet icing and droplet impact contact behaviors over time on the surface of superhydrophobic coatings were analyzed. Results showed that unlike ordinary surfaces, condensation droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces did not freeze at-5 ℃. At temperatures of-10,-15 ℃, the frost suppression effect of superhydrophobic surfaces was significantly better than that of ordinary surfaces, with frost formation times delayed by 34 s and 22 s, respectively. Besides, the delayed freezing times of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces at-5,-10,-15 ℃ were 16 times, 10 times and 9 times longer than those on ordinary surfaces, respectively. The maximum spreading diameter of droplets after colliding with low-temperature superhydrophobic surfaces was the same at different temperatures. The droplet partially rebounded at-5 ℃ and-10 ℃, and rebounded 11 times on the superhydrophobic surface at 25 ℃.

Mass spectrometry is one of the most extensive scientific analysis techniques, which plays an important role in analysis and research of biology, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, new materials and so on. At present, the research method of organic reaction mechanism is mainly through the detection of hypothetical organic reaction intermediates, combined with density functional calculation. Therefore, it is of great significance for mass spectrometer with high sensitivity to analyze and detect the intermediates in organic reactions. In this study, C-C coupling reaction in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was studied. 3-Bromopyridine, 3-bromoquinoline and 3-bromo-5-phenylpyridine were used to react with phenylboronic acid, 2-methylphenylboric acid and 3,5-dimethylphenylboric acid, respectively, and Pd(PPh3)4 was used as catalyst to carry out one-pot reaction in toluene solvent. During the reaction, the samples were taken at regular intervals, and the intermediates generated after the oxidative addition and transmetalation processes in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction were detected using electrospray ionization-ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TIMS-TOF MS). The results showed that:1) For the intermediates formed in the oxidative addition process, arylboric acids are not involved in the formation of arylboric acids, the mass-charge ratios observed in the reactions with different arylboric acids are the same. While, the intermediates formed after transfer metallization are different with the two substances involved in the coupling reaction. 2) The isotopic peaks of the detected intermediates are consistent with the predicted spectra. 3) The ion mobility of the detected groups can be detected by TIMS-TOF to distinguish the isomers, and the fragmented small groups can be observed by MS/MS analysis of the detected intermediates. The data of mass-charge ratio, ion mobility and MS/MS obtained by TIMS-TOF are helpful to study organic reaction mechanism, and also can provide a reference for the reaction mechanism catalyzed by metal Pd.

In order to study the freezing process of dynamic water droplets on the surface of anti-icing coatings, a fluorine based self-assembled superhydrophobic coating was prepared on the surface of 7075 aluminum alloy substrate. The variation of the capture rate of dynamic water droplets on the coating surface with the duration of low temperature, surface inclination, and surface temperature was analyzed, and the anti-icing performance of the superhydrophobic coating was further explored. Results showed that the capture rate of water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces decreased with the prolongation of low temperature duration and the increase of surface inclination angle, and increased with the decrease of surface temperature. At -20 ℃, with a low temperature duration not exceeding 7 min, the superhydrophobic surface could delay the growth rate of ice layers, and the shorter the low temperature duration, the more significant the inhibitory effect of superhydrophobic surfaces on ice layer growth. Besides, in the case of the same duration of low temperature, the smaller the surface inclination, the lower the surface temperature, and the more obvious the inhibitory effect of superhydrophobic surface on ice layer growth.

Baked foods with a huge market scale play an important part in people's daily diet, and the market scale maintains a trend of rapid growth. The quality of baked foods is affected by many factors, such as raw material composition and processing conditions, so understanding the factors affecting the quality of baked foods is of great significance to process and produce high-quality baked foods. This paper reviewed the effects of fermentation conditions, processing conditions, and raw material composition on the quality of baked foods, and it also involved research on functional baked foods with the addition of special nutritional ingredients or low / no sugar content. These new types of baked foods are more in line with the current people's pursuit of the concept of nutritious and healthy diet. This paper could provide the reference for the design and production of high-quality baked foods, and promote the development and upgrading of the baked food industry.

