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脑梗死是全球范围内致残率和致死率较高的疾病之一，大量研究表明，远端缺血预适应（remote ischemic preconditioning，RIPC）能够显著提高靶器官对缺血的耐受程度，减小梗死面积，改善患者预后，但目前对其在脑梗死发生发展中的作用机制研究较少。本文将从神经、体液和免疫3个方面，结合相关信号通路对RIPC在脑梗死中的作用及作用机制进行总结，并综述RIPC目前在临床缺血性脑疾病中的应用进展，以期为后续研究提供参考依据。 Abstract: Cerebral infarction is one of the diseases with high rates of disability and death worldwide, but there is still a lack of more effective treatments. Many studies showed that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) can significantly improve ischemic tolerance of target organs, reduce infarct size and improve prognosis. However, its role and mechanism in the development of cerebral infarction are still little studied. This paper will summarize the role and mechanism of RIPC in cerebral infarction from the following aspects: neural, humoral, immune and related signaling pathways, and review the current research progress of RIPC in clinical cerebral ischemic diseases to provide a reference for subsequent research.

Objective: To investigate the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation for treating spinal cord injury (SCI) in rat and the cytokine expression changes in the local injury tissues., Methods: BMSCs were separated from Sprague Dawley (SD) rat and cultured with the whole bone marrow culture method. rAd-EGFP was used to transfect the 5th generation BMSCs for green fluorescent protein (GFP) label. Twelve SD rats were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 6) and control group (n = 6). After the T10 SCI model was established with Allen's impact device in 2 groups, 1 x 1096) GFP-labeled BMSCs and PBS were administered by subarachnoid injection in situ in experimental group and control group, respectively. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to detect the motor function at immediat, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after SCI. At 5 weeks, the spinal cord tissues were harvested for the histological and immunofluorescent staining examinations to measure the expressions of neural marker molecules, including Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). Cytokine was analyzed with antibody array., Results: At 5 weeks, 2 rats died of urinary tract infection in 2 groups respectively, the other rats survived to the end of experiment. BBB score of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control group at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks (P < 0.05). At 5 weeks, histological results showed that there were many cells with regular arrangement in the experimental group; there were less cells with irregular arrangement in the control group. Compared with the control group, Nestin and NeuN expressions significantly increased (P < 0.05), and GFAP expression significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the experimental group. Leptin and ciliary neurotrophic factor levels were higher in the experimental group than the control group, but granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor β, interleukin 1 β, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 levels were lower in the experimental group than the control group., Conclusion: BMSCs transplantation can improve survival and regeneration of nerve cells and enhances the recovery of nerve function by regulating secretion of cytokines from grafted BMSCs.

In this paper, time courses of discrete cortical current sources evoked by target and distractor stimulus are presented in a visual three-stimulus oddball paradigm. 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded in healthy subjects in the paradigm where the P3b component of the P300 is evoked in the detection of rare events (target and distractor) and the P3a component is mainly produced by distractor events. A regional source model with constraints of spatial coordinates from fMRI was then applied to event-related potentials (ERPs) data in the target and distractor conditions. Activities of regional sources indicated bilateral inferior parietal lobe, posterior parietal cortex and inferior temporal cortex mainly contribute to the P3b, while the P3a was mainly produced by bilateral insula, bilateral precentral sulcus and cingulate gyrus. Target processing involved parietal lobe, inferior temporal cortex and left insula engaged in stimulus-driven attention process, goal-directed attention process, categorization of visual stimuli and memory retrieval, while distractor processing involved right insula and cingulate gyrus engaged in attention switching and reengagement of attention resource.