In order to achieve transmission safety,nodes longer life and higher operation efficiency for the hierar-chical wireless sensor network,a shared secret key management scheme for WSN based on LEACH protocol was proposed.The scheme has good integrity and timeliness,dynamic key safety,node security independence and key survival,and also has the ability to resist the man-in-the-middle attack,DDoS attacks and so on.Furthermore,en-ergy consumption is lower to distribute shared key,and efficiency is higher to operate network.

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy between the combined acupuncture therapy of acupoint injection and fire needling and the oral administration of vitamin C and B2 as well as subcutaneous injection of transfer factor., Methods: One hundred and fifty-eight patients of recurrent oral ulcer (ROU) differentiated as heat accumulation in the heart and spleen were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 79 cases in each, one. In the observation group, Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20) and Zusanli (ST 36) were selected for acupoint injection of shuang huanglian injection, 1 mL at each point, three times a week, for 2 weeks totally. Additionally, fire needling was applied to the ulcer lesion and peripheral mucosa, once a day, totally for 3 times. In the control group, vitamin C 100 mg and vitamin B2 20 mg were prescribed for oral administration, three times a day; and subcutaneous injection of transfer factor was applied, 2 mL (3 mg), twice a week, for 2 weeks totally. The score of symptoms and physical signs and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were observed before and after treatment, as well as the time of ulcer healing and ulcer recurrence in the patients of the two groups. The clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups., Results: The total effective rate was 92.4% (73/79) in the observation group, better than 77.2% (61/79) in the control group (P < 0.01). The differences in the score of symptoms and physical signs and VAS score before and after treatment were significant statistically in the observation group and the control group (all P < 0.01). The score of symptoms and physical signs and VAS score after treatment in the observation group were reduced significantly as compared with those in the control group (both P < 0.01). The time of ulcer healing in the observation group was earlier than that in the control group [(3.87 +/- 1.01) d vs. (6.22 +/- 0.53) d, P < 0.01]. The recurrence rate in the observation was lower than that in the control group [22.7% (17/75) vs. 50.0% (36/72), P < 0.01]., Conclusion: The combined therapy of acupoint injection and fire needling achieves the better efficacy on ROU compared with oral administration of vitamin and subcutaneous injection of transfer factor. This therapy has the good and quick effect of analgesia, relieves the relevant symptoms, shortens the time of ulcer healing and reduces the recurrence rate.

Objective: To explore factors influencing mortality rate of HIV/AIDS and to improve the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART)., Methods: By means of retrospective cohort study and the AIDS control information system, HIV/AIDS case reports and antiviral treatment information of 4 cities in southern Shanxi province up to end of December 2012 were selected, to calculate the mortality rate and treatment coverage based on further data collected, along with analysis using the Cox proportional hazards survival regression., Results: 4 040 cases confirmed of HIV/AIDS were included in this study. The average age was (36.0 ± 12.9) years, with 65.3% being male, 56.5% being married, 73.5% having junior high school education or lower, 58.4% being peasants, 54.3% with sexually transmitted infection (40.1% were heterosexual, 14.2% were homosexual), and 38.9% were infected via blood transmission (20.2% were former plasma donors, 16.2% blood transfusion or products recipients, 2.4% were injection drug users). Overall mortality decreased from 40.2 per 100 person/year in 2004 to 6.3 per 100 person/year in 2012, with treatment coverage concomitantly increasing from almost 14.8% to 63.4%. Cox proportional hazards survival regression was used on 4 040 qualified cases, demonstrating the top mortality risk factor was without antiretroviral therapy (RR = 14.9, 95% CI: 12.7-17.4). Cox proportional hazards survival regression was made on 1 938 cases of antiviral treatment, demonstrating that the mortality risk of underweight or obese before treatment was higher than those of normal and overweight cases (RR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-4.5), and the mortality of those having a CD4(+) T-lymphocyte count ≤ 50 cells per µl before treatment was more than 50 cases (RR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.5-4.5); Cox proportional hazards survival regression was made on 2 102 cases of untreated cases, demonstrating the mortality risk of those initially diagnosed as AIDS was higher than those initially diagnosed as HIV (RR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.9-4.0)., Conclusion: The ART could successfully make lower HIV/AIDS mortality rate, indicating effective ART can further decrease mortality.

In traditional clinical application, Coptidis Rhizome and Evodiae Fructus have been combined to treat various stomach heat and cold syndromes, gastritis, gastric ulcer and the like. With the application of modem instruments and the development of molecular pharmacologic theory, their chemical constituents and pharmacological effects have been sufficiently studied. In this paper, literatures from Pubmed were adopted, with particular emphasis on findings of international counterparts and studies on compatibility of main chemical components in Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodiae Fructus, in order to elaborate on the scientific comparability of Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodiae Fructus through chemical analysis, and pharmacological and biopharmaceutics studies and introduce the future development trend of the studies.

The intensity of broadband illuminant fluctuates when its' power supply output power changes. Spectral intensities at each wavelength within the band of broadband illuminant fluctuate at different levels. A method based on spectrum linear fitting is proposed to compensate the illuminant spectral intensity in its band when its intensity fluctuates. The spectral intensity fluctuation at each wavelength could be compensated simply by measuring the band intensity with this method. The linear relationship between spectral radiant exitance and whole radiant exitance of ideal blackbody was analysed by researching the radiant exitance at different temperatures. The linear model of broadband illuminant band intensity and spectral intensity was built. Experimental system is composed of a halogen light, a power supply, an aperture, a spectrometer, and a computer mainly. By adjusting the power output of the power supply, we obtained a set of halogen light relative spectral intensities at different power inputs. The spectral intensity of halogen light at different input powers was measured to test the compensation effect of this method. The relationship between spectral intensity and band intensity of halogen light was fitted with linear relation and the fitting errors were analysed. The experimental result shows a linear relationship between spectral intensity and band intensity of halogen light, so the spectral intensity fluctuation can be compensated using the band intensity according to their linear relation. The relative error absolute value of compensated spectral intensity decreases as the halogen light input power increases. Within the range of halogen light input power, the relative error absolute values of spectral intensity compensated with this method are within 5% at vast majority (92%) of the wavelengths.

To describe the unique miRNA profiles for HIV seropositive individuals and identify significantly differently expressed miRNAs, we determined the expression level of 754 miRNAs of 10 HIV seropositive individuals and 10 HIV seronegative individuals by using the Taqman low density microRNA array. BRB-Array Tool was used to conduct the significance analysis, and the DIANA online tool was used to perform the miRNA target prediction and pathway analysis. A total of 56 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by microarray between HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals. Among them, 49 miRNAs were down-regulated and 7 were up-regulated, partially overlapped with reported data. Predicted target genes were mainly involved in MAPK, TGF-beta and Wnt pathways. The results shows that miRNA profile changes in HIV-1 seropositive individuals, and the 56 differentially expressed miRNAs may play important role during HIV infection. Further studies on these miRNAs may be helpful for identify key molecules involved in HIV infection and potential diagnostic markers.

Band integral transmission was defined and plastic film thickness measurement model was built by analyzing the intensity variation when the light passes plastic film, after the concept of band Lambert Law was proposed. Polypropylene film samples with different thickness were taken as the research object, and their spectral transmission was measured by the spectrometer. The relationship between thickness and band integral transmission is fitted using the model mentioned before. The feasibility of developing new broad band plastic film thickness on-line measurement system based on this method was analysed employing the ideal blackbody at temperature of 500 K. The experimental results indicate that plastic film thickness will be measured accurately by integral spectrum method. Plastic film thickness on-line measurement system based on this method will hopefully solve the problems of that based on dual monochromatic light contrast method, such as low accuracy, poor universality and so on.

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy on chronic pelvic inflammation between the acupoint embedding therapy and acupuncture, and to compare the efficacy of different patterns/syndroms in differentiation treated with acupoint embedding therapy., Methods: Two hundred and eighteen cases were randomized into an embedding therapy group (115 cases) and an acupuncture group (103 cases). In both groups, Shenshu (BL 23), Guanyuanshu (BL 26), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Yaoyangguan (GV 3), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Qihai (CV 6) were selected as the main points. For qi and blood stagnation pattern/syndrome, Zhongdu (LR 6), Diji (SP 8) and the others were added; for cold and damp stagnation pattern/syndrome, Diji (SP 8) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) were added; for stasis and phlegm pattern/syndrome due to spleen deficiency, Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Zusanli (ST 36) were added. In the embedding therapy group, the catgut was embedded at 7 - 13 acupoints each time, once every 10 days. In the acupuncture group, the conventional acupuncture therapy was applied, once a day. The symptom scores were assessed in the aspects of the lower abdominal pain severity and attack frequency, lumbosacral soreness and distention, abnormality of vaginal discharge and the others. The efficacy was compared between the two groups., Results: The total effective rate was 93.0% (107/115) in the embedding therapy group, which was better than 83.5% (86/103) in the acupuncture group (P < 0.05). The symptom scores were all reduced after treatment in the two groups (all P < 0.05). In the embedding therapy group, the efficacies were not significantly different among different patterns/syndromes (all P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The acupoint embedding therapy achieves the definite efficacy on chronic pelvic inflammation and obtains the similar efficacies among the different differentiated patterns/syndromes of the disease.

Objective: To construct and compare the immunogenicities of DNA vaccines expressing pol genes derived from B`/C and A/E recombinant subtypes of HIV-1 in China., Methods: Two DNA vaccines were constructed by inserting the codon optimized pol genes derived from B'/C and A/E subtypes of HIV-1 into mammalian expression vector pSV1.0. In vitro expression efficiencies of the two DNA vaccines were determined by Western blotting and their immunogenicities were compared by i.m. immunizing female BALB/c mice. After immunization, mice splenocytes were isolated sterilely and IFN-γ based enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) was employed to read out the specific T cell immunity., Results: The constructed DNA vaccines were validated by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. Western blotting result showed both of the two DNA vaccines could be expressed at appreciable levels in vitro. Under the stimulation of Consensus B Pol peptide pools, specific T cell frequency elicited by pSVAE-Pol was (636±178) SFCs/10(6) splenocytes; specific T cell frequency elicited by pSVCN-Pol was (468±265)SFCs/10(6) splenocytes (P=0.412). Under the stimulation of HIV-1 AE2f Pol peptide pools, specific T cell frequency elicited by pSVAE-Pol was (1378±611) SFCs/10(6) splenocytes; specific T cell frequency elicited by pSVCN-Pol was (713±61) SFCs/10(6) splenocytes (P=0.134). Further analysis suggested pSVAE-Pol induced specific T cell responses mainly focused on Pol 1 peptide pool, while, in addition to induce Pol 1 specific T cell responses, pSVCN-Pol could also elicit T cell responses against consensus B Pol 2 peptide pool., Conclusion: Although pSVAE-Pol was more immunogenic, pSVCN-Pol could induce T cell responses against broader epitope spectrum. Rational vaccine design may need combine them together.

The SAM and HD domain containing protein 1 (Sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain-containing protein 1, SAMHD1) is a putative negative regulator of the antiviral innate immune response. It can significantly increase the antiviral immune response, mediates the interferon-induced inflammatory response involved in the host foreign-virus defense system. The early studies have focused on its gene mutations associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), the latest study found that SAMHD1 as a potent dGTP-stimulated triphosphohydrolase restricts HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing the majority of cellular dNTPs, thus inhibiting reverse transcription and viral complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis. Auxiliary gene of HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm / mac) encoding the Vpx protein can eliminate HIV-1 restriction. In recent years, the research on SAMHD1, mores forward rapidly this paper overviews the recent research progression related to the above fields.

Objective: To seek for an effective therapy for abducent paralysis., Methods: Seventy-six cases of abducent paralysis were randomly divided into an acupoint-injection group and a western medicine group. The acupoint-injection group were treated by point-injection therapy, with Jingming (BL 1), Yangbai (GB 14), Sibai (ST 2), Tongziliao (GB 1) on the affected side, and bilateral Ganshu (BL 18) used as basic points and compound Danggui Injection as the principal injected medicine, and in combination with corresponding acupoints and injected medicine according to different syndrome types. The western medicine group were treated with routine western medicine therapy. After treatment for 36 days, the therapeutic effects were recorded and analyzed statistically., Results: The total effective rate was 94.7% in the acupoint-injection group and 76.3% in the western medicine group with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05); there was a significant difference between the two groups in eyeball moving rate and restoration of cateral rectus (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Chinese drug acupoint-injection therapy has a definite therapeutic effect on acquired abducent paralysis, which is better than that of routine western medicine.

Objective: To explore the strategy to raise both mucosal and systemic anti-HIV-1 immunity., Methods: Eighteen BALB/c rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, experimental group and control group. The experimental group were further subdivided into 4 subgroups of 3 mice: 3-dose HIV DNA vaccine group, 3-dose DNA vaccine + cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant subgroup, 1-dose recombinant Tiantan strain vaccinia-based vaccine subgroup, and 3-dose DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant + Tiantan strain vaccinia-based vaccine subgroup. The control group was subdivided into 2 subgroups of 3 mice: 3-dose DNA blank vector subgroup, and 3-dose DNA blank vector + Tiantan strain vaccinia-based vaccine subgroup. Intranasal administration of DNA vaccine-based vaccine (10 microg) was done on the days 0, 14, and 28 as the mucosal priming, and recombinant Tiantan vaccinia (1 x 10(7) PFU) was injected intramuscularly as systemic boosting on the day 42. On the day 56 the mice were killed and specimens of serum, nasopharynx wash, lung wash, and spleen were collected and splenocytes were isolated. Splenocytes were added into the phosphate-buffered saline with anti-mouse interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) envelop antibody to count the number of spot-forming cells (SFCs). Indirect ELISA was used to detect the HIV-1 specific antibody in the nasopharynx wash and lung wash. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the intracellular staining of IFN-gamma in the splenocytes., Results: The number of spot forming cells in the HIV-1 DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant group was (14 +/- 11) SFCs/10(6) splenocytes, significantly more than that of the HIV-1 DNA vaccine group [(2 +/- 1) SFCs/10(6) spleen cells (P < 0.01). The number of SFCs of the 1-dose DNA-vaccine subgroup was [(30 +/- 18) SFCs/10(6) spleen cells], significantly higher than that of the only DNS vaccine group (P < 0.01). The number of SFCs of DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant + recombinant Tiantan vaccinia-based vaccine was (61 +/- 35) SFCs/10(6) splenocytes, significantly higher than those of the other groups (all P < 0.01). Flow cytometry showed that the rate of HIV-1 Gag specific CD8(+) T cell was 1.8% +/- 1.4%. The value of specific IgG of the DNA vaccine + adjuvant + Tiantan vaccinia-based vaccine was 1.50 +/- 0.30, significantly higher than those of the blank vector, single-dose Tiantan vaccinia-based vaccine, and single-dose DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant subgroups (0.42 +/- 0.02, 0.74 +/- 0.13, and 0.75 +/- 0.02 respectively, all P < 0.05). In different subgroups the levels of specific IgA in the lung wash were all higher than those in the nasopharynx wash. The levels of specific IgA in the lung and nasopharynx wash of the DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant subgroup were higher than those of the other subgroups whether or not with boosting of Tiantan. The specific IgA levels of the groups enhanced by Tiantan vaccinia-based vaccine were all significantly higher than those of the corresponding subgroups without enhancement (all P < 0.01). The IgA level of lung wash of the DNA vaccine + CT adjuvant subgroup was 1.82 +/- 0.76, significantly higher than that of the one-dose Tiantan vaccinia-based vaccine group (0.52 +/- 0.19, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The vaccination modality of mucosal priming and systemic boosting induces both mucosal and systemic immune responses.